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1958年关于承认和执行仲裁裁决的纽约公约(中英文对照)

1958年关于承认和执行仲裁裁决的纽约公约(中英文对照)

1958年关于承认和执行仲裁裁决的纽约公约Convention onthe Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsDone at New York,10June1958;entered into force,7June1959(United Nations,Treaty Series,vol.330,p.38,No.4739)承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约(1958年6月10日订于纽约1959年6月7日生效)(批准单位:全国人民代表大会常务委员会,执行日期:1987‐04‐22)Article I第一条1.This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought,and arising out of differences between persons,whether physical or legal.It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.一、仲裁裁决,因自然人或法人间之争议而产生且在声请承认及执行地所在国以外之国家领土内作成者,其承认及执行适用本公约。

本公约对于仲裁裁决经声请承认及执行地所在国认为非内国裁决者,亦适用之。

2.The term"arbitral awards"shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.二、“仲裁裁决”一词不仅指专案选派之仲裁员所作裁决,亦指当事人提请仲裁之常设仲裁机关所作裁决。

NYPE 93中英文对照

NYPE 93中英文对照

NYPE'93(中文对照)租约代号:“NYPE 93”波罗的海国际航运公会推荐美国国家船舶经纪人与代理人协会联合会定期租船合同纽约土产交易所格式美国船舶经纪人与代理人协会发行1913年11月6日制定,经1921年10月20日,1931年8月6日,1946年10月3日,1981年6月12日,1993年9月14日修订本租船合同于-—-——--—-—-年———-———-月—---————日由下述-———---—-———船舶的所有人-—--—--—-与承租人————--—----签订。

船舶说明船名:——--—--—--—;船旗:-—-—-—---————;于——-—--—--——-年建造;登记港-—-----—-;登记号—--—-——-;船舶在—-—--———-入级,船级为———--—-——;按夏季干舷高度,船舶海水吃水为---—-——-—,载重量(货物和燃料,包括不超过——-—---—-——长吨*/公吨*的淡水和物料)为-——---——-—-长吨*/公吨*;散装容积为-——--—-—-—-——-立方英尺;包装容积为——-—--—————-—--立方英尺;船舶吨位为-——-—-————总吨/总登记吨;在良好天气条件下,风力达到包括最大风力蒲福—-———----—级,船舶满载航行时船速大约--—---—-———节,消耗大约-—--—-———-—长吨*/公吨*的—--————-(燃油).*适当地删除。

1.租期上述出租人同意出租,上述承租人同意租用上述船舶,从交船时起算,租期为—-—--——,并在下述航行区域内使用船舶.2.交船船舶在————-—-—(地点)置于承租人控制之下。

在交船时,船舶应作好接受货物的准备,货舱须打扫干净,船体紧密,坚实,牢固,并在各个方面适合于普通货物的运输。

船舶应装备有压载水舱,同时具有启动所有装货设备的足够的动力。

出租人应在—--—----—天之前向承租人递交预计交付船舶的日期的通知。

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考《纽约公约》第五条规定了被申请国拒绝承认与执行外国裁决的理由,其中第一款第五项称,被请求承认或执行裁决的管辖当局,可以在作为裁决执行对象的当事人提出并证明裁决已经由作出裁决的国家或根据其法律作出裁决的国家的管辖当局撤销或停止执行时,拒绝承认和执行该裁决。

简言之,被申请国可以因裁决被裁决地国或准据法国撤销或暂停执行拒绝承认与执行该裁决。

该条款内容不令人费解,但效力却引起争议。

有人认为既然被申请国“可以”因裁决被裁决地国或准据法国拒绝承认或暂停执行,那么其也可以不依据该理由,即在裁决被裁决地国或准据法国撤销或停止执行时,仍然承认和执行该裁决。

简言之,争议点落在了“可以”二字上。

《纽约公约》英文文本在此处措辞”may”,根据法律英语一般原理,用于表示法律上义务的单词是”shall”,即“应当”,因而各国对这一条款的理解出现分歧,有的国家就认为《纽约公约》在拒绝承认和执行外国仲裁裁决上并未对缔约国施加强制性的义务,而是选择性的。

就此争议,曾经参加《纽约公约》起草的著名荷兰国际仲裁专家桑德斯,在其著作《仲裁实践60年》中指出,立法者在公约案文第五条第一款所使用的”may”,事实上是指”shall”,对于执行地国法院可以拒绝执行外国仲裁裁决的理由中,并没有给当地法院的法官留下任何自由裁量权。

这一点可以从公约的法文文本得到证实,法文文本中所使用的文字为“必须”(serontrefusees)。

今天人们对”may”、”shall”之间的争议是由于当时在确定英文最后文本时的疏忽造成的。

然而笔者认为,即便桑德斯教授所言非虚,也并不足以平息争议。

首先,根据《纽约公约》第十六条,公约的中文、英文、法文、俄罗斯文和西班牙文文本具有同等的效力,文义解释这条路很难行得通。

其次,在缺少立法解释和司法解释的情况下,当牵涉到被申请国当事人重大利益时,被申请国必然按照有利于本国当事人的方向来解释法条。

最后,《纽约公约》已经订立了六十年,当初不给执行地国法院在拒绝执行外国仲裁裁决的理由中留下任何自由裁量权的做法在漫长的岁月里是否真正起到了效果。

海牙规则英文版(可编辑修改word版)

海牙规则英文版(可编辑修改word版)

