英语时态表

时态归纳
一般现在时
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况
构成：动词原形(单三人称动词加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does)
教师总结用法7个字：特短习状从客规。

（必需弄清每个字所指含义）
一般过去时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

构成：动词过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did)
现在进行时
概念：表示说话时、现在、现阶段正在进行的动作及行为。

（注意：现在进行时也可表示将来，常用于表示位移的词，如go, come, leave等。

如：I’m leaving tomorrow.）
构成：is / am / are +动词-ing
过去进行时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

构成：was / were +动词-ing
一般将来时
概念：表示将要、打算、计划或准备做某事。

构成：(1)will / shall+ 动词原形 (shall常用语第一人称)
(2) is / am / are + going to+ 动词原形
* (3) is / am / are + 动词不定式（=to+ 动词原形）
过去将来时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。

构成：(1)would + 动词原形 (2)was / were +going to+动词原形
现在完成时
概念：(1)过去影响了现在 (2)过去持续到现在。

构成：have / has +过去分词
过去完成时
概念：(1)过去的过去 (2)持续到过去某个时间。

构成：had +过去分词
例题：
[例1]—Did you tell Julia about the result?
? Oh, no, I forget. I _____her now.
A. will be calling
B. will call
C. call
D. am to call
答案B。

从题干得知我并未告知Julia结果，受对方启示，说话者现在临时想到要告知对方。

will\shall do用作将来表说话者临时想到要干的某个动作，是说话者主观态度或看法。

一般现在时、现在进行时、be to do以及be going to均可用来表将来。

[例2]Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she_____.
A. has done
B. had done
C. was doing
D. is doing
答案C。

从时态呼应上考虑，A和D均错；Susan不想让其父母知道她眼下正在干什么，便背着父母偷偷干。

[例6] My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked
B. would work
C. would be working
D. has been working
答案A。

描述过去曾发生的事实，and then went也加以提示。

[备考启示]一般过去时表在过去某时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态或过去经常性习惯性动作，但现已不复存在，侧重描述过去事实，与现在没有联系。

[例7] Customers are asked to make sure that they ____the right change before leaving the shop.
A. will give
B. have been given
C. have given
D. will be given
答案B。

考查宾语从句中时态兼语态。

“找零”动作发生在“离开”之前，故用完成时。

[备考启示] 现在完成时表示某个动作或过程在过去某个时间已经开始，现在已经完成或可能继续延续下去。

[例8] Father _____for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left
B. left
C. was leaving
D. had left
答案D。

父亲去伦敦出差这一动作在我去看他之前已经发生，故我没见着他。

[备考启示]某个动作或过程在过去的过去已经完成，与现在没有联系。

[例10] The father as well as his three children ____skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A. is going
B. go
C. goes
D. are going
答案C。

描述现在习惯性动作使用一般现在时；此题还涉及主谓一致。

[例11] —What are you going to do this afternoon?
? I’m going to the cinema with some friends. The film____quite early, so we ____to the bookstore after that.
A. finished; are going
B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going
D. finishes; go
答案C。

按时间表、既定安排将要发生的动作用一般现在时表将来；事先计划将要干某个动作，用be going to do。

[备考启示]一般现在时用于主句中可表示按计划或既定日程将要发生的某个动作，谓语动词常为位置移动动词。

这种计划比较客观，不易更改，且较现在进行时表将来正式。

[例13] —_____leave at the end of this month.
? I don’t think you should do that until _____another job.
A. I’m going to; you’d found
B. I’m going to; you’ve found
C. I’ll; you’ll find
D. I’ll; you’d find
答案B。

我打算月末离开，be going to用以表示安排。

工作确定以后再离开，故两个动作存在明显先后顺序，使用完成时。

[例14] In a room above the store, where a party____, some workers were busily seating the table.
A. was to be held
B. has been held
C. will be held
D. is being held
答案A。

此处be to do表计划、安排；主语为受动对象，故选用被动语态。

1.表将来
[例15] — Are you still busy?
? Yes, I ______my work, and it won’t take long. (浙江2005NMET)
A. just finish
B. am just finishing
C. have just finished
D. am just going to finish
答案B。

