江苏高中英语语法总结[免费专享]

牛津高中英语 ----模块一
牛津高中英语 ---- 模块一
第一单元定语从句
一、定语从句：定语从句的介绍
1．就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词相同，定语从句也能够修饰名词。

定语从句所修饰的名词称为
先行词。

形容词： The green team
介词短语： The team in green
定语从句： The team who were wearing green
2．定语从句往常由关系代词来指引，如which, that, who, whom, whose，或关系副词来指引，如when, where, why 。

关系代词能够在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词能够在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语 The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
做宾语 The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
做表语 Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.
做定语 She has a brother whose name I can ’ t remember.
做状语 The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.
二、定语从句：关系代词：that， which，who， whom，和 whose
1．在定语从句中，that 和 which 用来指代物。

如： This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.
2．在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

如： I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.
3．当 who 在定语从句中做宾语时，能够用whom 来取代，且whom 比 who 改正式。

如： I don ’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.
4．当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who ， whom ， which 和 that 能够被省略。

如： He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.
5． Whose 用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

如： I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.
第二单元定语从句
一、定语从句：介词提早的定语从句（ preposition＋ which; preposition＋whom ）
当关系代词（ which/whom ）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，能够把介词提到关系代词的前方。

如： We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
在非正式英语中，介词往常放在定语从句的最后。

如： Art is the subject which I know little about.
假如介词放在定语从句的最后，which能够被that取代，whom能够被that和who取代。

如： Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.
当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末端时，我们往常省略关系代词who
和 that 。

如： The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.
Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.
当先行词是way 时，我们用 in which 或 that 来指引定语从句，这种状况下， in which 或 that 能够被省略。

如： I didn ’ t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.
二、定语从句：关系副词：when， where， why
我们往常用关系副词when 指引先行词是time ， moment ， day， season， year 等的定语从句。

如： Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?
I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.
2．我们往常用关系副词where 指引先行词是place， house， city， country ， city ，world 等的定语从句。

如： The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.
This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.
3．我们往常用关系副词why 指引先行词是reason 的定语从句。

如： I don ’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.
4．在更为正式的英语中，where ，when 和 why 能够被介词＋which 所代替。

如： The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.
This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.
It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.
第三单元定语从句
一、定语从句：非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句增添额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前往常有个逗号。

如： Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.
My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.
2．当先行词是整个主句时，能够用which 来指引定语从句。

如： He missed the show, which was a great pity.
3．我们能够用all＋ whom/which来表示所有数目，用some of＋ whom/which来表示部分数目。

如： I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.
二、附带疑问句
1．附带疑问句是放在陈说句后边的短问句。

它们往常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更为礼貌的
方式来咨询信息，温柔的发号布令或要求某人做某事。

我们用附带疑问句来咨询建议或征采赞同。

当我们用附带疑问句来咨询建议时，为了期望对方能赞同我们的看法，附带疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附带疑问句来征采赞同时，我们其实是在咨询我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附带疑问句会用升调来表达。

2．附带疑问句的构成有以下几种：
1）在必定的陈说句以后，我们会用否认的附带疑问句。

在否认的陈说句以后，我们会用必定的附带疑问句。

如： We can still be friends, can ’ t we?
He doesn’ t like ice cream, does he?
2）当主句中有像neither ，none，nobody ，nothing ，few ，little ，never，hardly 或 seldom 这种词时，
它们被以为能否认的，因今后边会跟个必定的附带疑问句。

如： Neither of you will have coffee, will you?
No one has found my CD, have they?
Nobody understood his speech, did they?
His sister seldom argues with people, does she?
3）人称代词如I，we ， you ，he，she，it 或 they 会放在附带疑问句中。

如： I was pretty silly, wasn ’ t I?
Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven ’ t you? 4）助动词，神态动词或be 动词会放在附带疑问句中。

如： You like traveling, don ’ t you?
There is something wrong, isn ’ t there?
You can’ t speak Italian, can you?
5）祁使句后用will you ， Let’ s 后用 shall we
如： Post a letter for me, will you?
Let’ s have a break, shall we?
牛津高中英语 ---- 模块二
第一单元此刻达成时态
一、此刻达成时态
1．我们用此刻达成时态来表示在近来的过去发生的但跟此刻有联系的事情。