海牙规则-英文版-中文版INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING (“HAGUE RULES”), AND PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE(Brussels, 25 August 1924)The President of the German Republic, the President of the Argentine Republic, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Republic of Chile, the President of the Republic of Cuba, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Iceland, His Majesty the King of Spain, the Headof the Estonian State, the President of the United States of America, the President of the Republic of Finland, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Most Supreme Highness the Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Latvian Republic, the President of the Republic of Mexico, His Majesty the King of Norway, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, the President of the Republic of Peru, the President of the Polish Republic, the President of the Portuguese Republic, His Majesty the King of Romania, His Majesty the King of the Serbs, Croats andSlovenes, His Majesty the King of Sweden, and the President of the Republic of Uruguay,HAVING RECOGNIZED the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniform rules of law relating to bills of lading,HAVE DECIDED to conclude a convention with this object and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:WHO, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows:Article 1In this Convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a)"Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.(b)"Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.(c)"Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.(d)"Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.(e)"Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.Article 2Subject to the provisions of Article 6, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities, and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.Article 31.The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence t(a)Make the ship seaworthy.(b)Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c)Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.2.Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.3.After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things:(a)The leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage.(b)Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.(c)The apparent order and condition of the goods.Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.4.Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3(a), (b) and (c).5.The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnity the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.6.Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, suchremoval shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.If the loss or damage is not apparent, the notice must be given within three days of the delivery of the goods.The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has, at the time of their receipt, been the subject of joint survey or inspection.In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.7.After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master, or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a "shipped" bill of lading, provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the "shipped" bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with thename or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date or dates of shipment, and when so noted, if it shows the particulars mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article 3, shall for the purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a "shipped" bill of lading.8.Any clause, covenant, or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to, or in connexion with, goods arising from negligence, fault, or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in this Convention, shall be null and void and of no effect. A benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or similar clause shall be deemed to be a clause relieving the carrier from liability.Article 41.Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthinessthe burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this Article.2.Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from:(a)Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.(b)Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.(c)Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters.(d)Act of God.(e)Act of war.(f)Act of public enemies.(g)Arrest or restraint or princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process.(h)Quarantine restrictions.(i)Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative.(j)Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general.(k)Riots and civil commotions.(l)Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea.(m)Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods.(n)Insufficiency of packing.(o)Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks.(p)Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence.(q)Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the actual fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.3.The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his servants.4.Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of this Convention or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.5.Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connexion with goods in an amount exceeding 100 pounds sterling per package or unit, or the equivalent of that sum in other currency unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.This declaration if embodied in the bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper another maximum amount than that mentioned in this paragraph may be fixed, provided that such maximum shall not be less than the figure above named.Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or in connexion with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the bill of lading.6.Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not consented with knowledge of their nature and character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without compensation and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damage and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment. If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and consent shall become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.Article 5A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to increase any of his responsibilities and obligations under this Convention, provided such surrender or increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper.The provisions of this Convention shall not be applicable to charter parties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter party they shall comply with the terms of this Convention. Nothing in these rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average.Article 6Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by sea, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.Article 7Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connexion with, the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the loading on, and subsequent to, the discharge from the ship on which the goods are carried by sea.Article 8The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of sea-going vessels.Article 9The monetary units mentioned in this Convention are to be taken to be gold value.Those contracting States in which the pound sterling is not a monetary unit reserve to themselves the right of translating the sums indicated in this Convention in terms of pound sterling into terms of their own monetary system in round figures.The national laws may reserve to the debtor the right of discharging his debt in national currency according to the rate of exchange prevailing onthe day of the arrival of the ship at the port of discharge of the goods concerned.Article 10The provisions of this Convention shall apply to all bills of lading issued in any of the contracting States.Article 11After an interval of not more than two years from the day on which the Convention is signed, the Belgian Government shall place itself in communication with the Governments of the High Contracting Parties which have declared themselves prepared to ratify the Convention, with a view to deciding whether it shall be put into force. The ratifications shall be deposited at Brussels at a date to be fixed by agreement among the said Governments. The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a procès-verbal signed by the representatives of the Powers which take part therein and by the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs.The subsequent deposit of ratifications shall be made by means of a written notification, addressed to the Belgian Government and accompanied by the instrument of ratification.A duly certified copy of the procès-verbal relating to the first deposit of ratifications, of the notifications referred to in the previous paragraph, and also of the instruments of ratification accompanying them, shall be immediately sent by the Belgian Government through the diplomatic channel to the Powers who have signed this Convention or who have acceded to it. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the said Government shall inform them at the same time of the date on which it received the notification.Article 12Non-signatory States may accede to the present Convention whether or not they have been represented at the International Conference at Brussels.A State which desires to accede shall notify its intention in writing to the Belgian Government, forwarding to it the document of accession, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.The Belgian Government shall immediately forward to all the States which have signed or acceded to the Convention a duly certified copy of the notification and of the act of accession, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.Article 13The High Contracting Parties may at the time of signature, ratification or accession declare that their acceptance of the present Convention does not include any or all of the self-governing dominions, or of the colonies, overseas possessions, protectorates or territories under their sovereignty or authority, and they may subsequently accede separately on behalf of any self-governing dominion, colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory excluded in their declaration. They may also denounce the Convention separately in accordance with its provisions in respect of any self-governing dominion, or any colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory under their sovereignty or authority.Article 14The present Convention shall take effect, in the case of the States which have taken part in the first deposit of ratifications, one year after the date of the protocol recording such deposit.As respects the States which ratify subsequently or which accede, and also in cases in which the Convention is subsequently put into effect in accordance with Article 13, it shall take effect six months after the notifications specified in paragraph 2 of Article 11 and paragraph 2 of Article 12 have been received by the Belgian Government.Article 15In the event of one of the contracting States wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Belgian Government, which shall immediately communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other States, informing them of the date on which it was received.The denunciation shall only operate in respect of the State which made the notification, and on the expiry of one year after the notification has reached the Belgian Government.Article 16Any one of the contracting States shall have the right to call for a fresh conference with a view to considering possible amendments.A State which would exercise this right should notify its intention to the other States through the Belgian Government, which would make arrangements for convening the Conference.DONE at Brussels, in a single copy, August 25th, 1924.PROTOCOL OF SIGNATUREAt the time of signing the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading the Plenipotentiaries whose signatures appear below have adopted this Protocol, which will have the same force and the same value as if its provisions were inserted in the text of the Convention to which it relates.The High Contracting Parties may give effect to this Convention either by giving it the force of law or by including in their national legislation in a form appropriate to that legislation the rules adopted under this Convention.They may reserve the right:1.To prescribe that in the cases referred to in paragraph 2(c) to (p) of Article 4 the holder of a bill of lading shall be entitled to establish responsibility for loss or damage arising from the personal fault of the carrier or the fault of his servants which are not covered by paragraph (a).2.To apply Article 6 in so far as the national coasting trade is concerned to all classes of goods without taking account of the restriction set out in the last paragraph of that Article.DONE at Brussels, in single copy, August 25th, 1924.。

