2014上海英语高考卷精读版
2014高考英语真题-上海卷(含答案详解)
2014年高考英语真题上海卷（含答案详解）补全短文（共16小题；共16.0分）AMy Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, 1. I might have a better chance to find a good job. 2. (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that 3. I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 4. (exhaust) shoulders. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had said that 5. I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps, 6. my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty 7. (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned 8.I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.BThe giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is 9. electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine10. (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, 11. is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said, "I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by 12. . The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term 'automatic shop' is far 13. (appropriate)."In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 14. (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, 15. (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 16. those villages without a local shop.选词填空（共10小题；共10.0分）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.alert classify commit delicatelygentle impose labels moderation relieve signals simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 17. at the supermarket. Since you really 18. yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help 19. some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to 20. healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This ideacombines freedom to choose with 21. hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to 22. foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 23. by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 24. that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 25. ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 26. . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.完形填空（共15小题；共22.5分）Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 27 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 28 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out—and why; how to deal with difficult 29 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 30 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 31 issues.Dunbar 32 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—33 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 34 of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 35 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 36 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 37 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 38 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 39 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 40 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的) grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 41 contact.27. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language28. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally29. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural30. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters31. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult32. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens33. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result34. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behavior35. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance36. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses37. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection38. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease39. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained40. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful41. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret阅读理解（共12小题；共24.0分）AMost people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物) gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature". But maybe you can't trust her, either.42. A plover protects its young from a predator by .A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured43. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the authormeans .A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too44. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.45. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do Animals Lie?B. Does Mother Nature Fool Animals?C. How Do Animals Learn to Lie?D. How does Honesty Help Animals Survive?BLet's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create—or break—habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick a reward—say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?46. Which of the following best fits in the box with a "?" in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.47. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectivelyby .A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down48. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.49. "This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.CIf you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality (虚拟现实) device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by agroup of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的) movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias(偏见) that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."50. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to " ".A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting51. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that .A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes52. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, .A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them53. It can be concluded from the passage that .A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly阅读与表达（共4小题；共8.0分）More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct (行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency(透明) in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德): it is just good business.根据短文内容填空，每空不多于10个词。
2014年上海高考英语试卷及答案
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Gel her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It earned the mayor’s sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. he cabins and facilitiesD. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing B. A special communityC. A splendid mountainD. A successful businesswomanQuestions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cantC. How unmarried people surviveD. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Tra velers’ Survey SheetTravel purpose: for a(n) 17 in LondonComments on the airport environment / facilities:Likes: •18•19 walkwaysDislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.What is critical thinking in reading? Assessing the w riter’s ideas and thinking about the 21 of what the writer is saying.What is the first step in reading an academic text critically? Finding out the argument and the writer's main line of 22 .What may serve as the evidence? 23 , survey results, examples, etc.What is the key to critical thinking? To read actively and 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on theproject. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)______ (appropriate) In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really,really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives.Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分.试卷分为第Ⅰ卷(笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷(第13页），全卷共13页.所有答題必须涂(选择题)或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷 (共103分）I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers。
