(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2 答案 上海交通大学出版 蔡基刚

综合学术英语教程2 答案之答禄夫天创作
Unit 1 Multidisciplinary Education
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become
experts in their field of interest.
2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people
from a diverse set of disciplines.
3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.
4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are
interdisciplinary problem solvers.
2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c
4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach
(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment
6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.
2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary
studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem
solvers.
3) Open.
4) Open.
5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,
ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.
2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.
3) Names of intellectual giants.
4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and
architect.
4.Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) b
Set 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g 5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D
(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A
6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in
design.
2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields
of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination
with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for
hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.
3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many
different cultu res and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F) 4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to
use their time at MIT to its fullest potential.
5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back
and letting things happen to them.”
7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b 8) c
Set 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f 7) e 8) b 8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it
with the value of MIT.
2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring
role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and
participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their
MIT education.
3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the
students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many
extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.
4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in
order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.
9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more
to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)
2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design.
(Para. B)
3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time at
MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)
4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important
problems of the world. (Para. G)
5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things
happen to them. (Para. H)
10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of
technologies.
Exploring the Topic
4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.
2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.
3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are
participating in turning out the future thinkers.
4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts
perspective.
5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional
divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.
5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ...
However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading
2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading.
Integrated Exercises
2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent
(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate
3.
(1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent
(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical
4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C
5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.
(2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.
(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the
global economy.
(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.
(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.
(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people
in remote areas to work hard.
(7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death.
(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.
(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the
campaign.
(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.
7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.
(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.
(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and
medical studies.
(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed not
to have heard about before.
(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible
emergencies.
(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and
power of the speech delivered by the
environmentalist.
(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of
life.
(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting
to the fast-paced modern life.
(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.
(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests
well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.
8.
A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) D
B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more
emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in
training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face
multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and
colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary
work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.
C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T
D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject
(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired
(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer
(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive
(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership
Unit 2 The Scientific Method
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring
knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering
observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation
and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments
to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and
the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.
3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.
4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses
can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence
affects what is being studied.
5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.
② Science is exciting.
③ Science is useful.
④ Science is ongoing.
⑤ Science is reliable.
⑥ Science is a community endeavor.
2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j
4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies
(5) puzzle
(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional
6. 1) Science.
2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering
through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.
3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.
4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within
the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.
5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which
“verified”the theori es in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be
false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the
price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.
2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.
3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and
were always confirmed.
4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).
5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible
results of observation —in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have
expected.
4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g
5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)
Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)
6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.
2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.
3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong
with your original hypothesis.
4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you
develop a h ypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your
experiment show that you were wrong.
5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.
7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h 8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information
from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this
process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being
refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,
which ref lects its true
scientific virtue.
2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a
theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to
every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory. 3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from
refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.
4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable
event is non-scientific.
9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more
about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)
2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)
3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight
appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)
4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t
match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)
5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you
made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)
10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research
project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is
followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines
what you think the outcome of your experiment will be. Exploring the Topic
4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.
2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,
misapprehensions, and bias.
3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.
4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most
likely to be correct currently.
5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a
mistake was made somewhere in the process.
Integrated Exercises
2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve
(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support
3.
(1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume
(5) illogical
(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity
4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B
5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.
(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.
(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of
sociology.
(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.
(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.
(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a
much broader view in the matter.
(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.
(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the
West.
(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the
computer useless.
(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be
ultimately integrated into the global economy.
7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.
2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country
districts.
3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.
4) Something slowly began to dawn on me —I still loved what I did.
5) My computer does not work because it was rendered
paralyzed by some viruses.
6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.
7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.
8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.
9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.
10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.
8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B
B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific
method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.
There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptive
method. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, while
the latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed in
zoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a
problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment and
reaching a conclusion.
C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method,
is iterative.
(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even
more about the natural world.
(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along in
discrete packets that cannot be diluted.
(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next step
leads could be a surprise.
(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities in
different orders and at different points in time.
D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question
(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding
(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process
(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction
(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less important
Unit 3 A ncient China’s Contribution to Science
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in
China.
2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China but
have long since been adopted by the West.
3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.
4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.
5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry of
Education for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China.
2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g 8) e 9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b
4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly
(6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff
6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.
2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technology
would have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.
3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.
4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing on
the general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too
academic.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of
inventions from ancient China.
2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern
world”rests come from China.
3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselves
lost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know the
truth.
4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached their
present position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and
all crafts.
4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) f 8) h
Set 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f 5. Para. A (e) Para. B (b) Para. C (f) Para. D (a)
Para. E (a)
Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)
6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off from
the ancient and the Middle Ages.
2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,
came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.
3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs to
be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then to
bridge the chasm between the East and the West.
4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to
grow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a
breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.
5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward at
present and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.
7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) d 7) a 8) e
Set 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6) b 7) f 8) h 8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in
ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact
that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply take
them for granted.
2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of
examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives to
illustrate his point.
3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.
4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding
of each other, allowing the mental gap between East
and West to be bridged. (Reading 2)
The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafter
depended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science,
technology and medicine. (Reading 3)
9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without ever
knowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)
2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe to
China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence is
compelling. (Para. C)
3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge was
conveyed from East to West. (Para. C)
4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization of
hypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)
5) One factor which must have great relevance here is
the circumstance that the feudalism of
Europe and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)
10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic
organization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its further
development later on.
Exploring the Topic
4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese have
forgotten their own achievements.
2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have a
far-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.
3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of
the egoistic westerners.
4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modern
agriculture, modern shipping and even the essential
design of the steam engine all
originated from China.
5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomed
to bridge the gap between East and West.
5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.
Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate
lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden
rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.
3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born with
something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,
perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If great
achievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think
that they are endowed with something super-normal.
Integrated Exercises
2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward
(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential
(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration 3.
(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent
(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary
4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8)
D (9) B (10) D
5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of
leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.
(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize
them.
(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.
(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.
(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.
(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.
(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.
(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.
(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council.
(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be
reversible.
7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century.
(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth
about China and Chinese people.
(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.
(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.
(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.
(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.
(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic
development.
(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?
(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that
many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.
(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as
for more money.
8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) C
B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the
modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history
of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.
Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent
innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.
The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like。