纽约公约

纽约公约

《纽约公约》50年中国切实履行了《纽约公约》义务1958年6月10日,《纽约公约》被正式通过。

该公约依其第12条的规定于1959年6月7日起生效中国仲裁和《纽约公约》的交汇点,在1986年。

当年,由第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议决定加入《纽约公约》。

1987年1月22日,中国提交了批准书,作了互惠保留和商事保留声明。

三个月后,1987年4月22日,公约对中国生效。

50年,之于个人而言,已为“半百”,或知“天命”。

50年,之于一部法律而言,却可谓之年轻。

其中的缘由,在于法律在实践中的“生命力”。

6月6日,由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(简称贸仲)和中国人民大学法学院联合主办的,纪念《纽约公约》通过50周年暨学术研讨会在北京举行。

最高人民法院副院长万鄂湘,中国人民大学法学院院长王利明,中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会顾问唐厚志、秘书长于健龙,北京仲裁委员会秘书长王红松等司法界、仲裁界及理论界人士参加了会议。

共同见证和纪念《纽约公约》走过的第一个50年。

1958年6月10日,国际商事仲裁会议在纽约召开。

在这次由联合国经济及社会理事会召集的会议上,通过了《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》,又称《纽约公约》。

如今,这部公约在实践中,得到了世界多数国家和地区的广泛认可,在国际商事领域焕发了较强的“生命力”。

《纽约公约》之所以得到广泛认可,源于它所倡导的精义———为了国际经济贸易发展的利益促进商事纠纷的解决,便利仲裁裁决在世界范围内的强制执行。

《纽约公约》第一条,便开宗明义地写到:“仲裁裁决,因自然人或法人间之争议而产生且在声请承认及执行地所在国以外之国家领土内作成者,其承认及执行适用本公约。

本公约对于仲裁裁决经声请承认及执行地所在国认为非内国裁决者,亦适用之。

”《纽约公约》虽只有短短16条,却在50年的发展过程中,影响力遍及全球商事仲裁领域。

50年前,公约仅有24个缔约国,目前,缔约国家和地区已经增长到142个。

海牙规则英文版

海牙规则英文版

海牙规则-英文版-中文版INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING (“HAGUE RULES”), AND PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE(Brussels, 25 August 1924)The President of the German Republic, the President of the Argentine Republic, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Republic of Chile, the President of the Republic of Cuba, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Iceland, His Majesty the King of Spain, the Headof the Estonian State, the President of the United States of America, the President of the Republic of Finland, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Most Supreme Highness the Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Latvian Republic, the President of the Republic of Mexico, His Majesty the King of Norway, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, the President of the Republic of Peru, the President of the Polish Republic, the President of the Portuguese Republic, His Majesty the King of Romania, His Majesty the King of the Serbs, Croats andSlovenes, His Majesty the King of Sweden, and the President of the Republic of Uruguay,HAVING RECOGNIZED the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniform rules of law relating to bills of lading,HAVE DECIDED to conclude a convention with this object and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:WHO, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows:Article 1In this Convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a) "Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.(b) "Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.(c) "Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.(d) "Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.(e) "Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.Article 2Subject to the provisions of Article 6, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities, and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.Article 31. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence t(a) Make the ship seaworthy.(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.2. Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.3. After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things:(a) The leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage.(b) Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.(c) The apparent order and condition of the goods.Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3(a), (b) and (c).5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnity the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, suchremoval shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.If the loss or damage is not apparent, the notice must be given within three days of the delivery of the goods.The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has, at the time of their receipt, been the subject of joint survey or inspection.In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.7. After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master, or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a "shipped" bill of lading, provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the "shipped" bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with thename or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date or dates of shipment, and when so noted, if it shows the particulars mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article 3, shall for the purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a "shipped" bill of lading.8. Any clause, covenant, or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to, or in connexion with, goods arising from negligence, fault, or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in this Convention, shall be null and void and of no effect. A benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or similar clause shall be deemed to be a clause relieving the carrier from liability.Article 41. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthinessthe burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this Article.2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from:(a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.(b) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.(c) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters.(d) Act of God.(e) Act of war.(f) Act of public enemies.(g) Arrest or restraint or princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process.(h) Quarantine restrictions.(i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative.(j) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general.(k) Riots and civil commotions.(l) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea.(m) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods.(n) Insufficiency of packing.(o) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks.(p) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence.(q) Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the actual fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his servants.4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of this Convention or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.5. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connexion with goods in an amount exceeding 100 pounds sterling per package or unit, or the equivalent of that sum in other currency unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.This declaration if embodied in the bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper another maximum amount than that mentioned in this paragraph may be fixed, provided that such maximum shall not be less than the figure above named.Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or in connexion with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the bill of lading.6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not consented with knowledge of their nature and character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without compensation and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damage and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment. If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and consent shall become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.Article 5A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to increase any of his responsibilities and obligations under this Convention, provided such surrender or increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper.The provisions of this Convention shall not be applicable to charter parties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter party they shall comply with the terms of this Convention. Nothing in these rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average.Article 6Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by sea, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.Article 7Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connexion with, the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the loading on, and subsequent to, the discharge from the ship on which the goods are carried by sea.Article 8The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of sea-going vessels.Article 9The monetary units mentioned in this Convention are to be taken to be gold value.Those contracting States in which the pound sterling is not a monetary unit reserve to themselves the right of translating the sums indicated in this Convention in terms of pound sterling into terms of their own monetary system in round figures.The national laws may reserve to the debtor the right of discharging his debt in national currency according to the rate of exchange prevailing onthe day of the arrival of the ship at the port of discharge of the goods concerned.Article 10The provisions of this Convention shall apply to all bills of lading issued in any of the contracting States.Article 11After an interval of not more than two years from the day on which the Convention is signed, the Belgian Government shall place itself in communication with the Governments of the High Contracting Parties which have declared themselves prepared to ratify the Convention, with a view to deciding whether it shall be put into force. The ratifications shall be deposited at Brussels at a date to be fixed by agreement among the said Governments. The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a procès-verbal signed by the representatives of the Powers which take part therein and by the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs.The subsequent deposit of ratifications shall be made by means of a written notification, addressed to the Belgian Government and accompanied by the instrument of ratification.A duly certified copy of the procès-verbal relating to the first deposit of ratifications, of the notifications referred to in the previous paragraph, and also of the instruments of ratification accompanying them, shall be immediately sent by the Belgian Government through the diplomatic channel to the Powers who have signed this Convention or who have acceded to it. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the said Government shall inform them at the same time of the date on which it received the notification.Article 12Non-signatory States may accede to the present Convention whether or not they have been represented at the International Conference at Brussels.A State which desires to accede shall notify its intention in writing to the Belgian Government, forwarding to it the document of accession, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.The Belgian Government shall immediately forward to all the States which have signed or acceded to the Convention a duly certified copy of the notification and of the act of accession, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.Article 13The High Contracting Parties may at the time of signature, ratification or accession declare that their acceptance of the present Convention does not include any or all of the self-governing dominions, or of the colonies, overseas possessions, protectorates or territories under their sovereignty or authority, and they may subsequently accede separately on behalf of any self-governing dominion, colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory excluded in their declaration. They may also denounce the Convention separately in accordance with its provisions in respect of any self-governing dominion, or any colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory under their sovereignty or authority.Article 14The present Convention shall take effect, in the case of the States which have taken part in the first deposit of ratifications, one year after the date of the protocol recording such deposit.As respects the States which ratify subsequently or which accede, and also in cases in which the Convention is subsequently put into effect in accordance with Article 13, it shall take effect six months after the notifications specified in paragraph 2 of Article 11 and paragraph 2 of Article 12 have been received by the Belgian Government.Article 15In the event of one of the contracting States wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Belgian Government, which shall immediately communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other States, informing them of the date on which it was received.The denunciation shall only operate in respect of the State which made the notification, and on the expiry of one year after the notification has reached the Belgian Government.Article 16Any one of the contracting States shall have the right to call for a fresh conference with a view to considering possible amendments.A State which would exercise this right should notify its intention to the other States through the Belgian Government, which would make arrangements for convening the Conference.DONE at Brussels, in a single copy, August 25th, 1924.PROTOCOL OF SIGNATUREAt the time of signing the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading the Plenipotentiaries whose signatures appear below have adopted this Protocol, which will have the same force and the same value as if its provisions were inserted in the text of the Convention to which it relates.The High Contracting Parties may give effect to this Convention either by giving it the force of law or by including in their national legislation in a form appropriate to that legislation the rules adopted under this Convention.They may reserve the right:1. To prescribe that in the cases referred to in paragraph 2(c) to (p) of Article 4 the holder of a bill of lading shall be entitled to establish responsibility for loss or damage arising from the personal fault of the carrier or the fault of his servants which are not covered by paragraph (a).2. To apply Article 6 in so far as the national coasting trade is concerned to all classes of goods without taking account of the restriction set out in the last paragraph of that Article.DONE at Brussels, in single copy, August 25th, 1924.。

