对接中考练 (7)
八年级上科学1.5.1
科学八年级上第一章第5节物质的溶解（1）学习目标1.通过蔗糖溶解的实验，理解在一定条件下物质能够溶解的数量是有限的。
2.通过“影响物质溶解性的因素”的探究实验，理解物质的溶解性受温度、溶剂的种类、溶剂的质量等因素的影响。
3.通过氢氧化钠在水中溶解时的升温现象和硝酸铵在水中溶解时的降温现象，了解某些物质溶解时会伴随着放热或吸热现象。
课前预习1.一定条件下，物质能够溶解的数量是的。
2.影响物质溶解性的因素有、、。
3.一般情况下，固体和液体的溶解性随温度的升高而。
知识梳理影响溶解性的因素物质的溶解溶解吸放热举例课时练习【夯实基础】1．比较食盐和蔗糖在水中的溶解性，必须控制的条件是（）A．温度相同B．水的质量相等C．食盐和蔗糖质量相等D．食盐和蔗糖颗粒大小相同2．可以加快固体溶质在水中的溶解速度的措施有：①加热；②搅拌；③将固体溶质研细；④增加溶剂的量．一般可行的是（）A．①和②B．②和③C．③和④D．①②③3．能比较出室温下白糖和食盐溶解性大小的一组实验是（）A．B．C．D．4．如表说明A、B、C、D四种液体的性质，小龙取其中一种液体与蒸馏水加入试管中，在室温下，充分搅拌后静置一段时间，试管内的情况如图所示．则小龙所取的液体为哪种（）液体密度（g/cm3）熔点（℃）沸点（℃）与蒸馏水作用A0.78﹣9.765可互相溶解B0.8 6.481不可互相溶解C 1.15﹣5.2218不可互相溶解D 1.312.5290可互相溶解A．A B．B C．C D．D5．通常情况下，下列哪些方法能够加快固体物质的溶解速度（）①溶解时不断搅拌；②把大颗粒的固体碾成粉末；③增加水的用量；④溶解时给物质加热；⑤减少水的用量．A．①②③B．①②④C．①②③④⑤D．①②③④6．为了探究溶质在水中溶解速率的影响因素，某学习小组设计了如下实验：下列说法中正确的是（）A．对比实验①和②，可探究水的温度对溶质在水中溶解速率的影响B．对比实验②和③，可探究水的温度对溶质在水中溶解速率的影响C．对比实验②和③，可探究固体溶质的颗粒大小对溶质在水中溶解速率的影响D．对比实验①和③，可探究固体溶质的颗粒大小对溶质在水中溶解速率的影响7．如图所示，打开止水夹，将液体A滴入试管②中与固体B接触．若试管①中的水迅速出现倒吸现象，则液体A和固体B的组合可能是（）A．水和氯化钠B．水和氧化钙C．水和硝酸铵D．稀硫酸和锌粒8．如图所示，向小试管中分别加入下列一定量的物质，右侧U型管中的液面未发生明显变化，该物质是U形管液面右侧升高，该物质是U形管液面右侧降低，该物质是A．浓硫酸B．烧碱固体C．生石灰D．硝酸铵E．氯化钠．【对接中考】9．（昆明）如图所示，将少量液体X加入到烧瓶中，观察到气球逐渐膨胀．如表中液体X和固体Y的组合，符合题意的是（）①②③④X双氧水水水水Y二氧化锰氯化钠氢氧化钠硝酸铵A．①②B．①③C．①③④D．②③④10．（济宁）物质在水中溶解是复杂的物理化学变化过程，往往伴随着热量变化，因此，不同物质溶于水所得溶液的温度有所不同．下列物质溶于水，溶液温度明显降低的是（）A．NH4NO3固体B．NaOH固体C．NaCl固体D．浓H2SO411．（常德）下列物质溶于水后温度明显升高的是（）A．蔗糖B．氯化钠C．氢氧化钠D．硝酸铵12．（南平）某化学兴趣小组探究NH4Cl、CaCl2、NaCl三种物质溶于水过程中的热量变化．【药品器材】水、NH4Cl、CaCl2、NaCl；烧杯、药匙、玻璃棒、量筒、温度计等．【实验探究】三种物质各取1药匙于烧杯分别溶于水，另还有一个烧杯只加水，用温度计测量液体温度，并记录有关数据如下：实验水的体积所加物质测量液体温度（℃）实验150mL NH4Cl15实验250mL CaCl228实验3X NaCl21实验450mL无22【数据分析】（1）表中X为mL．（2）比较实验2与实验4，可获得结论是．（3）如果要生产一种“冰袋”用于冷敷，上述三种物质中最合适的是．【反思提升】（4）经讨论认为本实验操作中存在缺陷，它是（填选项，可多选）．A．实验操作过程没有采取较为严格的保温措施B．加入物质的质量可能不相等C．加入物质的种类不一样．13．（长沙）某兴趣小组利用家中的材料研究影响物质溶解性的因素，实验步骤设计如下：℃、称取六份冰糖和一份食盐，每10g为一份，并将其中五份冰糖研磨成粉末．