桂林理工大学1001-英语-2019年考博真题

桂林理⼯⼤学1001-英语-2019年考博真题
博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试专业课真题 2019年桂林理⼯⼤学考博专业课真题
2019
考试科⽬代码：1001
考试科⽬名称：英语
Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.
For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.
The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.
Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋⾻) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.
These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?
The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.
A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.
Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.
But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper by
the Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.
1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.
A) breast cancer
B) advanced technology
C) over-radiation
D) treatment methods
1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?
A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.
B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.
C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.
D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.
3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?
A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.
B) It has been argued in the medical profession.
C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.
D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.
4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?
A) Heat up.
B) Draw out.
C) Intensify.
D) Put up.
5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.
A) ineffective
B) loose
C) harmful
D) unnecessary
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.
Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?
Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).
Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?
E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.
Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.
So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.
6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?
A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.
B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.
C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.
D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.
7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?
A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.
B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.
C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.
D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.
8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?
A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.
B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.
C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.
D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.
9. What was shown in Pew survey?
A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.
B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.
C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.
D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.
10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?
A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.
B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.
C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.
D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arum
and Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.
Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.
Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.
These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.
11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?
A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.
B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.
C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.
D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.
12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?
A) The diluted college curriculum.
B) The boring classroom activities.
C) The absence of rigorous discipline.
D) The outdated educational approach.
13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?
A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.
B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.
C) They seem to be out of touch with society.
D) They prioritize non-academic activities.
14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?
A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.
B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.
C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.
D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.
15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.
B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.
C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.
D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.
Part II Translation (25%)
Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.
西安是我国黄河流域古代⽂明的重要发源地之⼀，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四⼤古都。

西安古称长安，距今已有3000多年的历史。

⾃西周时起⼀直到唐代，先后有12个王朝在这⾥建都，历经2000余年。

汉、唐两代，更是西安的⿍盛时期。

汉代的长安城相当于古罗马城的3倍，唐代的长安城则为汉长安城的2.4倍，⼈⼝多达百万以上。

中华⼈民共和国成⽴后，西安⼀直是西北的政治中⼼和陕西省省会所在地。

Part III Writing (30%)
Directions:For this part you are to write an essay about the importance of apology by referring to the remark “An apology is the super glue of life. It can repair just about anything.” You can give examples to illustrate
your point and then explain what people should do when making an apology. You should write at least 150
words.。