如： The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
2．我们也用此刻达成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且此刻还没结束的事情。

如： I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.
3．当动作发生确实切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用此刻达成时态。

常常连用的时间短语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already用语必定句，yet用语否认句。

如： The boy has already come home.
I haven’ t heard anything from him yet.
for+ 一段时间since+点时间
如： We haven’t seen him for two years.We haven’t seen him since 20xx.
注：当已给定详细的时间时，我们常常用一般过去时态，而不是此刻达成时态。

4．我们用此刻达成时态来讨论刚才达成的动作。

如： The police have just finished searching the area.
5．我们也用此刻达成时态来表示重复的动作。

如： Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.
6．此刻达成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词
二、此刻达成进行时态
1．我们用此刻达成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将连续的动作。

如： I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.
2．我们用此刻达成进行时态来表示刚才结束但以某种方式和此刻有联系的动作。

如： --- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?--- Yes, I’ ve been waiting for an hour.
3．此刻达成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing
注： for 和 since 和此刻达成进行时态连用。

如： I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine o’clock.
三、此刻达成时态仍是此刻达成进行时态
1．我们用此刻达成时态来讨论刚才达成的动作，用此刻达成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且此刻仍在发
生的动作。

如： Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.) 2．我们用此刻达成时态表示重复的动作，用此刻达成进行时态来表示不断的动作。

如： I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
此刻达成时态用于回答how many/much的发问，此刻达成进行时态用语回答how long 的发问。

如： How many times have you swum in the lake?How long have you been swimming in the lake?
3．状态动词和动作动词都能够用在此刻达成时态中，但只有动作动词能够用在此刻达成进行时态中。

如： I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词 )
I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）
I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）
牛津高中英语 ----模块二
注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。

状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know ，exist
4．当never， yet， already ， ever 出此刻句子中时，只用此刻达成时态，而不用此刻达成进行时态。

如： I’ ve never visited Paris.
I’ ve already been to Paris.
第二单元未来进行时态
一、未来进行时态
1．我们用未来进行时态来：
1）讨论未来一段时间正在进行的事情。

如： Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）
讨论从未来的某一点开始并且有可能要连续一段时间的事情。

如： Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.
3）没有任何企图的表达未来的事情。

如： The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
在这种状况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。

4）礼貌地咨询相关其余人未来的计划。

如： Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?
2．未来进行时态的构成：
1）陈说句： will(not)+v-ing
如： Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco.
2）疑问句： will 提到主语的前方
如： Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July?
3）回答： will （ not）
如： Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’ t)
二、过去未来时态
1．我们用过去未来时态和过去进行时态来：
1）表示过去的未来某一时间要发生的动作。

如： They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.
2)暗指一个过去的目的。

如： I was going to leave, but then it rained.
3)暗指一个过去的安排。

如： Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.
4)指代实质已经发生过的未来的动作。

如： The journey that was to change Toby ’ s life started in July that year.
2．陈说句中过去未来时态的构成：
1） would + 动词原形
如： I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.
2) was/were going to ， was /were to , was/were about to
如： We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’ t have time.
It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.
Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.
第三单元过去达成时态
一、过去达成时态
1．我们用一般过去时态来讨论一个过去的动作。

当我们想要讨论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就
用过去达成时态。

如： Upon entering the tomb, Carter’ s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.
2．在直接引语中，我们用过去达成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。

直接引语中的一般过去时
态和此刻达成时态在间接引语中改为过去达成时态。

如：“ We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------
Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.
3．过去达成时态不过指在另一个过去的动作从前发生的动作，其实不是指发生在一长段时间从前的动作。

如： I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.
4．过去达成时态常常跟以下指引的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.
如： Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.
5．过去达成时态的构成：had+v-ed
如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.
二、此刻达成时态仍是过去达成时态
当我们讨论一个与此刻相关的过去的事情时，我们用此刻达成时态。

如： Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
当我们在讨论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去达成时态。

如： Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’ s team began to fall ill and die strangly.
牛津高中英语－模块三
第一单元名词性从
句：名词性从句的介绍
一、名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍
名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是相同的。

