句法学(Syntax)精ppt课件
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句法学（Syntax）课件
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1
1.What is syntax?
• A branch of linguistics that studies how
words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
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3.Sentence （句子）
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16Biblioteka 3.1 The sentence rule
• Normally a sentence consists of at least a
subject and its predicate
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Infl → Tense and agreement
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Phrase stucture rule
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The XP rule
The X stands for the head of N,A,V and P.
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The X bar theory（X杠理论）
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The coordinate rule
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3.2 Types of sentences句子类型
Structural Approach
• The simple sentence简单句 • The coordinate sentence 并列句 • The complex sentence 复合句
Constituent
(构成成分)
分）
immediate constituent（直接成 ultimate constituent （最终成
IC（直接成分）: Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units.
• Adverb (adv): loudly, constantly, hard
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• English minor lexical categories功能语类
• (Det):
the, a, this, his
• Auxiliary (Aux):
can, will, do, do, be, have
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2.Categories（范畴）
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
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Functional Approach
• declarative (陈述句), • interrogative (疑问句), • imperative (祈使句), • exclamatory (感叹句).
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3.3 IC Analysis (直接成分分析法):
分）
(e.g. I must learn from them.
They pleased me the other day.)
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2.3 Functional categories
• subject, • predicate, • object, • complement, • adverbial.
• In English, prepositions and verbs require or
restrict particular forms of the paradigms (聚合 体 ， 词 形 变 化 ) of pronouns according to the syntactic relation between them.
• Prepositio (pron): he, she, us, mine
• Conjunction (Conj): and, or, but, while]
• Interjection (Int): Oh, ah, eh
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5
2.2 grammatical categories:
number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord (一致）， government （支配关系）, etc.
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2.4 Phrasal categories and their stuctures
• NP名词短语: a tall man, the student • VP动词短语: read a book, walk in the park • PP介词短语: in the park, after dark • AP形容词短语: quite rude, very anxious
(e.g. The boy goes to school. The boys go to school.)
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2.2.2 Government (支配关系)
• The idea of government is the way in which
certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns.
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3
2.1 Lexical categories
• English major lexical categories实义语类
• Noun (N
student, lecture, John
• Verb (V):
like, read, go
• Adjective (Adj): tall, lovely, red
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6
2.2.1 Concord (一致关系)
• A verb is to agree with the subject in
person and in number. In English, this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject.
精选课件PPT
1
1.What is syntax?
• A branch of linguistics that studies how
words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
精选课件PPT
15
3.Sentence （句子）
精选课件PPT
16Biblioteka 3.1 The sentence rule
• Normally a sentence consists of at least a
subject and its predicate
精选课件PPT
17
Infl → Tense and agreement
精选课件PPT
10
Phrase stucture rule
精选课件PPT
11
The XP rule
The X stands for the head of N,A,V and P.
精选课件PPT
12
The X bar theory（X杠理论）
精选课件PPT
13
精选课件PPT
14
The coordinate rule
精选课件PPT
18
精选课件PPT
19
精选课件PPT
20
3.2 Types of sentences句子类型
Structural Approach
• The simple sentence简单句 • The coordinate sentence 并列句 • The complex sentence 复合句
Constituent
(构成成分)
分）
immediate constituent（直接成 ultimate constituent （最终成
IC（直接成分）: Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units.
• Adverb (adv): loudly, constantly, hard
精选课件PPT
4
• English minor lexical categories功能语类
• (Det):
the, a, this, his
• Auxiliary (Aux):
can, will, do, do, be, have
精选课件PPT
2
2.Categories（范畴）
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
精选课件PPT
21
Functional Approach
• declarative (陈述句), • interrogative (疑问句), • imperative (祈使句), • exclamatory (感叹句).
精选课件PPT
22
3.3 IC Analysis (直接成分分析法):
分）
(e.g. I must learn from them.
They pleased me the other day.)
精选课件PPT
8
2.3 Functional categories
• subject, • predicate, • object, • complement, • adverbial.
• In English, prepositions and verbs require or
restrict particular forms of the paradigms (聚合 体 ， 词 形 变 化 ) of pronouns according to the syntactic relation between them.
• Prepositio (pron): he, she, us, mine
• Conjunction (Conj): and, or, but, while]
• Interjection (Int): Oh, ah, eh
精选课件PPT
5
2.2 grammatical categories:
number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord (一致）， government （支配关系）, etc.
精选课件PPT
9
2.4 Phrasal categories and their stuctures
• NP名词短语: a tall man, the student • VP动词短语: read a book, walk in the park • PP介词短语: in the park, after dark • AP形容词短语: quite rude, very anxious
(e.g. The boy goes to school. The boys go to school.)
精选课件PPT
7
2.2.2 Government (支配关系)
• The idea of government is the way in which
certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns.
精选课件PPT
3
2.1 Lexical categories
• English major lexical categories实义语类
• Noun (N
student, lecture, John
• Verb (V):
like, read, go
• Adjective (Adj): tall, lovely, red
精选课件PPT
6
2.2.1 Concord (一致关系)
• A verb is to agree with the subject in
person and in number. In English, this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject.