2019高考英语二轮复习第三板块语法填空与短文改错NO.1先研考题专题一语法填空讲义

专题一语法填空
[ 做考·明考情]
A
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years __61__ (long) than non-runners. You don't have to run fast or for
long __62__ (see) the benefit.You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running.
While running regularly can't make you live forever,the review says it__64__ (be) more effective at lengthening life __65__ walking, cycling or swimming. Two
of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a
mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __67__ (cause)．
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise ... it's
probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises
to __68__ (strength)your leg muscles ( 肌肉 ), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always __69__ (energy). If you are time poor, you
need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give __70__ a try.
篇解：本文是一篇明文。

文章介了跑步我的健康来的益，呼吁我
一下跑步种运方式。

61． longer考副的比。

由空格后的“than ”可知用比，故填long的比longer。

62．to see考非。

此句意“你不用跑得很快，也不用跑很就到
成效”，不定式短“to see the benefit”作目的状。

63． dying考非。

reduce one's risk of ...“降低某人⋯⋯的”，
此介of后接要用其名形式。

64．is考和主一致。

依据上下文境可知里用一般在；又因
主it是第三人称数形式，故用is 。

把
65．than
running与
考。

依据句中的比“ walking,
cycling or swimming
more effective
行比，故填
”并合境可知，里是
than 。

66．that/which考定从句。

剖析句子构可知，所填引定从句，修先行
“ a study”，且在从句中作主，故填关系代that/which。

67． causes考名复数。

cause表示“原由，因由” 是可数名，且前面有all 修，故填cause的复数形式。

68．strengthen考察派生词。

此处 to为不定式符号，在句中作目的状语，故填 strength 的动词形式 strengthen。

69． energetic考察派生词。

连系动词is后应接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式 energetic。

70．running/it考察名词或代词。

此处呼吁我们试试试看跑步这类运动，所以能够填名词 running，也能够用 it指代。

give sth. a try“试试试看某事”。

B
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop.Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped
nearly 125 percent over__62__ past 25 years,while rice has increased only7 percent.
A taste for meat is__63__ (actual)behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise:
The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve)
water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥)runoff.This switch has decreased__66__ (pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank,China accounts for about30 percent of total__67__ (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that
between 2005 — when the government __68__ (start) a soil-testing program __69__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers— and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission( 排放 ) of 51.8million tons of carbon dioxide.China's approach to protecting its environment while__70__ (feed) its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide ，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。

中国最近几年来依据人们的饮食变化调整农作物栽种构造，
为全世界生态环境保护做出了贡献。

61． has grown考察动词时态和主谓一致。

由时间状语“Since 2011”可知，主句时
态用此刻达成时；主语“the country”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用has grown。

