语言学第六章
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
语言学第六章语言学潜伏之赤途第六章乱斗西游第六章应用语言学语言学概论认知语言学社会语言学dnf第六章心理语言学
Topic 6
Semantics
Chapter 5 Semantics
Definition The study of meaning. What is meaning?
2. Some views concerning the study of meanings.
4. Major sense relations
4.1. synonymy dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms synonyms with emotional and evaluative differences collocational synonyms semantically different synonyms 4.2. polysemy 4.3. homonymy 4.4. hyponymy
The truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence, for example: Elizabeth II is queen of England. Elizabeth II is a man. Scott is a baby. Scott is an adult.
Componential analysis-verbs
Take=CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y)))…………….x causes x to have y Give=CAUSE (x, (~HAVE (x, y))) Die=BECOME (x, (~ALIVE(x))) Kill=CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE(y))))
Booth assassinated Lincoln. It was Booth who assassinated Lincoln. The person who assassinated Lincoln was Booth. The students gave money to the beggar. The students gave the beggar money.
srrs
5. Sense relations between sentences
5.1. X is synonymous with Y. In this case we say Y paraphrases X. The horse threw the rider. The rider was thrown by the horse. It is easy to play sonatas on this piano. This piano is easy to play sonatas on. On this piano it is easy to play sonatas . Sonatas are easy to play on this piano.
Exercise
2. Decide whether the following are examples of polysemy or of homonymy. a. bark (of a dog vs. of a tree) b. fork ( in a road vs. instrument of eating) c. tail ( of a coat vs. of an animal) d. steer ( to guide vs. young desexed bull) e. You‘ve tried the rest. Now try the best. My aching limbs cried out for rest.
Exercise
In the following examples, mark whether what is intended is sense (S) or reference (R). a. Extinguish has the same meaning as put out. b. When he said ‗my ex‘, he meant Helen. c. If you look out the window, you‘ll see who I mean. d. What do you mean, you‘ve been ‗seeing‘ my sister?
f. I can‘t see the reason for it. What did you see? g. She chose a red and black dress. The dancers all wore national dress. h. Don‘t patronize me! 照顾 I always patronize this place. 光顾 Key: a-h, b-p, c-p, d-h, e-h, f-p, g-p, h-h
Reference with different sense
the same reference but different sense i.e. morning star evening star the same star in the sky but appears in different places in the morning and evening: the Venus.
2.1. The naming theory. (Plato) 2.2. The conceptualist view Thought/reference (concept) Symbol/form Referent
2.3. Contextualism
The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found. The king became worried. ―black coffee‖ vs. ―black hair‖
2.4. Behaviorism (Bloomfield)
The meaning of words is the situation in which the speaker utters and the response it calls forth in the hearer. Jill Jack S-----r ----------------s-------R
Reference with little sense
Certain proper names appear to have only references. A name like Christ Jones may point out a certain person, its reference, but little linguistic meaning. But some names may have both sense and reference. i.e. Chinese names.
5.5. X presupposes Y. ( Y is a prerequisite of X) John‘s bike needs repairing. John has a bike. 5.6. X is semantically anomalous. The table has bad intentions. She is a father of three kids.
Reference with little sense
Certain proper names appear to have only references. A name like Christ Jones may point out a certain person, its reference, but little linguistic meaning. But some names may have both sense and reference. i.e. Chinese names.
3. Lexical meaning
Sense: the inherent meaning of the linguistic forms, the collocation of all the features of linguistic forms; abstract and de-contextualized. Aspect of meaning found in the dictionary. Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience.
With sense but no reference
Some linguistic forms may have sense but no reference. The king of France is bald. By the year 3,000, our descendents will have left earth.
Antonymy
Gradable antonyms Complementary antonyms Relational antonyms
Exercises
1.Distinguish what kinds of antonyms the following couples words are. good-bad expensive-cheap parent—offspring hot—cold legal—illegal larger—smaller poor—rich fast—slow husband—wife asleep—awake rude-polite pass –fail
6. Analysis of meaning
6.1. Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features. Man +Human +Adult +Male Woman +Human +Adult -Male
Componential analysis-nouns
father=PARENT(x, y) & MALE (x)…………….x is a parent of y, and x is male. mother=PARENT(x, y) & ~MALE (x) son=CHILD (x, y) & MALE(x) daughter=CHILD (x, y) & ~ MALE (x)
பைடு நூலகம்
5.2. X is inconsistent with Y. John is married. John is a bachelor. 5.3. Entailment. Cordy assassinated Marat. Marat is dead.