℃、按照下表进行实验（实验所需仪器略）第一组第二组第三组第四组实验温度20℃20℃20℃20℃20℃20℃80℃固体种类冰糖冰糖冰糖（粉末）冰糖（块状）冰糖食盐冰糖固体质量10g10g10g10g10g10g10g溶剂种类水植物油水水水水水溶剂质量50g50g10g10g10g10g10g请你对他们的实验设计进行分析：（1）根据上述设计，你认为他们准备研究的影响因素是，其中不影响物质溶解性的因素是．（2）根据第四组实验与前三组实验的比较，你可以得到的结论是．【能力提升培优】14.如图所示，把内装适量水的烧杯放在湿木块上，然后往烧杯里加入硝酸铵使之溶解，不久拿起烧杯时发现木块粘在烧杯的底部，说明硝酸铵溶解时要热量，使温度而木块上的水结冰的缘故．15．茗茗在探究“溶解时的吸热或放热现象”实验时，将实验内容以下表的形式记录下来，请根据表中的信息回答问题．（1）填写表中的空白部分：①（选填“放热”或“吸热”，下同）；②．（2）根据实验现象和结论判断，NaCl固体在溶解时扩散过程吸收的热量（选填“小于”、“大于”或“等于”）水合过程放出的热量．水中加入的溶质NaCl固体NH4NO3固体NaOH固体加溶质前水的温度/℃202020溶解现象全部溶解全部溶解全部溶解溶质溶解后溶液的温度的变化温度无明显变化温度降低温度升高结论固体氯化钠溶于水无明显放热和吸热现象固体硝酸铵溶于水时产生现象固体氢氧化钠溶于水时产生现象16.为了研究物质的溶解现象，设计并进行了如表实验．实验现象 固体溶解，形成紫色溶液固体几乎不溶解固体溶解，形成紫红色溶液（1）对比实验①、②的现象，可得出的结论是 ． （2）设计实验②、③的目的是 ．17．物质在溶解时速率会受到哪些因素的影响？以硫酸铜为例进行如下探究： 【提出假设】假设一：温度因素；温度越高，硫酸铜晶体溶解速率越快； 假设二：搅拌因素；搅拌能加大硫酸铜晶体溶解速率； 假设三：颗粒大小因素； ． 【进行实验】设计实验证假设二：实验操作实验现象实验结论在2个大小相同的烧杯中，分别注入温度相同的100mL 水，再同时向烧杯中各加入一药匙颗粒大小相同的硫酸铜晶体，用玻璃棒搅其中一个烧杯在搅伴的情况下，硫酸铜晶体溶解得 （填“快”或“慢”）假设二正确【反思评价】（1）在上述因素中，能改变物质溶解度的因素是 ． （2）用分子观点解释温度的影响 ．（3）在本实验中搅拌能加快晶体溶解速度的原因 ． （4）要使试管里的固体加速溶解，常采用的方法是 ．课前预习答案1.有限2.溶质的性质、溶剂的性质、温度3.升高答案：1.A2.D3.B4.B5.B6.A7.C8.选E；ABC；D．9.B10.A11.C12.【数据分析】（1）实验目的是探究NH4Cl、CaCl2、NaCl三种物质溶于水过程中的热量变化，因此水的量要控制，所以X=50mL，故答案为：50．（2）比较实验2与实验4，往水中加入氯化钙后，温度升高，因此可获得结论是氯化钙溶解过程中放热，故答案为：氯化钙溶解过程中放热．（3）如果要生产一种“冰袋”用于冷敷，说明这种物质溶解时吸热，从表中可以看出上述三种物质中氯化铵溶解时吸热，故答案为：NH4Cl．【反思提升】（4）A．实验操作过程中若保温措施不行会影响实验效果，故A符合题意；B．加入物质的质量必须相等，否则影响实验效果，故B符合题意；C．探究的就是NH4Cl、CaCl2、NaCl三种物质溶于水过程中的热量变化，因此加入物质的种类不会影响实验，故C不符合题意．故选：A、B．13.（1）通过对实验设计表格的分析，重点是看几组实验的条件发现探究的问题，主要有温度的改变；物质的改变；状态的改变；溶剂的改变等，由于物质的溶解性是物质本身的一种属性不受本身的状态以及是否配制成溶液而受影响．所以溶质的状态对物质溶解性无影响．故答案为：固体种类（第三组）、溶质颗粒的大小（第二组）、温度（第三组和第四组）、溶剂种类（第一组）、溶剂质量（第一组和第三组）；溶质颗粒的大小、溶剂质量（2）升高温度会增加同一物质的溶解速度，使实验时间变短；故答案为：温度升高溶解速率加快14.解：烧杯中加入硝酸铵晶体，溶于水时吸收热量，使溶液的温度降到0℃以下，木板上的水结冰，从而使烧杯与木块粘在一起．故答案为：吸收；温度降到0℃以下15.