国际私法_英文名解汇总

国际私法_英文名解汇总

国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commerciallegal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté=L'autonomie de la volonté= autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Characterization = qualification =classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degr é直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degr é转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points ofcontact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Nationality 国籍dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction =immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsf?higkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsf?higkeit 特别权利能力Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债True successor 真正的继承人International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitrationof China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Agency agreement 代理协定Home state 本国Direct line直接适用的法International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权International judicial assistance incivil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Final award 最后裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩。

纽约公约

纽约公约
注:本公约于1987年4月22日对中华人民共和国生效。
第十二条
一、本公约应自第三件批准或加入文件存放之日后第90日起发生效力。
二、对于第三件批准或加入文件存放后批准或加入本公约之国家,本公约应自各该国存放批准或加入文件后第90日起发生效力。
第十三条
一、任何缔约国得以书面通知联合国秘书长宣告退出本公约。退约应于秘书长收到通知之日一年后发生效力。 二、依第十条规定提出声明或通知之国家,嗣后得随时通知联合国秘书长声明本公约自秘书长收到通知之日一年后停止适用于关系领土。
三、在退约生效前已进行承认或执行程序之仲裁裁决,应继续适用本公约。
第十四条
缔约国除在本国负有适用本公约义务之范围外,无权对其他缔约国援用本公约。
第十五条
联合国秘书长应将下列事项通知第八条所称各国:
(甲)依第八条所为之签署及批准;
(乙)依第九条所为之加入;
三、关于在签署、批准或加入时未经将本公约推广适用之领土,各关系国家应考虑可否采取必要步骤将本公约推广适用于此等领土,但因宪政关系确有必要时,自须征得此等领土政府之同意。
第十一条
下列规定对联邦制或非单一制国家适用之:
(甲)关于本公约内属于联邦机关立法权限之条款,联邦政府之义务在此范围内与非联邦制缔约国之义务同;
(乙)关于本公约内属于组成联邦各州或各省立法权限之条款,如各州或各省依联邦宪法制度并无采取立法行动之义务,联邦政府应尽速将此等条款提请各州或各省主管机关注意,并附有利之建议; (丙)参加本公约之联邦国家遇任何其他缔约国经由联合国秘书长转达请求时,应提供叙述联邦及其组成单位关于本公约特定规定之法律及惯例之情报,说明以立法或其他行动实施此项规定之程度。
第八条