5.4. Contradiction
Topic 6
Semantics
Chapter 5 Semantics
Definition The study of meaning. What is meaning?
2. Some views concerning the study of meanings.
4. Major sense relations
4.1. synonymy dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms synonyms with emotional and evaluative differences collocational synonyms semantically different synonyms 4.2. polysemy 4.3. homonymy 4.4. hyponymy
The truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence, for example: Elizabeth II is queen of England. Elizabeth II is a man. Scott is a baby. Scott is an adult.
Componential analysis-verbs
Take=CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y)))…………….x causes x to have y Give=CAUSE (x, (~HAVE (x, y))) Die=BECOME (x, (~ALIVE(x))) Kill=CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE(y))))
Booth assassinated Lincoln. It was Booth who assassinated Lincoln. The person who assassinated Lincoln was Booth. The students gave money to the beggar. The students gave the beggar money.
srrs
5. Sense relations between sentences
5.1. X is synonymous with Y. In this case we say Y paraphrases X. The horse threw the rider. The rider was thrown by the horse. It is easy to play sonatas on this piano. This piano is easy to play sonatas on. On this piano it is easy to play sonatas . Sonatas are easy to play on this piano.
Exercise
2. Decide whether the following are examples of polysemy or of homonymy. a. bark (of a dog vs. of a tree) b. fork ( in a road vs. instrument of eating) c. tail ( of a coat vs. of an animal) d. steer ( to guide vs. young desexed bull) e. You‘ve tried the rest. Now try the best. My aching limbs cried out for rest.
Exercise
In the following examples, mark whether what is intended is sense (S) or reference (R). a. Extinguish has the same meaning as put out. b. When he said ‗my ex‘, he meant Helen. c. If you look out the window, you‘ll see who I mean. d. What do you mean, you‘ve been ‗seeing‘ my sister?
f. I can‘t see the reason for it. What did you see? g. She chose a red and black dress. The dancers all wore national dress. h. Don‘t patronize me! 照顾 I always patronize this place. 光顾 Key: a-h, b-p, c-p, d-h, e-h, f-p, g-p, h-h
Reference with different sense
the same reference but different sense i.e. morning star evening star the same star in the sky but appears in different places in the morning and evening: the Venus.
2.1. The naming theory. (Plato) 2.2. The conceptualist view Thought/reference (concept) Symbol/form Referent
2.3. Contextualism
The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found. The king became worried. ―black coffee‖ vs. ―black hair‖
2.4. Behaviorism (Bloomfield)
The meaning of words is the situation in which the speaker utters and the response it calls forth in the hearer. Jill Jack S-----r ----------------s-------R
Reference with little sense
Certain proper names appear to have only references. A name like Christ Jones may point out a certain person, its reference, but little linguistic meaning. But some names may have both sense and reference. i.e. Chinese names.
5.5. X presupposes Y. ( Y is a prerequisite of X) John‘s bike needs repairing. John has a bike. 5.6. X is semantically anomalous. The table has bad intentions. She is a father of three kids.
Reference with little sense
Certain proper names appear to have only references. A name like Christ Jones may point out a certain person, its reference, but little linguistic meaning. But some names may have both sense and reference. i.e. Chinese names.
3. Lexical meaning
Sense: the inherent meaning of the linguistic forms, the collocation of all the features of linguistic forms; abstract and de-contextualized. Aspect of meaning found in the dictionary. Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience.
With sense but no reference
Some linguistic forms may have sense but no reference. The king of France is bald. By the year 3,000, our descendents will have left earth.
Antonymy
Gradable antonyms Complementary antonyms Relational antonyms
Exercises
1.Distinguish what kinds of antonyms the following couples words are. good-bad expensive-cheap parent—offspring hot—cold legal—illegal larger—smaller poor—rich fast—slow husband—wife asleep—awake rude-polite pass –fail
6. Analysis of meaning
6.1. Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features. Man +Human +Adult +Male Woman +Human +Adult -Male
Componential analysis-nouns
father=PARENT(x, y) & MALE (x)…………….x is a parent of y, and x is male. mother=PARENT(x, y) & ~MALE (x) son=CHILD (x, y) & MALE(x) daughter=CHILD (x, y) & ~ MALE (x)
பைடு நூலகம்
5.2. X is inconsistent with Y. John is married. John is a bachelor. 5.3. Entailment. Cordy assassinated Marat. Marat is dead.
5.4. Contradiction