解：硝酸铵溶解于水温度降低，所以可以知道硝酸铵溶解时表现出来的是吸收热量，同时说明NH4NO3固体溶解时扩散过程吸收的热量大于水合过程放出的热量；而氢氧化钠溶于水温度升高，所以氢氧化钠表现出来的是放出热量；故答案为：（1）吸热放热（2）等于16.解：（1）实验①、②是高锰酸钾溶解在等体积的水、汽油中，现象分别是固体溶解，形成紫色溶液，固体几乎不溶解，说明同种溶质在不同的溶剂中溶解性不同．（2）实验②、③分别是高锰酸钾、碘溶解在等体积的汽油里，现象分别是固体几乎不溶解，固体溶解，形成紫红色溶液，说明不同溶质在同一种溶剂中溶解性不同．故答案为：（1）同种溶质在不同的溶剂中溶解性不同；（2）不同溶质在同一种溶剂中溶解性不同．17.解：【提出假设】颗粒大小会影响物质溶解的速率，所以假设三是颗粒越小溶解速率越快；【进行实验】假设二是搅拌能加大硫酸铜晶体溶解速率，所以实验方案是：实验操作实验现象实验结论在2个大小相同的烧杯中，分别注入温度相同的100mL水，再同时向烧杯中各加入一药匙颗粒大小相同的硫酸铜晶体，用玻璃棒搅其中一个烧杯在搅伴的情况下，硫酸铜晶体溶解得快假设二正确；【反思评价】（1）溶解度只受温度的影响，所以在上述因素中，能改变物质溶解度的因素是温度；（2）温度升高分子运动速率增大，所以温度越高，硫酸铜晶体溶解速率越快；（3）搅拌能加快分子运动速率，所以搅拌能加大硫酸铜晶体溶解速率；（4）要使试管里的固体加速溶解，常采用的方法是振荡试管．故答案为：假设三：颗粒越小溶解速率越快；实验操作实验现象实验结论快【反思评价】（1）温度；（2）温度升高分子运动速率增大；（3）搅拌能加快分子运动速率；（4）振荡试管．。
中考物理专题复习(分类) 估测题
8.对物理量的估测，是一种良好的学习习惯，也是学好物理的基本功之一。下列 估测的数据中最接近事实的是（ B ）
A.教室中门的高度约为50 cm B.家用空调正常工作时的电流约为5 A C.中学生百米赛跑的速度约为10 m/s D.一张课桌的重约500 N
类型二 间接估算题 【类题引路】
例1：下列估测数据中，最不符合实际的是（ ）
类型一 直接估测题
【类题引路】
例1：下列数据与事实相接近的是（ ） A.两个鸡蛋的重力大约是1 N B.一瓶普通矿泉水的质量约为5 kg C.人正常步行的速度约为5 m/s D.物理教材的长度约为30 dm
【思路点拨】一瓶普通矿泉水的质量应约为500 g；人正常步行的速度应约为1 m/s；物理教材的长度应约为30 cm。
3.下列估测数据中，最接近实际的是（ B ）
A.一节干电池的电压是220 V B.课桌的高度约为80 cm C.人正常步行的速度约为5 m/s D.一个篮球的质量约为50 g
4.下列数据中最接近初中物理课本宽度的是（ C ）
A.1.6 m
B.7.5 dm
C.18 cm
D.70 μm
5.下列物体重力约为1 N的是（ B ）
答案：Bห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
【对接训练】 1.下列对一些科学量的估测中，比较贴近事实的是（ C ）
A.一位中学生受到的重力约50 N B.食用油的密度约0.9 kg/m3 C.一间教室的体积约200 m3 D.中学生正常步行的速度约10 m/s
2.下列估测中，最接近生活实际的是（ A ）
A.一支新铅笔的长约为17 cm B.攀枝花市夏季平均气温约为50 ℃ C.一瓶500 mL的矿泉水质量为5 kg D.复兴号高铁列车运行速度可达350 m/s
2024年中考中考阅读中感受、启示解析与对应训练(含解析)
2024届中考中考阅读中感受、启示解析与对应训练考点：1. 《钢铁是怎样炼成的》——读后感受2. 欧阳修《卖油翁》与《李生论善学者》——心得3. 邓荣河《秋虫唧唧》——写感悟4. 基础组合: 孔明——读后感受5. 刘荣《村旁的路口》——读后的感受6. 《出征太空，他们的逐梦故事太励志》——实践题：梦想7. 梁衡《烟火人间——城中草原畅想》——另写描述句8. 《朝花夕拾》——读后感受9. 《孟涂文集》——读后感受10. 乔洪涛《听秋》——读后感受【考点研究】一、感受的类型1.人物精神2.人与世界的和谐3.读书4. 梦想5.知己【考题示例】二、启示1.整体启示——故事的启示2.局部启示——细节启示3.辩证统一——多角度的启示4.结合点——材料与启示，方法论与有关方法论的原理依据【考题示例】（一）欧阳修《卖油翁》与《李生论善学者》——心得【考题对接】一、邓荣河《秋虫唧唧》——写感悟一、邓荣河《秋虫唧唧》【答案】1．示例一：动物是人类的朋友，我们要关爱动物，尊重动物，保护动物，与它们和谐相处。