1．我们能够用名词性从句做句子的主语。

如： That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.
Whether he ’ ll be able to come is not yet known.
Why they have not left yet is unclear.
我们能够用it 来做形式主语。

如： It was good news that everyone got back safely.
2．我们能够用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。

如： she sensed that she was being watched.
I wonder if/whether that’ s a good idea.
Polly didn ’ t know which way she should go.
我们能够用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。

如： I’ m interested in who that tall man is.
There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.
我们能够用it 来做形式宾语。

如： we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.
The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.
3．我们能够用名词性从句来做表语。

如： the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.
My question is whether Polly can find her way home.
The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.
4．我们能够用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。

如： the fact that Polly didn ’ t ask for the man ’ s name is a pity.
The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.
Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?
5．我们用 that ， if/whether或一个疑问词来指引名词性从句。

如： I hope that Polly will be OK.
No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.
She couldn’ t imagine how the blind man had found her.
二名词性从句：用that 或 if/whether 指引的名词性从句
1．我们用that 来指引名词性从句。

1）当从句是一个陈说句时，我们用that 来指引名词性从句。

如： She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.
2) 在大多半状况下，我们不用that 来指引介词后的名词性从句，可是，能够用that来指引in或except
后的宾语从句。

如： The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.
I didn ’ t tell him anything except that I wasn ’ t able to find my way back.
如： That we couldn ’ t find our way out was really bad news.
4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that 能够省略。

如： She wished (that) someone would come along to help her. The truth is (that) the buses will not be running.
1．我们用 if 或 whether来指引名词性从句。

1）当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来指引名词性从句。

我们把if或whether后边从句的次序改成陈说句的语序。

如： She wondered. Would the buses still be running?
She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.
2）介词后只好用whether ，而不可以用if 。

如： She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.
3）当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只好用whether ，而不可以用if。

如： Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.
4）只好用 whether or not ，而不可以用if or not 。

如： I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.
2．假如 and 或 but 指引两个并列的that 或 whether/if指引的名词性从句，后一个句子的that或whether/if 不行省。

如： He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’ t use an umbrella when it was raining.
No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.
第二单元名词性从句：由疑问词指引的名词性从句
一、名词性从句：由疑问词指引的名词性从句
我们用以下的疑问词来指引名词性从句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

1．当从句是wh- 指引的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来指引名词性从句。

从句能够做句子的主语，宾语或表语。

如： Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.
You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.
That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.
2．我们把疑问词后边的句式改成陈说句的语序。

如： What are people from the north saying?
People from the south find it difficult to understand.
People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.
3．在任何状况下，都不可以够省略名词性从句中的疑问指引词。

二、形式主语it
在英语中，我们往常把最重要的信息放在句子的末端用于重申。

这被称做句末重申成效。

用形式主语it 就能够达到这一成效。

It 不过语法意义上的主语，真切的主语在句子的后边。

1．我们往常用it 来做形式主语。

1）当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：
（更好的） It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.
（正确的） That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.
2）当主语是带to 的动词不定式时：
（更好的） It is hard to master a foreign language.
（正确的） To master a foreign language is hard.
3）当主是 -ing 形式：
（更好的） Smoking is difficult to stop.
（正确的） It is difficult to stop smoking.
2． It 能够被放在seem，appear ， happen ，chance ，turn out和prove前做句子的形式主。

如： It seems that he speaks two languages. = he seems to speak two languages.
It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=
My new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.
3．我能够用句型it+be+被的名或短+that 或 who 引的从句来句子中的主，或状。

如： It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English.
假如不任何成分，句子能够是：I read about the history of English last night.
第三单元宾语补足语
一、足
1．足供给更多的信息。

如： They called her the Loulan Beauty.
2．足往常以下边形式出：+ +足，足往常能够是名短或形容。

如： They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.
We found the ruins most interesting.
3．有侯to 的不定式和不to 的不定式能够做足。

如： They believed him to be honest.
Professor Zhang’ s speech made us all laugh.
4．足能够介短。

如： She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.
5．不足往常和在数上是一致的。

如： She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants.
二、 Either⋯ or⋯和Neither⋯nor⋯
1．我用either ⋯ or ⋯来表示性。