62． the考察冠词。

over the past 25 years“在过去的25 年里”。

63． actually考察派生词。

此处表示“对肉的需求其实是这类变化的背后原由”。

修饰谓语动词is应用副词形式actually。

64．to improve考察非谓语动词。

此处表示“政府鼓舞农民栽种玉米而不是水稻来改
善水质”，故用不定式作目的状语。

65． than考察连词。

由句中的比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻的用水量进行比
，故填than 。

66． pollution考派生。

decrease“降低，减少”，后接名作，故填
pollution。

67．global考派生。

修名短“fertilizer consumption ” 用形容，故
填 global 。

68． started 考。

由状“ between 2005 ”可知事情生在去，用一般去，故填 started 。

69．that/which考定从句。

剖析句子构可知，所填引定从句，修指物
的“ a soil-testing program”，且在从句中作主，故填that/which。

70． feeding考非。

此表示“中国在养活中国人民的同又保了
境⋯⋯”。

主China 与 feed之是上的主关系，所以用“ ＋在分”形式
作状。

[全国卷 3年考情剖析 ]
考有提示无提示
从
非
比名代并
点派属其余
冠介代列卷·生关境
等的的
文体填
数格
年份
全国卷
Ⅰ(明21211///1/2/文 )
全国卷
2018 年Ⅱ( 明322///1///2/文 )
全国卷
Ⅲ(叙2121/111//1/文 )
全国卷
Ⅰ(明12211/11//1/ 2017 年文 )
全国卷
321/1/111///Ⅱ( 明
文 )
全国卷
Ⅲ(记述222/1/11//1/文 )
全国卷
Ⅰ(记述212/1111//1/文 )
全国卷
2016年Ⅱ(说明22111/11///1文 )
全国卷
Ⅲ( 说明222////1/12/文 )
3 年统计
剖析全国卷近三年的考点散布能够看出，语法填空考点设置有以下特色：
一、有提示词类：设置6～ 7 个小题
1～ 2 题。

考察时态、语态及主谓一致，此中波及语态方面的不超出1谓语动词
题，答案最多三个单词。

非谓语动词1～ 2 题。

考察不定式、动名词与分词，每种最多设 1 题。

1～ 3 题。

考察方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、
高频
派生词
考点形容词派生为副词等。

每种最多设 1 题。

名词0～ 1 题。

主要考察可数名词的复数，也可能会考察名词的全部格。

形容词和副词0～ 1 题。

主要考察形容词和副词词性的变换，以及其比较级或最高类级。

低频代词： 0～1 题。

一般给出人称代词的主格，要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物
考点主代词、反身代词等。

二、无提示词类：设置3～ 4 个小题
0～ 1 题。

要点考察常有介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词，一般不波及介词
短语介词。

高频0～ 1 题。

要点考察冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词，一般不涉冠词
考点及零冠词。

附属关系0～ 2 题。

重视于定语从句的指引词。

别的，名词性从句、状语从句也偶有词波及。

并列连词0～ 1题。

并列句的关系词也偶有波及。

低频0～ 1题。

包含助动词( 如重申谓语动词的do, does, did；组成部分倒装的考点其余do, does, did；组成一般疑问句的do, does, did)，组成重申构造的it 或 that
[ 知考点·通技法]
，连结性副词(before, ago, however, anyway ...)等。

一、“有提示词类”解题攻略
( 一 ) 高频考点之一：提示词为动词
1．考察谓语动词
若句中无谓语动词，或许固然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所解题给动词就是谓语动词；此时，应先考虑时态，考生能够依据句中的时间状语或语篇攻略提示确准时态，而后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，来确立谓语动词的数。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )While running 剖析：剖析句子构造可知，前半句是由while 指引的退步状语从句，后半句是主
regularly can't make you live
句，主句中含有一个宾语从句，即forever, the review says it __64__
典例 1it ...or swimming作 says 的宾语。

又(be) more effective at lengthening
所以处是对客观状况的描绘，应用一般life than walking, cycling or
此刻时，再依据主谓一致原则可知，应swimming.
填 is 。

剖析：剖析句子成分可知，空格所在的(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )Diets have changed
in China — and so too has its top 句子中缺乏谓语动词。

依据时间状语
典例 2Since 2011 可知，谓语动词需用此刻完crop. Since 2011, the country__61__
(grow) more corn than rice.
成时，依据句意可知应用主动语态，再
依据主谓一致原则可知填has grown 。

典例 3
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )The Chinese剖析：剖析句子构造可知，when the
Ministry of Agriculture finds that government __68__(start) a
between 2005 — when the government soil-testing program 为关系副词 when __68__ (start) a soil-testing指引的定语从句，先行词为2005。

经过
program that gives specific剖析定语从句可知从句中缺乏谓语动
fertilizer recommendations to词，再依据时间状语 between 2005 可知
farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use应填一般过去时，依据句意可知需用主
dropped by 7.7 million tons.动语态，故填 started 。

2．考察非谓语动词
若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的往常是非谓语动词，解题此时需进一步确立是非谓语动词的哪一种形式。

一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定
攻略语往常用动名词形式；别的，doing 表示主动、正在进行； done 表示被动、达成；
to do 表示还没有发生的动作。