示例二：我们要养成善于观察的习惯，只有仔细观察，积极思考，才能认识我们周围的世界，丰富我们的头脑，开阔我们的眼界，才会使我们具有最权威的发言权。
（符合题意即可）【解析】本题考查阅读感悟。
结合本文内容去谈，言之有理即可。
示例：这篇文章通过对秋虫的描写，表达了作者对生活的热爱和对生命的尊重。
秋虫虽然渺小，但它们也有自己的生活和情感，我们应该尊重它们的存在，用心去倾听它们的声音。
同时，文章也告诉我们，生活中处处都有美好，我们应该学会用心去感受，用爱去呵护。
二、基础组合: 孔明——读后感受二、基础组合: 孔明【答案】1．示例：诚者，天之道也。
有了真诚，朋友就会成为我们的贴心知己，成为我们快乐成长的伙伴。
有了真诚，对待每一件事时，成功不会离我们很远。
刘备对诸葛亮的真诚让我感动，他爱才、尊才的品格也令我久久难忘，甚至在临终托孤时，让诸葛亮担起复汉的重任。
【中考压轴】2024年辽宁省盘锦市中考模拟语文试卷(附答案)
2024年辽宁省盘锦市中考模拟语文试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、字词书写1．请用正楷字将下面的汉字（含标点符号）抄写下来，要求书写正确、端正、整洁。
海阔凭鱼跃，天高任鸟飞。
二、选择题2．下列词语中加点字的字音、字形完全正确的一项是（）A．熏陶．（táo）游弋．（yì）束缚．（fú）形削．骨立（xiāo）B．载．途（zài）幽悄．（qiǎo）遵．循（zhūn）无可耐．何（nài）C．笼．统（lóng）枯躁．（zào）顷．刻（qǐng）铢两悉称．（chèn）D．稽．首（qǐ）发怔．（zhèng）濡．养（rú）间．不容发（jiān）3．依次填入下面句子横线处的词语，最恰当的一项是（）成功的路上并不拥挤，嘴上说努力的人很多，真正把努力坚持到底的人却少之又少。
成功从来都不是传奇的一跃而上，而是一步一步走出来的。
只有耐得住“板凳要坐十年冷”的，才能品尝到成功的。
A．因为脚踏实地寂寞甘泉B．因为勇往直前冷漠乐趣C．然而勇往直前寂寞乐趣D．然而脚踏实地冷漠甘泉4．下列各项中分析正确的一项是（）执笔青春，书写梦想。
六月．．．．．．．．．．．．，带着缤纷的色彩飘落在我们身边。
万绿丛中，荷花初绽，一尘不染地笑着、美着，还诗意了学子生命拔节的日子。
盛夏的阳光，亦洒满岁月的故事，激荡起童话般的记忆。
在通往成长的路上，我们奋力奔跑，热爱生活。
这，就是人间最绚烂的六月天。
A．“六月”是数量词，“飘落”是动词，“执笔青春”“书写梦想”都是动宾短语。
B．“这，就是人间最绚烂的六月天。
”这个句子中，“人间”作宾语。
C．“不但美丽了湖边的风景，还诗意了学子生命拔节的日子。
”这是表示并列关系的复句。
D．画线句有语病，修改方法是：把“热爱生活”和“奋力奔跑”调换顺序。
人教版九年级数学中考常错易错题 第一讲 数与式、方程与不等式(组)
中考常错易错题第一讲 数与式 、方程与不等式〔组〕明确目标﹒定位考点中考定位 实数、二次根式 ,最简二次根式、同类二次根式；代数式、整式；整式的混合运算；乘法公式；因式分解。
一元一次方程、二元一次方程组和一元二次方程的解法及应用；不等式及不等式组的解法及其不等式的应用。
一元一次方程、二元一次方程组和一元二次方程的解法及应用；不等式及不等式组的解法及其不等式的应用的相关错题及常错题。
归纳总结﹒思维升华1、实数的倒数、相反数和绝对值1、相反数实数与它的相反数时一对数〔只有符号不同的两个数叫做互为相反数 ,零的相反数是零〕 ,从数轴上看 ,互为相反数的两个数所对应的点关于原点对称 ,如果a 与b 互为相反数 ,那么有a+b=0 ,a=—b ,反之亦成立。
2、绝对值一个数的绝对值就是表示这个数的点与原点的距离 ,|a|≥0。