如：（接主）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.
(接 ) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.
(接 )we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.
(接状 )they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.
3．我用 neither ⋯ nor ⋯来接表示否认的点。

（both⋯ and⋯的反）
如： neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.
They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.
I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.
They went there neither by train nor by air.
三、主一致
主一致是指在主后正确的复数形式。

以下几点帮助我决定是数或是复数。

1）数的名或不行数名
如： the city was founded in the 8th century BC.
The food they offered on the plane was delicious.
2) 量的短，或名字
如： two hours is too short for the visit.
Little women is a great novel.
3) 一个短或从句
如： travelling to Pompeii is exciting.
That it keeps raining worries the tourists.
2．是复数，假如主是：
1）一个复数名
如： both cities were very rich.
2）由 and 接的两个或两个以上的或短
如： the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.
3．当主是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名/代，与名或代保持一致。

如： all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.
Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.
4．当主是会合名，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team，假如名指代的是集体，
用数；假如名指代的是个体，用复数。

如： our team is very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.
5．当主是news, physics, mathematics, Aids ，用数；当主是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings，用复数。

如： the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.
All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.
6．当 either ⋯ or ⋯ , neither ⋯ nor ⋯ , not only ⋯but also ⋯ , not ⋯ but ⋯ ,接句子的主，采纳就近
原。

如： either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.
Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.
注：当主是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/
somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one，用数。

牛津高中英语－模块四
第一单元直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语
1．我们用直接引语来论述所说的话。

假如我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号可是，我们往常更愿意用间接引语来论述所说的话。

直接引语： She said, “ China has been using PSAs to educate people.”
间接引语： She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.
2．我们能够经过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变为间接引语。

如： She said, “I’ m used to ads.”---- She said that she was used to ads.
“We must not fall for this kind of trick!”she said.---- She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.
3．除了句型的改变外，还有其余的改变：
1）人称代词的改变：
如： She said, “ I did some research.” ----- She said that she had done some research.
2）时态的改变：
如： She said, “ This as is very clever.” -----She said that that ad was very clever.
下边列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是怎样变化的：
直接引语间接引语
一般此刻时一般过去时
此刻进行时过去进行时
一般过去时过去达成时
此刻达成时过去达成时
一般未来时过去未来时
过去达成时过去达成时
此刻达成进行时过去达成进行时
注：当陈说一个不变的事及时，时态不变。

如：“light travels at great speed,” he said.---- He said that light travels at great speed.
3）时间和地址状语的变化：
如： Tom said, “ I am working here today. ” ----- Tom said he was working there that day.
下边列举这种变化的例子：
直接引语
today
tomorrow
yesterday
next month
last year
a week ago 4）其余的例子：
间接引语
that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.
the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.
the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.
the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.
the year before / the previous year, etc.
a week before / a week earlier,etc.
直接引语间接引语
this that
these those
come go
1．陈说句
1）我们用that 指引的名词性从句来陈说一件事。

如： She said, “ Advertisements are an important part of our lives.” ------
She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.
2)除了 say 以外，还有其余的动词能够这样用： tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn
如：“PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.-----
The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.
2．疑问句
1）我们用 whether/if指引的名词性从句来陈说一般疑问句。

如： Matt asked Ann,“ Are you the happiest person in the world?” -----
Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.
2）我们用 wh- 疑问词指引的名词性从句来陈说wh- 疑问句。

如： I asked her, “ How can that could be? ’ -----
I asked her how that could be true.
3．祈使句
1）我们用以下构造来陈说祈使句：陈说动词+宾语 +（ not） + to- 动词不定式
如： The writer said,“ Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.” -----The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.
“ Don’ t worry, Mickey, ” Jen said.----- Jen asked Mickey not to worry.
2)其余的单词也有相同的用法： advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn
如：“Don’ t believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me.-----
Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.
第二单元神态动词：整体介绍
一、神态动词：整体介绍
1．我们用神态动词来讨论：
1）能力
如： He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.
2) 义务义务性由弱到强摆列：ought to/ should----have to -----must
如： You must work hard to win the gold medal.
3)确立确立性由弱到强摆列：might---- may---- could----should-----ought to----will----must
如： She might win a medal at the Olympics.
4)赞同正式性由弱到强摆列：can----could----may----might 如：
He is injured but may take part in the games.
2．我们也用神态动词来：
1）概要求：正式性由弱到强摆列：will---can----could----would
如： Can you help me with my training?
3）提建议：
如： Shall we do exercise this morning?
4）供给帮助：
如： I’ll wash your sports jacket. Shall I get a ticket for you?
5）提建议：
如： You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.
3 神态动词后应当接不带to 的动词不定式。