关于保护平民的日内瓦公约英文全文

关于保护平民的日内瓦公约英文全文

关于保护平民的日内瓦公约英文全文The Geneva Conventions: Protecting Civilians in Times of War IntroductionIn times of armed conflict, it is of utmost importance to ensure the safety, well-being, and dignity of civilians caught in the crossfire. The Geneva Conventions, a set of international treaties enacted to protect those not participating directly in hostilities, serve as a cornerstone of humanitarian law. This essay will explore the significance of the Geneva Conventions, their principles, and the measures they lay out to safeguard civilians during times of war. Historical ContextThe Geneva Conventions were born out of the horrors witnessed during the two World Wars. The devastation caused by these conflicts prompted the international community to take action to prevent the recurrence of such atrocities. The First Geneva Convention was adopted in 1864 and focused on the protection of wounded soldiers on the battlefield. Over time, subsequent conventions were established to extend protection to prisoners of war and civilians.Principles of the Geneva ConventionsThe Geneva Conventions consist of four fundamental principles that underline the necessity to protect civilians during armed conflicts. These principles are:1. Humanity: The primary objective of the Geneva Conventions is to alleviate the suffering of individuals affected by armed conflicts and to ensure respect for their dignity.2. Distinction between combatants and non-combatants: TheGeneva Conventions explicitly state that civilians shall be spared from the effects of hostilities and shall not be deliberately targeted.3. Prohibition of unnecessary suffering: The conventions prohibit any acts that cause unnecessary suffering to civilians or combatants. This includes torture, cruel treatment, and outrages upon personal dignity.4. Proportionality: The use of force must be proportionate to the military advantage sought and must not cause disproportionate harm to civilians.Protection Measures for CiviliansThe Geneva Conventions outline specific measures to protect civilians during times of war. Some of these vital provisions include:1. Protection from direct attacks: Under the Geneva Conventions, civilians are immune from direct attacks. Parties to the conflict must distinguish between military targets and civilians to ensure that non-combatants are not harmed.2. Protection of medical personnel and facilities: Medical personnel, hospitals, and ambulances are granted special protection under the Geneva Conventions. Attacking these individuals or facilities is strictly prohibited.3. Protection of civilian property: The Conventions mandate that civilian property, including homes and infrastructure, should not be targeted unless it is being used for military purposes.4. Measures to ensure basic needs: Parties to the conflict must ensure that civilians have access to essential goods, such as food, water, and healthcare. They should also ensure that civilians are not subjected to starvation or employed in dangerous or harmful labor.5. Ensuring the safety of children: The Conventions emphasize the need to protect children affected by armed conflicts, including prevention of child recruitment and provision of education and healthcare services.Implementation and EnforcementAlthough the Geneva Conventions represent a crucial framework for protecting civilians, their implementation and enforcement remain significant challenges. This is due to factors such as non-compliance by parties to the conflict, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and the complex nature of modern conflicts. However, various international organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, play a significant role in promoting compliance and raising awareness about the importance of the Conventions.ConclusionThe Geneva Conventions stand as the cornerstone of international humanitarian law, protecting civilians during times of armed conflict. Their principles and measures, focusing on the dignity and well-being of civilians, have played a crucial role in preventing the indiscriminate targeting and suffering of non-combatants. While challenges remain in the implementation and enforcement of these Conventions, it is essential for the international community to promote their adherence and ensure that civilians are protected, respected, and valued, even in the darkest times of war.Sure! Here is more content related to the Geneva Conventions, expanding on the importance of their implementation, challenges they face, and the role of international organizations in promoting compliance.Importance of ImplementationThe implementation of the Geneva Conventions is of utmost importance to ensure the protection and rights of civilians during times of armed conflict. These conventions provide a framework for states to uphold their obligations and responsibilities towards non-combatants, including women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. By implementing these conventions, states can demonstrate their commitment to promoting human rights and achieving peace and stability in war-torn regions.Implementation of the Geneva Conventions also helps prevent the escalation of conflicts and reduces the risk of reprisals. When parties to the conflict adhere to the principles and provisions of the Conventions, it builds trust and facilitates negotiations for peace and reconciliation. Furthermore, the implementation of these Conventions helps maintain the rule of law, prevent further human rights abuses, and hold perpetrators accountable for their actions.Challenges in ImplementationDespite the significance of the Geneva Conventions, several challenges hinder their effective implementation. One primary challenge is the non-compliance by parties to the conflict. In many instances, armed groups and non-state actors fail to recognize the Conventions or deliberately violate their provisions. This non-compliance leads to a disregard for civilian protection, resulting in the indiscriminate targeting, displacement, and suffering of non-combatants.Another challenge lies in the enforcement of the Conventions.While the Conventions are legally binding for states that have ratified them, there is a lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. International bodies such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) play a crucial role in prosecuting individuals responsible for war crimes, but their jurisdiction is limited. The willingness of states to hold their own accountable for violations is necessary to ensure enforcement.The changing nature of armed conflicts poses additional challenges to the implementation of the Conventions. Modern conflicts often involve non-state armed groups, asymmetric warfare, and the use of unconventional weapons. These factors make it difficult to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, leading to increased civilian casualties. Additionally, conflicts in urban areas and the use of tactics such as terrorism further complicate the protection of civilians.Role of International OrganizationsVarious international organizations play a significant role in promoting compliance with the Geneva Conventions and ensuring the protection of civilians. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is at the forefront of this effort. The ICRC works on the ground in conflict-affected areas, providing humanitarian assistance, advocating for respect of the Conventions, and facilitating dialogue between parties to the conflict. Their efforts include training armed forces on the principles of the Conventions and engaging in direct dialogue with non-state armed groups to educate them about international humanitarian law. Furthermore, other international organizations, such as the UnitedNations (UN) and its agencies, also contribute to the implementation of the Conventions. The UN Commission on Human Rights monitors and reports violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, including those pertaining to the Geneva Conventions. The UN Security Council can impose sanctions or authorize military interventions to protect civilians in situations of armed conflict.Regional organizations, such as the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU), also play an essential role in implementing and enforcing the Geneva Conventions through their peacekeeping missions and mediation efforts. These organizations provide support to states and promote regional mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution.ConclusionThe Geneva Conventions are crucial for protecting civilians during times of armed conflict, upholding their rights, and minimizing unnecessary suffering. Their principles and provisions ensure that non-combatants are not targeted, medical personnel and facilities are protected, and basic needs are met. Despite challenges in implementation and enforcement, the Geneva Conventions provide a vital framework for states to uphold their obligations and responsibilities towards civilians.International organizations, such as the ICRC, the UN, and regional bodies, play a significant role in promoting compliance with the Conventions. Through their humanitarian work and advocacy, these organizations contribute to the protection of civilians, the enforcement of the Conventions, and theestablishment of peace and stability in conflict-affected regions. It is imperative for the international community to support and strengthen these efforts to ensure that the principles and provisions of the Geneva Conventions are upheld in all situations of armed conflict.。

国际私法_英文名解汇总

国际私法_英文名解汇总

国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commercial legal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Characterization = qualification = classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degré直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degré转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points of contact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Nationality 国籍dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction = immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsfähigkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsfähigkeit 特别权利能力Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债True successor 真正的继承人International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Agency agreement 代理协定Home state 本国Direct line直接适用的法International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权International judicial assistance in civil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Final award 最后裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩。

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考

对《纽约公约》第五条的一些思考作者:孙小小来源:《法制与社会》2012年第23期摘要《纽约公约》第五条第一款第五项在实践中遇到了诸多阻力,一些国家承认和执行被仲裁地国或准据法国管辖当局撤销或暂停执行的仲裁裁决的理由看起来也合情合理。

究其原因,是各国关于仲裁立法存在的差异使被申请国对撤销或暂停仲裁裁决的理由都有一番自己的考量,所以该要求不能强加给各国,应该对第五条的内容加以区别。

关键词仲裁裁决拒绝承认和执行撤销作者简介:孙小小,华东政法大学2010级国际法学专业硕士研究生,研究方向:国际金融法。

中图分类号:D920.4文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-0592(2012)08-081-02《纽约公约》第五条规定了被申请国拒绝承认与执行外国裁决的理由,其中第一款第五项称,被请求承认或执行裁决的管辖当局,可以在作为裁决执行对象的当事人提出并证明裁决已经由作出裁决的国家或根据其法律作出裁决的国家的管辖当局撤销或停止执行时,拒绝承认和执行该裁决。