工作马上就好，finish为动态动词，用进行时表即将完成的动作。

[备考启示]现在进行时可表按照现在计划、安排近期内即将发生的动作，描写生动，值得期待；谓语动词多为go\come\leave\start等位置移动动词。

也可带有其他情态意义，有时含“决心”，常用于否定句中。

例：I am not talking with her again. (=I won’t talk with her again.)
类似地，过去进行时也可表过去将来即将发生的动作。

2.用于描写
[例16] Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _____to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南2005NMET)
A. phone
B. will phone
C. were phoning
D. are phoning
答案D。

问我如何花这笔钱的电话一直响个不停，描述现阶段一直在进行的动作同时也暗示说话者不满。

[备考启示]现在进行时用于描写一种状态，显得生动，表示一种强烈感情色彩，常与频度副词always\continually等连用，多半表示说话者不满、厌烦等。

而一般现在时则侧重于叙述事实，感情色彩较淡。

五、过去进行时
1.表顺承
[例17] —Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
? Where was I ?
? You ____you didn’t like your father’s job.（北京春2004NMET）
A. had said
B. said
C. were saying
D. had been saying
答案C。

过去进行时用作顺承，以引起话题。

[备考启示] 过去进行时用来打开话头，顺接话题，可译作“……来着”。

2.表原因
[例18] —What’s wrong with your coat?
? Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ______on it.(重庆2005NMET)
A. sat
B. had sat
C. had been sitting
D. was sitting
答案D。

说话者描述在下车时所受遭遇，同时向对方解释原因。

[备考启示]在口语中，用来申述原因或用作借口，常用过去进行时。

3.表婉转语气
[例19] —Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?
? Of course. What is it?
? I ____if you could tell me how to fill out this form.（北京2002NMET） A. had wondered B. was wondering C. would wonder D. did wonder
答案B。

过去进行时表婉转语气，以示礼貌，从if从句中助动词could也可领会到。

[备考启示]过去进行时表婉转语气仅限用于少数动词如hope\want\wonder等，表婉转语气或礼貌请求，且较一般过去时、现在进行时和一般现在时更加婉转礼貌。

上述各时态并无时间差异，只是语气婉转程度不一。

六、过去完成时表示与过去相反的假设
[例20]—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
? Oh! I thought they ____without me. (江西2005NMET)
A. went
B. are going
C. have gone
D. had gone
答案D。

我还以为Alice，Sue不等我就走了。

[备考启示]过去完成时此种用法常见于as if\if\if only分句中以及I wish\I’d rather…宾语从句中，表示与过去相反的假设；用于I had expected\thought\intended\meant…中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图。

Ⅲ、特定句式中时态的用法
一、祈使句
[例21] Turn on the television or a magazine and you ____advertisements showing happy families.
A. will often see
B. often see
C. are often seeing
D. have often seen
答案A。

此题考查时态。

祈使句陈述部分的谓语动词用将来时。

[备考启示]祈使句的构成：动词原形或名词词组+and\or\but+谓语用将来时或情态动词的陈述句；其否定构成直接在整个句子前加Don’t\Never即可。

二、并列句
[例22] He was hoping to go abroad but his parents____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding
B. have decided
C. decided
D. will decided
答案B。

前后分句虽由but连接，但前一分句动作迟于后一分句动作的发生。

[备考启示]若并列连词连接两个动作同时发生无先后顺序，前后时态保持一致；否则考虑使用完成时或其他时态。

三、时间\条件状语从句
[例23] Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____home. (上海2006NMET) A. wrote B. will write
C. have written
D. write
答案D。

when引导时间状语从句，谓语用一般现在时代替将来时。

[备考启示]在if \in case等引导条件句和when引导的时间状语从句中谓语用一般现在时代替将来时；但在宾语从句中不可。

四、since分句
[例24]he country life he was used to_____greatly since 1992.（山东2005NMET）
A. change
B. has changed。