如： She could win the gold medal.
4我们用神态动词的进行时来讨论此刻可能发生的事情，用神态动词的达成时来讨论过去可能发生的事
情。

如： The boys may be playing football on the playground. He plays basketball very well. He must have practiced it a lot.
二、神态动词：can 和 be able to 等
1． Can 和 be able to
1）当指能力时，can 和 be able to 能够交换，但be able to 比 can 更为正式但也不常用。

如： My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.
2) 我们用 can 来讨论未来可能发生的动作。

如： Let’ s get some exercise. We can go and jog in the park.
3） be able to 能够用在不同的时态中，能够后边直接接动词原形或放在另一个神态动词之后。

如： I’m sorry I haven ’ t been able to play tennis with you recently.
It ’ s nice to be able to attend the lecture.
Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.
4) can 的过去式是could，be able to 的过去式是was /were able to
如： He could swim across the river when he was young.
Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.
2． shall 和will
1）我们往常用shall 来表达承诺，用will 来表达信心或决定。

如： Don’ t worry. You shall have the tickets for the games. Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.
2) 在疑问句中， shall 用于第一人称或第三人称供给帮助或提建议，will 用于第二人称和第三人称咨询
意向。

如： Shall we go swimming this weekend?
A group of students are waiting to see you outside. Shall they come in?
Will you go hiking with me in the mountain?
Will he pay for me?
3． mustn ’ t 和 needn’ t
Mustn ’ t 用来表达让某人不做某事，needn ’t 用来表达做某事没必需。

如： You mustn’ t miss this football match. It ’ s very important.
You needn’ t watch the game if you don ’ t want to.
4． need 和 dare
当用做神态动词时，这两个词常出此刻否认句和疑问句中。

这两个词还能够当成一般动词来用。

如： You needn’ t / don ’ t need to go training if you feel tired.
Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?
第三单元被动语态
一、被动语态
1．主动语态和被动语态在乎思上没有太大差别，能够交换。

在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者
作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的蒙受者作为句子的主语。

如： Scientists designed a VR headset. A VR headset was designed by scientists.
2 被动语态的基本构造是：be+-ed （动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be 的形式是不相同的。

比如，在一般此刻时态中，be 是 is 或 are；在此刻进行时态中，be 是 is/am/are+being ；在此刻达成时态中，be 是have/has+been ；在一般未来时态中，be 是 will+be 。

如： Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.
An agreement has been put forward.
3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：
1）我们往常用by 来指引动作的发出者，但当没必需说起动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者能够省略不提。

如： he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.
Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.
2）动词 give， lend ， offer ， send， tell 和 show 后边能够接两个宾语，分别指人和物。

当这些动词用做被动语态的时候，我们往常把动词后边接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为
主语。

如： They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.
Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.
3）在主动语态中，一些动词后边常常接宾语和动词原形。

在被动语态中，动词原形前方要接to。

如： I saw him go there. 4)有时，在被动语态中，如：
Please wait a while. He was seen to go there.
get 能够代替 be。

如： get changed, get dressed, get hurt I’
ll just go and get changed.
5）有些动词主动形式表被动含义。

如： This kind of computer sells well in China.Your article reads well.
6）状态动词不可以用于被动语态。

如： I have many science books.
VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.
4．被动语态的其余特别形式：
1） it+ 动词的被动语态+that 从句
如： It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.
2）主语 +动词的被动语态+to do
如： The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.
近似的动词还有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove等。

二、神态动词和被动语态
1．在被动语态顶用神态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，许诺等。

如： Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.
2．神态动词被动语态的形式是：神态动词+be+动词的过去分词如：
The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.
注意其余神态动词被动语态的用法：
主动语态被动语态。