简言之,被申请国可以因裁决被裁决地国或准据法国撤销或暂停执行拒绝承认与执行该裁决。

该条款内容不令人费解,但效力却引起争议。

有人认为既然被申请国“可以”因裁决被裁决地国或准据法国拒绝承认或暂停执行,那么其也可以不依据该理由,即在裁决被裁决地国或准据法国撤销或停止执行时,仍然承认和执行该裁决。

简言之,争议点落在了“可以”二字上。

《纽约公约》英文文本在此处措辞”may”,根据法律英语一般原理,用于表示法律上义务的单词是”shall”,即“应当”,因而各国对这一条款的理解出现分歧,有的国家就认为《纽约公约》在拒绝承认和执行外国仲裁裁决上并未对缔约国施加强制性的义务,而是选择性的。

就此争议,曾经参加《纽约公约》起草的著名荷兰国际仲裁专家桑德斯,在其著作《仲裁实践60年》中指出,立法者在公约案文第五条第一款所使用的”may”,事实上是指”shall”,对于执行地国法院可以拒绝执行外国仲裁裁决的理由中,并没有给当地法院的法官留下任何自由裁量权。

1958纽约公约

1958纽约公约

1958纽约公约(中英文)Convention onthe Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsDone at New York, 10 June 1958; entered into force, 7 June 1959(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 330, p. 38, No. 4739)承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约 (1958年6月10日订于纽约)Article I第一条1. This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal. It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.一、仲裁裁决,因自然人或法人间之争议而产生且在声请承认及执行地所在国以外之国家领土内作成者,其承认及执行适用本公约。

本公约对于仲裁裁决经声请承认及执行地所在国认为非内国裁决者,亦适用之。

2. The term "arbitral awards" shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.二、“仲裁裁决”一词不仅指专案选派之仲裁员所作裁决,亦指当事人提请仲裁之常设仲裁机关所作裁决。

1963东京公约英文版

1963东京公约英文版

1963东京公约英文版The Tokyo Convention of 1963, also known as the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, is an international treaty that aims to ensure the safety and security of civil aviation. It was adopted on September 14, 1963, in Tokyo, Japan, and has since been ratified by numerous countries around the world.The Convention addresses various offenses and acts that may be committed on board an aircraft, including hijacking, sabotage, and other unlawful acts. It establishes a framework for cooperation among states to prevent and suppress such acts, as well as to ensure the prosecution and punishment of offenders.One of the key provisions of the Tokyo Convention is the principle of jurisdiction. It states that the state in which the aircraft is registered has the primary jurisdiction over offenses and acts committed on board. However, if the offense or act endangers the safety of the aircraft or persons on board, any state may exercise jurisdiction and take appropriate measures to protect the safety of the aircraft and its passengers.The Convention also requires states to cooperate with each other in the investigation and prosecution of offenses and acts committed on board aircraft. This includes the exchange of information, the provision of legal assistance, and the extradition of offenders. States are also encouraged to establish effective measures to prevent the commission of such offenses, including the screening of passengers and their baggage.Furthermore, the Tokyo Convention emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in the field of civil aviation security. It calls upon states to share information and intelligence related to threats and risks to civil aviation, as well as to coordinate their efforts in implementing security measures. The Convention also encourages states to provide technical assistance and training to other states in order to enhance their capacity to prevent and respond to acts of unlawful interference.Since its adoption, the Tokyo Convention has played a significant role in enhancing the safety and security of civil aviation. It has provided a legal framework for states to cooperate in preventing and suppressing acts of unlawful interference, as well as for the prosecution and punishment of offenders. The Convention has also facilitated the exchange of information and intelligence among states, leading to improved aviation security worldwide.In conclusion, the Tokyo Convention of 1963 is an important international treaty that addresses offenses and acts committed on board aircraft. It establishes a framework for cooperation among states to prevent and suppress such acts, as well as to ensure the prosecution and punishment of offenders. The Convention has played a crucial role in enhancing the safety and security of civil aviation and promoting international cooperation in this field.。

(完整版)联合国宪章英文版

(完整版)联合国宪章英文版

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untoldsorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace withone another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HA VE RESOLED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.。

美国垃圾公告牌英文版

美国垃圾公告牌英文版

USCG GARBAGE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT§ General requirements:(1) The discharge of all garbage is prohibited into the navigable waters of the United States and into all other waters except as specifically allowed;(2) The discharge of all forms of plastic into all waters is prohibited;(3) A person who violates the above requirements is liable for civil and/or criminal penalties; and(4) Regional, state, and local restrictions on garbage discharges also may apply.§151.67 Operating requirements: Discharge of plastic prohibited.No person on board any ship may discharge into the sea, or into the navigable waters of the United States, plastic or garbage mixed with plastic, including, but not limited to, synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, and plas-tic garbage bags. All garbage containing plastics requiring disposal must be discharged ashore or incinerated.§151.69 Operating requirements: Discharge of garbage outside special areas.(a) Except for ships operating in the Great Lakes which must comply with section 151.66, when a ship is operating outside of a special area specified in §151.53, no person may discharge garbage into the sea, except as allowed in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section.(b) The following allowed discharges of garbage shall only be conducted while the ship is en route and as far as practicable from the nearest land, but never less than—(1) 12 nautical miles for food wastes, except that, such food wastes may be discharged outside of 3 nautical miles from nearest land after they have been processed with a grinder or comminuter specified in §151.75;(2) 12 nautical miles for cargo residues that cannot be recovered using commonly available methods for unloading. The discharged cargo residues must not be harmful to the marine environment; and(3) 100 nautical miles and the maximum water depth possible for animal carcasses. Discharge shall be conducted in accordance with the applicable International Maritime Organization guidelines.(c) Cleaning agents or additives contained in cargo hold, deck, and external surfaces wash water may be discharged only if these substances are not harmful to the marine environment.(d) Mixtures of garbage having different discharge requirements must be:(1) Retained on board for later disposal ashore; or(2) Discharged in accordance with the more stringent requirement prescribed by paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section. §151.71 Operating requirements: Discharge of garbage within special areas.(a) When a ship is located within a special area referenced in §151.53 of this part, no person may discharge garbage into the water, except as allowed in this section.(b) Food wastes shall only be discharged while the ship is en route and—(1) As far as practicable from the nearest land or nearest ice shelf, but not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land or nearest ice shelf;(2) After having been processed with a grinder or comminuter specified in §151.75; and(3) Not contaminated by any other garbage type.(4) The discharge of introduced avian products, including poultry and poultry parts, is not permitted in the Antarctic area unless it has been treated to be made sterile.(c) Cargo residues that cannot be recovered using commonly available methods for unloading may be discharged where all the following conditions are satisfied:(1) The cargo residues, cleaning agents or additives contained in the cargo hold washing water do not contain any substances that are harmful to the marine environment.(2) Both the port of departure and the next port of destination must be within the special area and the ship will not transit outside of the special area when moving between those ports.(3) No adequate reception facilities are available at those ports.(4) When the conditions of paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this section have been fulfilled, discharge of cargo hold washing water containing residues shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land or the nearest ice shelf and not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land or the nearest ice shelf.(d) Cleaning agents or additives contained in deck and external surfaces wash water may be discharged only if those substances are not harmful to the marine environment.(e) Mixtures of garbage having different discharge requirements must be:(1) Retained on board for later disposal ashore; or(2) Discharged in accordance with the more stringent requirement prescribed by paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section.。