At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard。
1。
A. policewoman.B。
A judge。
C. A reporter。
D. A waitress.2. A. Confident。
B. Puzzled。
C. Satisfied。
D。
Worried.3.A。
At a restaurant.B。
At a car rental agency。
C. In a bank。
D。
In a driving school.4.A. A disaster. B。
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)Part A: Reading Comprehension (共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)Passage 1A: When Mangalyaan successfully entered the Mars orbit, India became the first country to achieve this on its first attempt. Scientists were thrilled with the success of the mission, which was proof of India's growing strength in space technology. Mangalyaan, or Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) as it's officially known, was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on November 5, 2013 and entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.B: The journey to Mars was not an easy one. The spacecraft traveled 420 million miles over a span of 300 days to reach its final destination. Mangalyaan had to overcome various challenges, including exposure to extreme radiation and the risk of failure during the intricate process of entering Mars' orbit. However, the mission was completed successfully, and Mangalyaan is currently conducting experiments to gather data on Mars' atmosphere and climate.C: India's successful mission to Mars is a significant achievement in the field of space exploration. It showcases India's technological prowess and its ability to compete with established space agencies such as NASA. The mission also brings hope to many other countries that aspire to explorespace and conduct scientific research beyond Earth. Mangalyaan has inspired scientists, engineers, and students around the world and has fuelled an increased interest in space exploration.1. What did Mangalyaan achieve?A. It completed experiments on Mars' atmosphere and climate.B. It became the first spacecraft to reach Mars.C. It successfully entered Mars' orbit on its first attempt.D. It traveled 420 million miles to reach Mars.2. What was the challenge Mangalyaan faced during its journey?A. Exposure to extreme radiation.B. Competing with established space agencies.C. Conducting experiments on Mars' atmosphere.D. Traveling a long distance.3. How does India's mission to Mars inspire others?A. It showcases India's technological prowess.B. It fuels interest in space exploration.C. It provides hope for other countries' space missions.D. All of the above.Passage 2In the future, driverless cars may become a common sight on our roads. These autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without human input. They use advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence to analyze and interpret data from their surroundings.One of the main advantages of driverless cars is increased safety. Human errors and distractions are often the cause of accidents on the road. With autonomous vehicles, the risk of accidents due to human error is greatly reduced. These cars can react faster than humans and are not affected by fatigue, alcohol, or other factors that can impair driving abilities.Driverless cars also have the potential to improve traffic flow. They can communicate with each other and with road infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to optimize their movements. By avoiding unnecessary stops and maintaining a constant speed, driverless cars can reduce congestion and make the overall driving experience more efficient.Additionally, driverless cars have the potential to increase accessibility for people who are unable to drive or do not have access to private transportation. These vehicles can be programmed to accommodate individuals with disabilities and can provide a reliable means of transportation for those who are unable to drive themselves.4. What technology do driverless cars use to navigate their surroundings?A. Advanced sensors.B. Machine learning algorithms.C. Artificial intelligence.D. All of the above.5. Why are driverless cars considered safer than human-driven cars?A. They can react faster than humans.B. They are not affected by distractions.C. They eliminate the risk of human errors.D. All of the above.6. How can driverless cars improve traffic flow?A. By communicating with each other and with road infrastructure.B. By optimizing their movements to avoid unnecessary stops.C. By maintaining a constant speed.D. All of the above.7. What is one potential benefit of driverless cars for individuals who are unable to drive?A. Increased safety on the roads.B. Improved accessibility to transportation.C. Reduced traffic congestion.D. optimized driving experience.Passage 3In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainability and environmentally friendly practices. Many individuals and businesses aremaking efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and minimize their impact on the environment. One area where these efforts are being seen is in the fashion industry.Fast fashion, the production of cheap and disposable clothing, has been a major contributor to environmental degradation. The industry consumes vast amounts of water, energy, and natural resources, and also produces a significant amount of waste and pollution. However, a shift towards sustainable fashion is slowly gaining momentum.Sustainable fashion refers to the production and design of clothing that prioritizes environmental responsibility and social equity. It promotes the use of eco-friendly materials, such as organic cotton and recycled fibers, and encourages practices such as recycling, upcycling, and fair trade. Sustainable fashion also emphasizes the importance of transparency and ethical supply chains.Despite the challenges, there are promising signs of progress in the fashion industry. Various brands are adopting sustainable practices and offering eco-friendly alternatives to fast fashion. Consumers are becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of their clothing choices and are demanding more sustainable options. By supporting sustainable fashion, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable future and help drive positive change in the fashion industry.8. What is one of the negative impacts of the fast fashion industry?A. Increased consumption of natural resources.B. Environmental