剖析：第一句中已有谓语动词don't (2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )You don't have to have to run ，故空格处应为非谓语动词。

run fast or for long__62__ (see)the依据句意可知应填不定式to see ，作目典例 4benefit. You may drink, smoke, be的状语。

第二句中已有谓语动词reduce ，overweight and still reduce your risk故空格处应为非谓语动词。

又因空格前
of __63__ (die) early by running.有介词 of ，联合句意可知，应填dying ，
作介词 of的宾语。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )Another reason for
corn's rise: The government剖析：句中已有谓语动词encourages ，典例 5encourages farmers to grow corn故空格处应为非谓语动词。

依据句意可instead of rice __64__ (improve)知应填不定式 to improve ，作目的状语。

water quality.
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )China's approach
to protecting its environment while
典例 6
__70__ (feed) its citizens“offers
useful lessons for agriculture and
food policymakers worldwide，” says
the bank's Juergen Voegele.
(2016 ·全国卷Ⅰ )But my connection
典例 7with pandas goes back to my days on
a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was 剖析：剖析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语
动词 offers ，再依据空格前有附属连
词 while 可知，“ while __ 70__ (feed) its citizens ”为时间状语从句的省略构造，所填的词与其逻辑主语 China 之间为主动关系，故应填此刻分词
feeding 。

剖析： when指引的从句中已经有谓语动
词was，且从句中无其余连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。

reporter 与 permit 之间
the first Western TV reporter是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。

过
__66__(permit) to film a special unit去分词短语 permitted to ...作后置定caring for pandas rescued from语，修饰 reporter 。

故填 permitted 。

starvation in the wild.
3．考察派生词
有时所给提示词固然是动词，可是空格处既不是考察谓语动词也不是考察非谓语动
解题词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。

此时要联合空格处前后的修饰词来确立所给提示
攻略词应派生为哪一种词性。

一般考察动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变成形容词甚至副词。

典例8(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )This switch has
decreased __66__ (pollute) in the
country's major lakes and reservoirs and
made drinking water safer for people.
剖析：剖析句子成分可知空格前面有谓
语动词 has decreased ，后来缺乏宾语，
故填名词pollution。

典例9(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ ) This development
was only possible with the __69__
(introduce) of electric-powered
剖析：由前面的定冠词the
应接名词，故填introduction
可知，后来。

engines and lifts.
[ 技法汇总 ]“必定三思”解“动词”
( 二 ) 高频考点之二：提示词为名词
解题所给提示词为名词时，往常考察可数名词的单数变复数，或名词派生为形容词、
攻略典例 10动词等。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )Two of the authors
of the review also made a study
published in 2014 that showed a mere
five to 10 minutes a day of running
reduced the risk of heart disease and
early deaths from all __67__
(cause) ．
剖析：剖析句子成分可知，from all
__67__ (cause)为介词短语作后置定
语，空处位于介词以后作宾语，又因空
格前面有all ，所以填其复数形式
causes 。

典例 11典例 12(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )To avoid knee pain,剖析：剖析句子成分可知，空格前面有
you can run on soft surfaces, do谓语动词 do，再依据句意可知，此处应exercises to __68__ (strength) your填动词形式，与空前的不定式符号to leg muscles ( 肌肉 ), avoid hills and组成不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。

get good running shoes.故填 strengthen 。

(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ )The Central London
剖析：依据语境并联合空前的the most Railway was one of the most __70__
可知，空处表达最高等意义。

故填(success) of these new lines, and was
successful。

opened in 1900.
( 三 ) 高频考点之三：提示词为形容词或副词
解题当提示词为形容词或副词时，需考虑是不是考察比较级或形容词和副词之间的相
攻略互变换。

当提示词为形容词时，还要考虑能否需要变换为名词形式。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )According to a
review of evidence in a medical剖析：依据空格后边的than 可知，此处典例 13
longer 。

journal, runners live three years考察比较级形式，故填
__61__ (long) than non-runners.
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )A taste for meat is
__63__ (actual) behind the change:剖析：剖析句子成分可知，空处在句中
is 应用副词。