美国独立宣言(英文原版带译文)

美国独立宣言(英文原版带译文)

The Declaration of IndependenceIN CONGRESS, JULY 4,1776 THE UNANIMOUSDECLARATION OF THETHIRTEEN UNITEDSTATES OF AMERAICAWhen in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitl e them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.在人类事务发展的过程中,当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系,并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意,以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时,出于对人类舆论的尊重,必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute newgovernment, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利,其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

《纽约公约》诠释——美国视角

《纽约公约》诠释——美国视角

《纽约公约》诠释——美国视角
王彤
【期刊名称】《仲裁与法律》
【年(卷),期】2006(000)003
【摘要】国际商事仲裁在当今环球经济中所取得的成功大体上归功于业内熟悉的
执行外国仲裁裁决的《纽约公约》。

有意到美国执行“非美国”仲裁裁决的外国公司或个人需要了解美国法在这个领域的适用。

本文勾画性地探讨了美国法院是如何通过适用美国《联邦仲裁法》第二章来适用《纽约公约》的。

本文是作者由其英文稿翻译改编而来。

英文原稿刊登在“美国仲裁协会”发行的季刊《争议解决办法专业杂志》2006年2~4月版。

【总页数】9页(P86-94)
【作者】王彤
【作者单位】美国纽约律师事务所
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】D997.4
【相关文献】
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2.外国仲裁裁决论析——基于《纽约公约》及中国实践的视角
3.美国"SEC"一致性分析范式的诠释与启示——基础教育中评价与课程标准一致性的视角
4.马克思利率与经济周期理论的另一种诠释——以美国
新经济为视角5.《纽约公约》体系下仲裁司法审查程序的冲突与协调--以《纽约公约》第6条为视角
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United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards(New York,10June1958)United Nations(UN)copy@Generated by SiSU www.jus.uio.no/sisuCopyright©1958United Nations(UN)Generated by SiSU[SiSU0.71.5of2009w35/1]www.jus.uio.no/sisuCopyright©1997,current2009Ralph Amissah,All Rights Reserved.SiSU is software for document structuring,publishing and search(with objectcitation numbering),SiSU is released under GPL3or later,</licenses/gpl.html>.Document information:sourcefile un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958.sstGenerated by SiSU www.jus.uio.no/sisuversion information:SiSU0.71.5of2009w35/1For alternative output formats of this document check:<http://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/sisu_manifest.html>Contents ContentsUnited Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforce-ment of Foreign Arbitral Awards(New York,10June1958)1Article I (1)Article II (1)Article III (1)Article IV (1)Article V (2)Article VI (2)Article VII (2)Article VIII (3)Article IX (3)Article X (3)Article XI (3)Article XII (4)Article XIII (4)Article XIV (4)Article XV (4)Article XVI (4)[Post Provisions]4 Reservations and declarations[Omitted] (4)Document Information(metadata)5 Metadata (5)Information on this document copy and an unofficial List of Some web related information and sources6Information on this document copy (6)Links that may be of interest (6)United Nations Convention on the Recognition and1Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards(New York,10June1958)Article I21.This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforce-3ment of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought,and arising out of differences between persons,whether physical or legal.It shall also apply to arbitral awards not consid-ered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.2.The term“arbitral awards”shall include not only awards made 4by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by per-manent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.3.When signing,ratifying or acceding to this Convention,or no-5tifying extension under article X hereof,any State may on the ba-sis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not,which are considered as commercial un-der the national law of the State making such declaration.Article II61.Each Contracting State shall recognize an agreement in writ-7ing under which the parties undertake to submit to arbitration all or any differences which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship,whether contrac-tual or not,concerning a subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration.2.The term“agreement in writing”shall include an arbitral clause8 in a contract or an arbitration agreement,signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams.3.The court of a Contracting State,when seized of an action in9a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement within the meaning of this article,at the request of one of the parties,refer the parties to arbitration,unless itfinds that the said agreement is null and void,inoperative or incapable of being performed.Article III10 Each Contracting State shall recognize arbitral awards as binding11 and enforce them in accordance with the rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon,under the conditions laid down in the following articles.There shall not be imposed sub-stantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Conven-tion applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards.Article IV12 1.To obtain the recognition and enforcement mentioned in the pre-13 ceding article,the party applying for recognition and enforcement shall,at the time of the application,supply:(a)The duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy14 thereof;(b)The original agreement referred to in article II or a duly certified15 copy thereof.2.If the said award or agreement is not made in an official language16 of the country in which the award is relied upon,the party applyingfor recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a trans-lation of these documents into such language.The translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent.Article V171.Recognition and enforcement of the award may be refused,at 18the request of the party against whom it is invoked,only if that party furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought,proof that:(a)The parties to the agreement referred to in article II were,un-19der the law applicable to them,under some incapacity,or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have sub-jected it or,failing any indication thereon,under the law of the country where the award was made;or(b)The party against whom the award is invoked was not given 20proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the ar-bitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case;or(c)The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not 21falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration,or it con-tains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration,provided that,if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted,that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognized and enforced;or(d)The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral proce-22dure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties,or, failing such agreement,was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place;or(e)The award has not yet become binding on the parties,or has 23been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the countryin which,or under the law of which,that award was made.2.Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be24 refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is soughtfinds that:(a)The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement25 by arbitration under the law of that country;or(b)The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary26 to the public policy of that country.Article VI27 If an application for the setting aside or suspension of the award28 has been made to a competent authority referred to in article V (1)(e),the authority before which the award is sought to be relied upon may,if it considers it proper,adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award and may also,on the application of the party claiming enforcement of the award,order the other party to give suitable security.Article VII29 1.The provisions of the present Convention shall not affect the va-30 lidity of multilateral or bilateral agreements concerning the recog-nition and enforcement of arbitral awards entered into by the Con-tracting States nor deprive any interested party of any right he may have to avail himself of an arbitral award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the law or the treaties of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon.2.The Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of1923and the31 Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1927shall cease to have effect between Contracting States on theirbecoming bound and to the extent that they become bound,by this Convention.Article VIII321.This Convention shall be open until31December1958for sig-33nature on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and also on behalf of any other State which is or hereafter becomes a mem-ber of any specialized agency of the United Nations,or which is or hereafter becomes a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice,or any other State to which an invitation has been ad-dressed by the General Assembly of the United Nations.2.This Convention shall be ratified and the instrument of ratifi-34cation shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Article IX351.This Convention shall be open for accession to all States referred 36to in article VIII.2.Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of 37accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Article X381.Any State may,at the time of signature,ratification or acces-39sion,declare that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible.Such a declaration shall take effect when the Convention enters into force for the State concerned.2.At any time thereafter any such extension shall be made by 40notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Na-tions and shall take effect as from the ninetieth day after the day of receipt by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this no-tification,or as from the date of entry into force of the Conventionfor the State concerned,whichever is the later.3.With respect to those territories to which this Convention is not41 extended at the time of signature,ratification or accession,each State concerned shall consider the possibility of taking the necessary steps in order to extend the application of this Convention to such territories,subject,where necessary for constitutional reasons,tothe consent of the Governments of such territories.Article XI42 In the case of a federal or non-unitary State,the following provisions43 shall apply:(a)With respect to those articles of this Convention that come44 within the legislative jurisdiction of the federal authority,the obli-gations of the federal Government shall to this extent be the sameas those of Contracting States which are not federal States;(b)With respect to those articles of this Convention that come45 within the legislative jurisdiction of constituent states or provinces which are not,under the constitutional system of the federation, bound to take legislative action,the federal Government shall bring such articles with a favourable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate authorities of constituent states or provinces at the earliest possible moment;(c)A federal State Party to this Convention shall,at the request46 of any other Contracting State transmitted through the Secretary-General of the United Nations,supply a statement of the law and practice of the federation and its constituent units in regard to any particular provision of this Convention,showing the extent towhich effect has been given to that provision by legislative or other action.Article XII471.This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day fol-48lowing the date of deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession.2.For each State ratifying or acceding to this Convention after 49the deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession,this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.Article XIII501.Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by a writ-51ten notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.2.Any State which has made a declaration or notification under ar-52ticle X may,at any time thereafter,by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,declare that this Convention shall cease to extend to the territory concerned one year after the date of the receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.3.This Convention shall continue to be applicable to arbitral 53awards in respect of which recognition and enforcement proceedings have been instituted before the denunciation takes effect.Article XIV54A Contracting State shall not be entitled to avail itself of the present 55Convention against other Contracting States except to the extent that it is itself bound to apply the Convention.Article XV56 The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the States57 contemplated in article VIII of the following:(a)Signatures and ratifications in accordance with article58 VIII;(b)Accessions in accordance with article IX;59(c)Declarations and notifications under articles I,X and XI;60(d)The date upon which this Convention enters into force in ac-61 cordance with article XII;(e)Denunciations and notifications in accordance with article62 XIII.Article XVI63 1.This Convention,of which the Chinese,English,French,Russian64 and Spanish texts shall be equally authentic,shall be deposited inthe archives of the United Nations.2.The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit a65 certified copy of this Convention to the States contemplated in ar-ticle VIII.[Post Provisions]Reservations and declarations[Omitted]66 [Omitted]Document Information (metadata)MetadataDocument Manifest @<http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/sisu_manifest.html >Dublin Core (DC)DC tags included with this document are provided here.Title:United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York,10June 1958)Creator:United Nations (UN)Source:United Nations (UN)Date:1958-06-10Type:convention,international commercialarbitration,UNCITRAL,United Nations Source:United Nations (UN)Version InformationSourcefile:un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958.lm3Filetype:SiSU text 0.38Sourcefile Digest,MD5(un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958.sst)=ef5470a7be8709cc17c9122c24ea5d85Skin_Digest:MD5(skin_lm.rb)=d57d00959e2f17718604c7e7fadb6b92GeneratedDocument (metaverse)last generated:Mon Aug 3118:54:27-04002009Generated by:SiSU 0.71.5of 2009w35/1(2009-08-31)Ruby version:ruby 1.8.7(2009-06-12patchlevel 174)[i486-linux]Information on this document copy and an unofficial List of Some web related information and sources"Support Open Standards and Software Libréfor the Information Technology Infrastructure"RAInformation on this document copy Generated by SiSU found at www.jus.uio.no/sisu[SiSU 0.71.52009w35/1] .SiSU is software for document structuring,publishing and search (using SiSU:object citation numbering,markup,meta-markup,and system)Copyright ©1997,current 2009Ralph Amissah,All Rights Reserved.SiSU is released under GPL 3or later (/licenses/gpl.html ).W3since October 31993SiSU 1997,current 2009.Lex Mercatoria presentations at United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York,10June 1958)pdf versions can be found at:http://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/portrait.pdfhttp://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/landscape.pdfUnited Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforce-ment of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York,10June 1958)htmlversions may be found at:http://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/toc.htmlorhttp://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/doc.htmlSiSU Manifest of document output and metadata may be found at:http://www.jus.uio.no/lm//un.arbitration.recognition.and.enforcement.convention.new.york.1958/sisu_manifest.htmlLex Mercatoria found at:Links that may be of interest at Lex Mercatoria and elsewhere:Membership( 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