degradation.C. Waste and pollution.D. All of the above.9. What is the goal of sustainable fashion?A. Prioritizing environmental responsibility and social equity.B. Using eco-friendly materials.C. Encouraging recycling and upcycling.D. All of the above.10. What are consumers increasingly demanding in the fashion industry?A. Sustainable and eco-friendly options.B. Fast and disposable clothing.C. Ethical supply chains.D. Transparent production processes.11. How can individuals contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry?A. By supporting sustainable fashion brands.B. By choosing eco-friendly materials.C. By demanding transparency and ethical practices.D. All of the above.Passage 4The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) has gained traction in recent years as a possible solution to economic inequality. UBI is a system in which all citizens receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government, regardless of their employment status or income level. Proponents argue that UBI can help alleviate poverty, provide financial security, and promote equal opportunity.One of the main advantages of UBI is that it ensures a minimum standard of living for all individuals. It provides a safety net that guarantees basic needs can be met, regardless of fluctuations in the job market or personal circumstances. This can help reduce poverty and improve the overall well-being of society.UBI also has the potential to empower individuals to pursue their passions and take risks. With a guaranteed income, individuals may have more freedom to explore their interests, start businesses, or engage in creative endeavors without the fear of financial instability. This can lead to greater innovation and personal fulfillment.However, critics argue that UBI may disincentivize work or encourage dependency on the government. They suggest that providing unconditional income may reduce the motivation to seek employment or pursue educational and career opportunities. Additionally, implementing UBI on a large scale would require significant financial resources and could potentially lead to increased taxation.12. What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)?A. A system in which all citizens receive a regular sum of money from the government.B. A program to alleviate poverty.C. A method to promote equal opportunity.D. All of the above.13. How can UBI help reduce poverty?A. By ensuring a minimum standard of living for all individuals.B. By providing a safety net for basic needs.C. By improving the overall well-being of society.D. All of the above.14. What potential advantage does UBI offer to individuals?A. The freedom to pursue their passions and take risks.B. Financial stability.C. The ability to start businesses.D. All of the above.15. What is one criticism of UBI?A. It may discourage work.B. It could lead to increased taxation.C. It may create dependency on the government.D. All of the above.Part B: Non-Text Information (共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分)16.其中一段是2014年上海高考英语试题及答案。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷(笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页)，全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前,务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers。
At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1。
A. policewoman.B。
A judge。
C. A reporter。
D。
A waitress。
2. A. Confident. B。
Puzzled. C。
Satisfied。
D. Worried.3。
A。
At a restaurant。
B. At a car rental agency。
C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4.A. A disaster。
2014年高考英语上海卷及答案解析
绝密★启用前2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-11页）和第Ⅱ卷（第12页），全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共103分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency. C. In a bank. D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane. C. Get some stationery. D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes. C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course. C. Help him revise his report. D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn’t plan to continue studying next year. B. She has already told the man about her plan. C. She isn’t planning to leave her university. D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech. C. It made the mayor’s view clearer. D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. 70.B. 20.C. 25.D. 75. 12. A. The houses there can’t be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday. C. The cabins and facilities are shared. D. It is run by the residents themselves. 13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community. C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease. C. Those who did no physical exercise. D. Those who were unmarried. 15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages. C. They typed 10 percent faster on average. D. They edited more passages. 16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cancer. C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark areturn to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37) ______ (appropriate).”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedomof choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Canthey lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call itlying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helpsthem survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by ______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner’s hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let’s say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here’s how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there’s a cue, something that tells yourbrain to operate automatically. Thenthere’s a routine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn to desirethe behavior. It’s what you can use tocreate—or break—habits of your own.Here’s how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick. areward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym. Thatway, the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, when you seethe shoes, your brain will start longingfor the reward, which will make iteasier to work out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks, youwon’t need the chocolate at all. Yourbrain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by ______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What’s the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year’s resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel oran English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias （偏见）that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve “put yourself in another’s shoes” you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”74. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that ______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to controla dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则）and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company’s competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of “doing well by doing good” has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and with your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）: it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to _______.81. According to the passage, “good business” (paragraph 6) means that corporations _______while making profits第Ⅱ卷（共47分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年6月8日上海市全国各地高考英语试题及详细解析
2014年上海市全国各地高考英语试题及详细解析I.ListeningComprehension1.(1分)A.A policewoman. B.A judge. C.A reporter. D.A waitress.2.(1分)A.Confident. B.Puzzled. C.Satisfied. D.Worried.3.(1分)A.At a restaurant. B.At a car rental agency. C.In a bank. D.In a driving school.4.(1分)A.A disaster. B.A new roof. C.A performance. D.A TV station.5.(1分)A.Catch the train. B.Meet Jane. C.Get some stationery. D.Clean the backyard.6.(1分)A.Ask for something cheaper.B.Buy the vase she really likes.C.Protect herself from being hurt.D.Bargain with the shop assistant.7.(1分)e a computer in the lab.B.Take a chemistry course.C.Help him revise his report.D.Get her computer repaired.8.(1分)A.Amused. B.Embarrassed. C.Shocked. D.Sympathetic.9.(1分)A.She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B.She has already told the man about her plan.C.She isn't planning to leave her university.D.She recently visited a different university.10.(1分)A.It spoke highly of the mayor.B.It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C.It made the mayor's view clearer.D.It carried the mayor's speech accurately.11.(3分)Questions 11through 13are based on the following passage.11.A.70. B.20. C.25. D.75.12.A.The houses there can't be sold.B.It is a place for work and holiday.C.The cabins and facilities are shared.D.It is run by the residents themselves.13.A.A skiing resort.B.A special community.C.A splendid mountain.D.A successful businesswoman.14.(3分)Questions 14through 16are based on the following news.14.A.Those who often sent text messages.B.Those who suffered from heart disease.C.Those who did no physical exercise.D.Those who were unmarried.15.A.They responded more slowly than usual.B.They sent more messages.C.They typed 10percent faster on average.D.They edited more passages.16.A.Why chemical therapy works.B.Why marriage helps fight cancer.C.How unmarried people survive cancer.D.How cancer is detected after marriage.17.(4分)Directions：In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations.The conversations will be read twice.After you hear each conversation,you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17through 20are based on the following conversation.Complete the form.Write ONE WORD for each answer.21.(4分)Blanks 21through 24are based on the following conversation.Complete the form.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections：Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgram maticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformof thegivenword；fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.25.My stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university,I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town.So I decided to leave home for New York,(25)I might have a better chance to find a good job.(26)(earn) some money to pay the daily expenses,I started work in a local café as a waiter.I believed that (27)I was offered a good position,I would resign at once.Over time,the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) (exhaust) shoulders.On the other hand,my search for a respectable job had not met with much success.As I had studied literature at university,I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies.Mother had said that (29)I wanted to have a better career advancement,I had to find work in the city.Perhaps,(30)mymother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.I just did as she had expected. Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it.Apparently,I had difficulty (31)(adapt) myself to life in the city,let alone finding a job to my delight.After nine months of frustration.I eventually decided to go back to my small town.Not until I returned (32)I realise that a quiet town life was the best for me.33.The giant vending machine(自动售货机)is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies.However,help is now nearer at hand in the form of the country's first automatic push﹣button shop.Now residents in the Derbyshire village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox,who is (33)electrical engineer,spent two and a half years working on the project.The machine (34)(equip) with security cameras and alarms,and looks like a mini shop with a brick front,a grey roof and a display window.Mr.Fox said he hoped his invention,(35)is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months,will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said："I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted,so I did it by (36).The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine.Yet I think the term automatic shop is far (37) (appropriate)."In recent years,the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)(force) village shops across the country to close.In 2010,it was estimated that about 400village shops closed,(39)(urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set﹣up new community stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer﹣run shops,but Mr.Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) those villages without a local shop.SectionBDirections：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedo nce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.41.A.alert B.classify mit D.delicately E.gentle F.imposebels H.moderation I.relieve J.signals K.simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully.However,you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food(41)at the supermarket.Since you really (42)yourself to a healthier lifestyle,a little help would come in handy,wouldn't it？This is where a"choice architect"can help (43) some of the burden of doing it all yourself.Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions.For example,the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket﹣including which shelf the peanut butter goes on,and how the oranges are piled up﹣is a choice architect.Governments don't have to (44)healthier lifestyles through laws for example,smoking bans.Rather,if given an environment created by a choice architect ﹣one that encourages us to choose what is best﹣we will do the right things.In other words,there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices,without removing freedom of choice.This idea combines freedom to choose with (45)hints from choice architects,who aim to help people live longer,healthier,and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so﹣called"traffic light system"to (46)foods as healthy or unhealthy.This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat,sugar,and salt each product contains (47)by looking at the lights on the package.A green light(48)that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy；yellow indicates that the customer should be (49)；and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in(50).The customer is given important health information,but is still free to decide what to choose.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD. Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.51.Research has shown that two﹣thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day,not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading,but plain and simple(51).Language is our greatest treasure as a species,and what do we(52)do with it？We gossip.About others'behaviour and private lives,such as who's doing what with whom,who's in and who's out﹣and why；how to deal with difficult(53) situations involving children,lovers,and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping？Are we just natural(54),of both time and words？Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life？It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.In fact,in his latest book,Grooming,Gossip and the Evolution of Language,the psychologist says gossip is one of these really(55)issues.Dunbar(56)the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively,or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural.Instead he suggests that language evolved among women.We don't spend two﹣thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,argues Dunbar﹣(57),he goes on to say,language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the(58)of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys.By means of grooming﹣﹣cleaning the fur by brushing it,monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or(59)from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family,Dunbar (60)that at one time in our history we did much the same.Grouping togethermade sense because the bigger the group,the greater the (61)it provided；on the other hand,the bigger the group,the greater the stresses of living close to others.Grooming helped to (62)the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger,the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be(63)to maintain its effectiveness.Clearly,a more (64) kind of grooming was needed,and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever﹣larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one﹣to﹣one (65)contact.51.A.claim B.description C.gossip nguage52.A.occasionally B.habitually C.independently D.originally53.A.social B.political C.historical D.cultural54.A.admirers B.masters ers D.wasters55.A.vital B.sensitive C.ideal D.difficult56.A.confirms B.rejects C.outlines D.broadens57.A.for instance B.in addition C.on the contrary D.as aresult58.A.motivation B.appearance C.emotion D.behaviour59.A.attack B.contact C.inspection D.assistance60.A.recalls B.denies C.concludes D.confesses61.A.prospect B.responsibility C.leadership D.protection62.A.measure B.show C.maintain D.ease63.A.saved B.extended C.consumed D.gainedmon B.efficient C.scientific D.thoughtful65.A.indirect B.daily C.physical D.secretSectionBDirections：Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinis hedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheon ethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.66. Most people agree that honesty is a good thing.But does Mother Nature agree？Animals can't talk,but can they lie in other ways？Can they lie with their bodies and behavior？Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals,from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals.Why？Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals.For example,a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.When a predator(猎食动物)gets close to its nest,the plover leads the predator away from the nest.How？It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the"hurt"adult,leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird,the scrub jay,buries its food so it always has something to eat.Scrub jays are also thieves.They watch where others bury their food and steal it.But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them.So they go back later,unbury the food,and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work.How？They don't make nests.Instead,they get into other birds'nests secretly.Then they lay their eggs and fly away.When the baby birds come out,their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees,or chimps,can also be sneaky.After a fight,the losing chimp will give its hand to the other.When the winning chimp puts out its hand,too,the chimps are friendly again.But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's handand start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways,too.When chimps find food that they love,such as bananas,it is natural for them to cry out.Then other chimps come running.But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food.That way,other chimps don't hear them,and they don't need to share their food.As children,many of us learn the saying"You can't fool Mother Nature."But maybe you can't trust her,either.66.A plover protects its young from a predator by.A.getting closer to its youngB.driving away the adult predatorC.leaving its young in another nestD.pretending to be injured67.By"Chimpanzees,or chimps,can also be sneaky"(paragraph 5),the author means.A.chimps are ready to attack othersB.chimps are sometimes dishonestC.chimps are jealous of the winnersD.chimps can be selfish too68.Which of the following is true according to the passage？.A.Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B.The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C.Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D.Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？.A.Do animals lie？B.Does Mother Nature fool animals？C.How do animals learn to lie？D.How does honesty help animals survive？70.Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year.How do you make that happen？Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works：A habit is a 3﹣step process.First,there's a cue,something that tells your brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine.And finally,a reward,which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior.It's what you can use to create﹣or break﹣habits of your own.Here's how to apply it：Choose a cue,like leaving your running shoes by the door,then pick.a reward﹣say,a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym.That way,the cue and the reward become interconnected.Finally,when you see the shoes,your brain will start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to work out day after day.The best part？In a couple of weeks,you won't need the chocolate at all.Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.Which is the whole point,right？70.Which of the following best fits in the box with a"？"in THE HABIT LOOP？.A.Pick a new cue.B.Form a new habit.C.Choose a new reward.D.Design a new resolution.71.According to THE HABIT LOOP,you can stick to your plan most effectively by.A.changing the routineB.trying it for a weekC.adjusting your goalD.writing it down72.What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use？.A.To test out different kinds of cues.B.To do something as a habit even without rewards.C.To work out the best New Year's resolution.D.To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73."This year when I see the Harry Potter poster,I will read 30pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour."What is the cue in this resolution？.A.The Harry Potter poster.B.Reading 30pages of an English novel.C.An English newspaper.D.Watching TV for half an hour.74.If you could be anybody in the world,who would it be？Your neighbour or a super star？A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person,thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device.Rikke Wahl,an actress,model and artist,was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab,a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona.She swapped with her partner,an actor,using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man."As I looked down,I saw my whole body as a man,dressed in my partner's pants,"she said."That's the picture I remember best."The set﹣up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top.The video from each camera is sent to the other person,so what you see is the exact view of your partner.If she moves her arm,you see it.If you move your arm,she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it,participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly,so that the other can follow along.Eventually,this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable,and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards﹣potentially for the better.Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism﹣the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them.Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test,which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance,black people and adjectives such as good,bad,athletic or awkward.Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses,before taking the test again.This time,the participants'bias scores were lower.The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another's shoes"you're less likely to think ill of them,because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result."At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms,"says Arthur Pointeau,a programmer with the project."It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience.I would really,really recommend it to everyone."74.The word"swapping"(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting75.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that.A.our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB.we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC.participants will live more passionately after the experimentD.The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76.In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character,.A.they fought strongly against racismB.they scored lower on the test for racismC.they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD.they were more biased against those unlike them77.It can be concluded from the passage that.A.technology helps people realize their dreamsB.our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC.virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD.our points of view about others need changing constantly.SectionCDirections：Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthef ewestpossiblewords.78.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR).CSR is made up of three broad layers.The most basic is traditional corporate charity panies typically spend about 1% of pre﹣tax profits on worthy projects.But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough.In some companies,shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use,and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior.Hence the second layer of CSR,which is a branch of risk management.Starting in the 1980s,with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill,industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So,companies often responded by trying to manage the risks.They talk to non﹣governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments,create codes of conduct(行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency(透明)in their operations.Increasingly,too.they,along with their competitors,set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive,but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game.The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR：the idea that it can help to create value.If approached in a strategic way,CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage.That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear.The idea of"doing well by doing good"has become popular. Nevertheless,the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions toexecutives.Can you measure CSR performance？Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you're your competitors？Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy？Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream.Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.Done badly,CSR is often just window﹣dressing and can be positively harmful.Done well,though,it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side,a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德)：it is just good business. (Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78.Both in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79.Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80.With the emphasis on opportunity,the third layer of CSR is meant to.81.According to the passage,"good business"(paragraph 6)means that corporations while making profits.第II卷(共47分)I.TranslationDirections：TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.82.我习惯睡前听点轻音乐.(accustomed)83.将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己.(be up to)84.没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了.(than)85.家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测.(for fear)86.虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂.(turn)II.GuidedWritingDirections：WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.87.学校英语报正在酝酿改版,拟从现有的三个栏目(健康、娱乐、文化)中去除一个,并从三个备选栏目(时尚、职业规划、读者反馈)中挑选一个纳入该报.假设你是该校学生程飞,给校报编辑写一封电子邮件,表达你的观点.邮件须包括以下内容：1.你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；2.你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由.2014年上海市全国各地高考英语试题及详细解析参考答案与试题解析I.ListeningComprehension1.(1分)(2014•上海)A.A policewoman. B.A judge. C.A reporter. D.A waitress.2.(1分)(2014•上海)A.Confident. B.Puzzled. C.Satisfied. D.Worried.3.(1分)(2014•上海)A.At a restaurant. B.At a car rental agency. C.In a bank.D.In a driving school.4.(1分)(2014•上海)A.A disaster. B.A new roof. C.A performance. D.A TV station.5.(1分)(2014•上海)A.Catch the train. B.Meet Jane. C.Get some stationery.D.Clean the backyard.6.(1分)(2014•上海)A.Ask for something cheaper.B.Buy the vase she really likes.C.Protect herself from being hurt.D.Bargain with the shop assistant.7.(1分)(2014•上海)e a computer in the lab.B.Take a chemistry course.C.Help him revise his report.D.Get her computer repaired.8.(1分)(2014•上海)A.Amused. B.Embarrassed. C.Shocked. D.Sympathetic.9.(1分)(2014•上海)A.She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B.She has already told the man about her plan.C.She isn't planning to leave her university.D.She recently visited a different university.10.(1分)(2014•上海)A.It spoke highly of the mayor.B.It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C.It made the mayor's view clearer.D.It carried the mayor's speech accurately.11.(3分)(2014•上海)Questions 11through 13are based on the following passage.11.A.70. B.20. C.25. D.75.12.A.The houses there can't be sold.B.It is a place for work and holiday.C.The cabins and facilities are shared.D.It is run by the residents themselves.13.A.A skiing resort.B.A special community.C.A splendid mountain.D.A successful businesswoman.14.(3分)(2014•上海)Questions 14through 16are based on the following news.14.A.Those who often sent text messages.B.Those who suffered from heart disease.C.Those who did no physical exercise.D.Those who were unmarried.15.A.They responded more slowly than usual.B.They sent more messages.C.They typed 10percent faster on average.D.They edited more passages.16.A.Why chemical therapy works.B.Why marriage helps fight cancer.C.How unmarried people survive cancer.D.How cancer is detected after marriage.17.(4分)(2014•上海)Directions：In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations.The conversations will be read twice.After you hear each conversation,you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17through 20are based on the following conversation.Complete the form.Write ONE WORD for each answer.21.(4分)(2014•上海)Blanks 21through 24are based on the following conversation. Complete the form.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections：Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgram maticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformof thegivenword；fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.25.(2014•上海)My stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university,I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town.So I decided to leave home for New York,(25)where I might have a better chance to find a good job.(26)To earn(earn) some money to pay the daily expenses,I started work in a local café as a waiter.I believed that (27)if I was offered a good position,I would resign at once.Over time,the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) exhausted(exhaust) shoulders.On the other hand,my search for a respectable job had not met with much success.As I had studied literature at university,I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies.Mother had said that (29)if I wanted to have a better career advancement,I had to find work in the city.Perhaps,(30)What my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it.Apparently,I had difficulty (31)adapting(adapt) myself to life in the city,let alone finding a job to my delight.After nine months of frustration.I eventually decided to go back to my small town.Not until I returned (32)did I realise that a quiet town life was the best for me.【分析】文章主要介绍了我在纽约生活所遇到的情况.大学毕业后,我一直无法在我居住的小城找到一份固定的工作,所以我去了纽约,觉得那里有更好的机会找到一份好工作.但实际情况却是,为了支付日常开支,我最初只能在当地的一家咖啡馆当服务员.不过我决定：只要有好的职位,我会立即辞职.一段时间后,纽约生活的高成本让本已因工作疲惫不堪的我更加精疲力竭.另一方面,我想要的体面工作一直没有什么进展.由于我在大学学的是文学,这让我很难在大公司找到一份合适的工作.母亲说过,如果我想有一个好的职业发展,就必须在城里找到一份工作.她的话一直深植在我脑海.很快,我在这个城市已经待了六个多月,但我仍然喜欢不上这座城市,而且我也无法让自己适应纽约这座城市的生活,更不用说找到一份令自己感到快乐的工作.九个月后,我最终决定回到我来的小城,而直到我回来,我才意识到原来安静的小城生活才是最适合我的.【解析】25.答案为where"So I decided to leave home for New York,(25)﹣﹣﹣I might have a better chance to find a good job."空格前有逗号,逗号前后都是完整句子,这说明其中一个应该是从句,结合该句句意,后一句应该是修饰前一句中New York的定语从句,由于New York是地点,所以空格上所填关系词是where.26.答案为To earn 空格所在部分表示"为了支付日常开支"是一个目的状语,而不定时可以表示目的,所以空格上填To earn27.答案为as soon as/as long as 空格所在句子表达意思为"只要有好的职位,我会立即辞职"故空格上填"as soon as/as long as"用以引导条件状语从句.28.答案为exhausted 空格所填应该修饰后面shoulders,这里要表明作者"感到疲倦的"所以应天过去分词形式exhausted29.答案为if. 母亲所说话要表达意思"如果我想有一个好的职业发展,就必须在城里找到一份工作"所以横线上填if30.答案为what 该空格考查主语从句,表达"母亲说的话"故关系词应用what.31.答案为adapting 考查固定搭配have difficulty doing sth.所以adapt应该用adapting32.答案为did 该空考查倒装句,因为Not until 表否定且位于句首所在所在句子应使用部分倒装,所以空格处天助动词did.33.(2014•上海)The giant vending machine(自动售货机)is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic。
2014年上海高考英语试卷
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’s speech accurately. Section BDirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally,a reward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, thenpick. a reward-say, a piece ofchocolate when you get home fromthe gym. That way, the cue and thereward become interconnected.Finally, when you see the shoes,your brain will start longing for thereward, which will make it easier towork out day after day. The bestpart? In a couple of weeks, youwon't need the chocolate at all.Your brain will come to see theworkout itself as the reward. Whichis the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS) 78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页.所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分)I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A。
policewoman.B。
A judge。
C。
A reporter。
D. A waitress。
2。
A。
Confident。
B。
Puzzled. C。
Satisfied。
D. Worried。
3。
A。
At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷(笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷(第13页)，全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard。
1. A。
policewoman.B。
A judge. C. A reporter。
D。
A waitress.2。
A. Confident。
B。
Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D。
Worried。
3.A. At a restaurant。
B。
At a car rental agency。
C。
In a bank. D. In a driving school.4。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She iSn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It miSinterpreted the mayor’S Speech.C. it made the mayor’S view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’S Sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.17 in London19Dislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want tohit the gym moreregularly this year. Howdo you make that happen?Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-stepprocess. First, there's acue, something that tellsyour brain to operateautomatically. Thenthere's a routine. Andfinally, a reward, whichhelps your brain learn todesire the behavior. It'swhat you can use tocreate-or break-habits ofyour own.Here's how toapply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. which of the following beSt fitS in the box with a “?” in the habit loop?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “thiS year when i See the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. RikkeWahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to havethis kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtualreality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charitiesis no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct （行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with ngoS and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年高考上海卷英语试题解析(精编版)(解析版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语第I卷（103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Gel her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It earn ed the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. he cabins and facilitiesD. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing B. A special communityC. A splendid mountainD. A successful businesswomanQuestions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cantC. How unmarried people surviveD. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORDfor each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.What is critical thinking in reading?Assessing the writer’s ideas and thinking aboutthe 21 of what the writer is saying.What is the first step in reading an academic text critically? Finding out the argument and the writer's main line of 22 .What may serve as the evidence? 23 , survey results, examples, etc.What is the key to critical thinking? To read actively and 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the otherblanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.【答案】【小题1】where【小题2】To earn【小题3】as soon as/ as long as【小题4】exhausted【小题5】if(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)______ (appropriate)In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrientsare healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.【答案】【小题1】G【小题2】C【小题3】I【小题4】F【小题5】E【小题6】B【小题7】K【小题8】J【小题9】A【小题10】H【小题9】黄灯表示消费者应该警觉了。
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Gel her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. he cabins and facilitiesD. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing B. A special communityC. A splendid mountainD. A successful businesswomanQuestions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cantC. How unmarried people surviveD. How cancer is detected after marriage. Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Trav elers’ Survey SheetTravel purpose: for a(n) 17 in LondonComments on the airport environment / facilities:Likes: • 18• 19 walkwaysDislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town . Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to hugeoutdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)______ (appropriate)In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it ? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all your self. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket- including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system " to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involvingchildren, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words ? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the big ger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in groomingactivities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How ? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay the ir eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand andstart fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means_ _____.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that ha ppen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by_____ _.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this re solution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star?A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is theexact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In somecompanies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk tonon-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WO RDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ___ _____ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the br ackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分.试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页)，全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题)或写(非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前,务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名.第I卷 (共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers。
At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman。
B。
A judge. C. A reporter. D。
A waitress。
2。
A。
Confident。
B。
Puzzled. C。
Satisfied。
D。
Worried。
3。
A. At a restaurant。
B. At a car rental agency.C。
In a bank。
D. In a driving school.4。
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Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __behavior__ of
the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By me! ans of grooming——cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__attack__ from outside it.
研究表明,三分之二的人谈话不是讨论的文化或者政治问题，不是激烈地争论我们刚刚
! 看的电影或书籍，而是纯粹简单的八卦而已。
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __habitually__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out——and why; how to deal with difficult __social__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
自!! 由决!!!!!!!!! 定选择什么。
二 （完形填空）八卦，闲聊，瞎扯
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or polit!ical problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __gossip_.
邓巴通过研究诸如猴子等高等灵长类动物的行为得出了他的好玩的结论。通过梳毛， 也就是用刷来清洁皮毛，猴子们与其他个体形式组织。当内部发生某种冲突事件，或受到
! 外来攻击时，他们可以依靠这些个体寻求支持，
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __concludes__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __protection__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __ease__ the pressure and calm everybody down.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __classify__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__simply__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __signals__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__alert__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __moderation__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.
!1
英国和瑞典政府已经推出了所谓的“交通灯系统”，把食物进行分类成健康和不健康 的。这意味着客户一眼就可以看到每个产品包含多少脂肪,糖和盐，仅仅通过观察包装上的 （信号）灯。绿灯表明三大营养素的量都是健康；黄色表示客户应当警惕；红色意味着食 物中至少有一种营养素含量过高，应该适量食用。客户被给予重要的健康信息，但仍可以
!!
一（十一选十）
2014上海高考英语考卷（精读版）
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However,
you don't have time to carefully（=delicately;closely） plan menus for meals or read food __labels__ at the supermarket. Since you really__commit__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__relieve__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket——including ch shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up——is a choice architect.
!2
their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar —__on the contrary__, he goes on to say, language evolved
作为一个物种，语言是我们最大的财富。我们习惯性地用它来做什么呢（怎么处理 它）?我们八卦。八卦别人的行为和私生活，比如谁和谁在做什么，谁进了，谁出了——
! 为什么进或出呢；八卦如何处理有关（涉及）儿童、爱人和同事的艰难的社交情形。
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __wasters__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__vital__issues.
让我们假设你已经决定你想要吃得更健康。但是，你没有时间仔细计划每餐的菜单， 或者你也没时间在超市阅读食品标签。因为你真的承诺自己一个更健康的生活方式，所以 有些援助会派上用场，难道不是吗？这就是“选择建筑师”，他可以帮助减轻一些都是你自 己做这一切的负担。选择建筑师是那些组织各种环境的人，在那些环境下，客户做出决 定。例如，选择建筑师会决定你当地超市的布局，包括花生酱摆在哪个架子上，,橙子应该 怎么堆放。
政府不得不通过法律强制执行更健康的生活方式。例如，禁止吸烟。相反，如果一 个“选择建筑师”创设出一个环境给我们——他鼓励我们自己去选择最好的——我们就会去 做正确的事情。换句话说,会有这样的设计，能轻轻推动客户做出更健康的选择，而不去除 选择的自由。这个想法结合了自由选择与来自“选择建筑师”的温和提示。他们的目标就是 帮助人们过更长寿，更健康，更快乐的生活。