故
典例 14作状语，修饰谓语动词An important part of its corn is used
填 actually。

to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
( 四 ) 低频考点：提示词为代词
解题所给提示词是代词时，一般考察人称代词变成物主代词。

有时需考虑人称代词单攻略数变成复数、主格变成宾格、人称代词变成反身代词等。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ )When the gorillas
and I frightened each other, I was剖析：因空处作动词 find的宾语，故应典例 15
just glad to find __68__ (they)填人称代词的宾格形式，即them。

alive.
(2016 ·全国卷Ⅰ )On my recent visit,
I held a lively three-month-old
剖析： mother 是名词，所填词作定语修twin
典例 16饰 mother ，故填其形容词性物主代词that had been rejected by __68__ (it)
mother.
its 。

二、“无提示词类”解题攻略
( 一 ) 高频考点之一：填介词
解题当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。

对介攻略词的考察往常重视于固定搭配中的介词及常有介词的习习用法。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ )My name is Mireya
Mayor. I'm a scientist who studies
animals such as apes and monkeys. I
for 是固定搭配，表示“寻was searching __67__ these three
剖析：search
典例 1找”，此处指“我”在找寻“我”研究western lowland gorillas I'd been
的三只西部低地大猩猩。

故填for 。

observing. No one had seen them for
hours, and my colleagues and I were
worried.
(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ )It ran for just
under seven kilometers and allowed
典例 2people to avoid terrible crowds on 剖析：travel to and from work 表示“上下班”，故填 from 。

the roads above as they travelled to
and __62__ work.
( 二 ) 高频考点之二：填冠词
解题当空格后出名词并且二者搭配在一同表示泛指或特指含义，或许空格处修饰序数
攻略
、最高 、表示特指意 的比 等形式 ，那么空格 一般是填冠 。

有
考 冠 在一些固定搭配中的用法。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )Corn production has 25 年里增
jumped nearly 125 percent
剖析：句意：玉米 量在 去 over __62__
7%。

特指
典例 3
了近 125%，而大米只增 了
past 25 years, while rice has
在 去的
25 年里。

故填定冠
the 。

increased only 7 percent.
(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ )Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who
典例 4
begins screaming at __62__ top of her lungs.
剖析：固定短 at the top of “在⋯⋯的 部”，此 表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。

故填 the 。

( 三 ) 高 考点之三：填附属关
当空格前后 两个句子，
且此中一个句子在另一句中充任某一句子成分 ， 空格
解
填附属关 。

一般状况下， 考 的是定 从句的关 ， 有 也考 名 性从
攻略
句或状 从句的关 。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ )Two of the authors
of the review also made a study
published in 2014 __66__ showed a
剖析：剖析句子 构可知，空 引 限
典例 5
mere five to 10 minutes a day of
制性定 从句，修 先行
a study ，并
running reduced the risk of heart
在定 从句中作主 ， 故填 that/which 。

disease and early deaths from all
causes.
(2016 ·全国卷Ⅲ )Over time, __ 45__
the population grew, people began
典例 6
cutting food into
small pieces so it
would cook more quickly.
剖析：依据句意和句子 构可知，空格 引 状 从句，表示“跟着”或“当⋯⋯ 候”，故填 as/when 。

( 四 ) 低 考点：填并列
当空格前后是同一 次并拥有同样句法功能的 、短 或句子 ，空格 一般
解 攻略
是填并列 。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ )Another
reason for corn's rise:
剖析：依据比
less
The government encourages farmers to grow corn
可知，此 将玉米和水 典例 7
instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn
稻用水量 行比 ，需
uses less water __65__ rice and creates less 填 ，故填 than 。

fertilizer (
化肥 ) runoff.
[ 堂用体]
A
(2018 · 阳断 )For Nigel Portman, a love of travelling began with what's called a “gap year ”. In common with many other British teenagers, he chose__1__ (take) a year out before settling down to study for his degree.After doing various __2__
(job) to raise some money, he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures,visiting America and Asia.The more adventurous the young person, the __3__ (great) the challenge they are likely to set __4__ (them) for the gap year, and for some, like Nigel, it can result in a thirst for adventure.
Now that his university course __5__ (come)to an end,Nigel is just about to leave on a three-year trip that will take him right around the world.What's more,
he plans to make the whole journey __6__ (use) only means of transport which are
powered by natural energy.In other words, he will be relying __7__ (main)on bicycles and his own legs; and when there's an ocean to cross, he won't be taking a shortcut
( 捷径 ) __8__ flying aboard — he'll be joining the crew of a sailing ship, As well as doing
some mountain climbing along __9__ way, Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he
meets the environmental message __10__ lies behind the whole idea.
instead.
篇解：本文主要述了一个大学生利用“ 隔年”去旅游，以行倡保的
故事。

1． to take考非。

choose to do sth.固定搭配，意“ 做某事”，
故用不定式作。

2． jobs考名复数。

job是可数名，且依据其前的定various可知，此
用复数形式，表示“各样工作”。

3． greater考形容比。

依据固定句型the more ...,the more ...“越⋯⋯，
就越⋯⋯”可知，此用形容比。

4． themselves考代。

喜冒的年人很可能他自己置更大的隔年挑。

此与they呼，故用反身代作。

5． has come考。

now that 可知事情已生，用达成，且与境中的
6． using考非。

use
是，引状从句，意“既然”，由此is 呼，故用在达成。

和主 he 之组成上的主关系，故此
用在分短作陪伴状。

7．mainly考副。

此修will be relying on，用副形式，故填 mainly 。

8．by/through考介。

依据境可知，此表示“以⋯⋯方式/ 方法”，与上文中
的“ only means of transport”呼，故用介by/through。

9．the考冠。

along the way固定搭配，意“在⋯⋯程中”，故用定冠。

10． that/which考定从句。

此用that/which引定从句，且在从句中作主
，修先行the environmental message。

B
(2018 ·沈阳 )China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its“four great new __1__ (invent)” — high-speed rail,electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.
China's new-generation high-speed train,the Fuxing Hao, is now one of the__2__ (fast) trains in the world, which can travel at a speed of 350 km/h. Besides
high-speed rail,China __3__ (improve)people's lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.
Bike sharing,for example,is not new itself.But China has made __4__ much more convenient and popular both in China__5__overseas.The leading Chinese bike-sharing companies Mobike a nd Ofo are now operating in foreign countries such
as Singapore and Britain.
And back in China, when riding a shared bike, you can stop __6__ (buy) and eat
whatever you want__7__ (simple)with a tap on your phone. You could easily pay with your smartphone by __8__ (scan) the seller's QR code. Cashless payment has grown
into a __9__ (choose) for Chinese people— even a pancake seller is using Alipay.
As for Alipay, it was designed to serve the online shopping at first, __10__
is now the most ways to make purchases in China.You can buy anything you need without leaving your homes.
篇解：本文是一篇明文，介了中国的“新四大明”。

1． inventions考名。

前面有four great new修，故用的名的复数
形式，故填inventions。

2． fastest考形容的最高。

依据后边的比范in the world可知，里
用最高形式。

3． has improved考和主一致。

over the last decade表示“在去十年”，常和在达成用；又因主是China ，故用has improved。

4． it考代。

里it指代前面的Bike sharing，充任made的。

5． and考。

both ... and ...固定搭配，表示“二者都⋯⋯”。

6． to buy考非。

stop to do sth.表示“停下往来做另一件事”，里表
示停下共享去西吃，故用不定式充任。

stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。

7．simply考察副词。

剖析句子构造可知，空处修饰with介词短语，故用所给词的副词形式。

8． scanning考察非谓语动词。

空处作介词by 的宾语，故用动名词形式。

9． choice考察名词。

冠词 a 后边应用所给动词的名词形式。

10． which考察定语从句。

空处指引非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先
行词 online shopping，故填which。