零的绝对值时它本身 ,也可看成它的相反数 ,假设|a|=a ,那么a ≥0；假设|a|=-a ,那么a ≤0。
正数大于零 ,负数小于零 ,正数大于一切负数 ,两个负数 ,绝对值大的反而小。
3、倒数如果a 与b 互为倒数 ,那么有ab=1 ,反之亦成立。
倒数等于本身的数是1和-1。
零没有倒数。
2、科学记数法和近似数1、有效数字一个近似数四舍五入到哪一位 ,就说它精确到哪一位 ,这时 ,从左边第一个不是零的数字起到右边精确的数位止的所有数字 ,都叫做这个数的有效数字。
2、科学记数法把一个数写做n a 10⨯±的形式 ,其中101<≤a ,n 是整数 ,这种记数法叫做科学记数法。
3、一元二次方程根的判别式根的判别式一元二次方程)0(02≠=++a c bx ax 中 ,ac b 42-叫做一元二次方程)0(02≠=++a c bx ax 的根的判别式 ,通常用“∆〞来表示 ,即ac b 42-=∆4、一元二次方程根与系数的关系如果方程)0(02≠=++a c bx ax 的两个实数根是21x x ， ,那么a b x x -=+21 ,a c x x =21。
中考语文二轮专题复习精讲精练(全国通用)专题七 语言连贯(衔接与排序)(精练篇)
中考复习专题精讲精练第二部分积累与运用专题七语言连贯（衔接与排序）满分训练1.下列句子排序最恰当的一项是（）①三者的结合，构成了中国人对人生和宇宙的整体认识。
②画家们在创作时会自觉体现“天人合一”的观念，这是中国人对哲学思考的艺术表现，也体现了艺术的真谛。
③人物画表现的是人类社会的生活风貌，山水画表现的是人与自然的关系，花鸟画则表现大自然的各种生命状态。
④中国画体现出中华民族的哲学思想。
A.②③①④B.④②③①C.②④③①D.④③①②2.填写在横线上的语句，排列最恰当的一项是（），。
，。
演变过程中，汉字在形体上由图形变为笔画，象形变为象征，复杂变为简单;在造字原则上从表形、表意到形声。
除极个别的例外，都是一个汉字一个音节。
①现存最早的原始文字是上古时代的石刻字符②至少有数千年的历史③汉字是世界上最古老的文字之一④可识的成熟汉字系统是商代的甲骨文A.①②③④B.③②①④C.①④③②D.③④①②3.请选出下列选项中排序正确的一项( )①所以，它在地面上出现的时候，身上常有许多潮湿的泥点。
②它掘土的时候，将汁液喷洒在泥土上。
使泥上成为泥浆，于是墙壁就更加柔软。
③幼虫再用它肥重的身体压上去，使烂泥挤进干土的罅隙。
④它臃肿的身体里面有一种汁液，可以用力抵御穴里的尘土。
A.①②③④B.④②③①C.④①②③D.①③②④4．阅读下面文段，在文中四处横线上依次填入语句，衔接最恰当的一项是（）逆境中读书，可贵的是坚持不懈。
逆境人人都可能遇到，一些人在逆境中消沉，另一些人却以此为机遇，砥砺磨炼，最终“鱼化为龙”。
逆境中“读书破万卷”，因为外界的压力，也因为内心的苦闷，常常会获得不一般的感受，甚至得到对人生豁然开朗的认识。
_____．_____．_____．_____．逆境中“读书破万卷”，可以帮助我们驱散心里积压的阴霾，重新鼓起战胜困难的勇气。
①司马迁惨遭宫刑，仍持之以恒地博览群书，从而成就了《史记》这一伟大著作②古今中外，在逆境中坚持读书学习而成就伟业的不乏其人③梅伦•凯勒失聪失明，却凭借超乎常人的毅力，坚持“读书破万卷”，学会了英，法、德、拉丁、希腊五种语言，把一生献给了盲人福利和教育事业，成为人类发展史上的传奇人物④在这些人身上，我们看到的是“水滴石穿”的韧性A．④③①②B．④①③②C．.②①③④D．.②③①④5.. 下列选项中与上下文衔接最恰当的一项是（）哈尼山寨的层层梯田，被翠绿秧苗绣成碧玉般的天梯，一梯一梯向着天空伸去。
2020版中考英语夺分复习专题05综合填空对接中考专练
|专题五综合填空|单词拼写对接中考专练单词拼写01 A+B+C+DA[2019·柳州]1. Our monitor wants to have a (讨论) about the sports meeting with us.2. Tomorrow morning they are going to (采访)a great scientist.3. The manager asked his (秘书)to print the documents for him.4. I think it (必要的) to prepare some food and water for our trip.5. Very few people can (发音)my name correctly.B1.Tina is my cousin. She is tall and she has long (直的) hair.2.Mr. Smith is sitting (在其中) a group of children, telling the story.3.Nobody was (缺席) from school though it rained heavily yesterday.4.His uncle is going to (参加) a business meeting in Beijing next week.5.The Spring Festival is a holiday for (亲戚) and families together.C1.Christmas comes in the (第十二) month of the year.2.She practises the (发音) of English words every day to improve her spoken English.3.Yao Ming’s height gives him a big (优势) over other players.4.Which (科目) do you like best, Chinese, maths or English?5.John, your (卧室) is so dirty. Remember to tidy it up.D1.I (更喜欢) milk to cola because milk is much healthier, I think.2.Please speak more (大声), so all of us can hear you.3.They often (借) books from the library.4.When you visit someone, it’s polite to(敲门) at the door before entering.5.The shirt is too small for me. Could you show me (另一) one?单词拼写02 E+F+G+H1.Hard work is the key to (成功).2.The cinema was half (空的) because the movie was so boring.3.I missed the last bus, so I had no (选择) but to walk home.4.Tom is such an (诚实的) person that we all trust him.5.We are supposed to behave properly in (公共的) places.F1.It’s a waste to cut down lots of trees for (筷子) every year.2.There’s no doubt that winter is the coldest (季节) of the year in China.3.The traffic was so heavy this morning that I was (几乎; 差不多) late for school.4.The plane flew at a (高度) of three thousand metres.5.Every time I want to give up, my parents always (鼓励) me to keep trying.G1.Don’t worry! We are old enough to look after (我们自己) .2.I ride my bike to the (地铁) station every morning.3.We will try our best (是否) we are successful or not.4.Mark can (到达) at the office on time every day. He is never late.5.To be safe, students should (避免) going out alone at night.H1.You should pay (留心; 注意) to your pronunciation.2.Which is more (有价值的) to you, health or wealth?3.To his surprise, a (乘客) agreed to go to the hospital with him.4.I fell off my bike and hurt (我自己) yesterday.5.I have (已经) finished my homework. Let’s play basketball.单词拼写03 I+J+K+LI1.Congratulations!Your exam results are (优秀的).2.People all over the world (庆祝) the New Year.3.This (餐馆) is well-known for its Chinese food.4.If you want to get a prize in the speech competition, you should (准备) for it well.5.The twins (很少) play computer games.1.You will be late for school (除非) you get up early.2.You should choose (明智地) how you spend your spare time.3.It is (礼貌的) to offer seats to the old on the bus.4.My mother goes shopping every week—there is a shopping mall just (在……对面) our house.5.Every autumn, the (落下的) leaves make our school more beautiful.K1.It’s easy to get information with the invention of electronic (科技).2.Eleven boys (包括) Xiaoming went to plant trees last week.3.Mozart was a famous (欧洲的) musician.4.Are you going (到国外) next year?5.Please try to (描述) exactly what the boy looks like.L1.There are about two (百) students playing on the playground.2.The mother is (自豪的) of her son, because he is very successful in his work.3.There is an English (字典) on the desk.4.Look at the photo (仔细地), and you will find our teacher.5.We will have a wonderful (夏天) vacation as soon as junior high school days are over.单词拼写04 M+N+O+PM1.The singer is good at playing the (吉他)and making wonderful music.2.The old man lives (独自). So he feels lonely. Let’s go to visit him.3.When you (接受) a present, you must use both hands. It’s a traditional custom in China.4. (无论什么) you do, don’t miss this exhibition.5.When you are tired, you can go to a (令人放松的) place to have a rest.N1.It’s our duty to protect the (环境).2.At the age of (四十), the writer finished his fifth novel.3.These apples (尝起来)sweet. I like them very much.4.I felt sleepy because I stayed up (晚) last night.5.Tom began to show a special (兴趣)in painting in his childhood.O1.She looked (惊讶的)when I told her the news.2.I usually have a piece of (面包) and some milk for breakfast.3.You need to (给……浇水) the flowers twice a month.4.They planted many trees (在……之间) the two buildings.5.The young man started to (管理) the factory after his father died.P1.Mark got a new bike from his uncle on his (第八) birthday.2.[2018·柳州] You should (道歉) to her for your mistake.3.[2018·柳州] Liu Yang is the first Chinese woman (宇航员) to enter the space.4.We will hold a party to say goodbye to our teachers next (星期三).5.Look at the children on the playground.They are flying kites (愉快地).Let’s join them.选词填空对接中考专练选词填空01 人物介绍根据短文内容,用方框中所给单词的正确形式填空。
北京市海淀区2023-2024学年九年级物理中考仿真练习
海淀区2023-2024学年九年级物理中考仿真练习考生须知1．本试卷共8页，共两部分，26道题，满分70分。
考试时间70分钟。
2．在试卷和答题卡上准确填写学校名称、姓名和准考证号。
3．试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
4．在答题卡上，选择题用2B 铅笔作答，其他试题用黑色字迹签字笔作答。
5．考试结束，将本试卷、答题卡和草稿纸一并交回。
第一部分一、单项选择题（下列每题均有四个选项，其中只有一个选项符合题意。
共24分，每题2分）1．图所示的物品中，通常情况下属于导体的是（ ）A ．B ．C ．D ．2．图所示的实例中，目的是为了增大压强的是（）A ．B ．C ．D ．3．图3所示的实例，目的是为了增大摩擦的是4．下列关于声现象的说法，正确的是A ．声音是由物体振动产生的B ．声音在真空中传播的速度是340m/sC ．禁止鸣笛是在传播过程中减弱噪声D ．“闻其声知其人”是根据音调来辨别的5．2023年5月30日，神舟十六号载人飞船与空间站组合体成功对接后，航天员们顺利会师的情境如图3所示。
下列说法中正确的是A ．以地面为参照物，空间站是静止的B ．以空间站内的航天员为参照物，地球是运动的C ．以神舟十六号载人飞船为参照物，空间站是运动的D ．以神舟十六号载人飞船为参照物，地球是静止的6．下列物态变化中，需要吸收热量的是A ．熔化B ．凝固C ．液化D ．凝华7.物理学研究成果的应用，深刻地影响着人们的生产生活，对社会发展起到巨大的推动作用。
如图4设备应用法拉第电磁感应现象工作的是A ．麦克风B ．电热水壶C ．扬声器D ．电磁起重器8.小王同学在家里将一个平面镜放在水平桌面上，再把一张可沿ON 折叠的硬白纸板ENF 竖直的立在平面镜上，以此来探究光的反射规律。
通过测量他发现此时入射光线与平磁悬浮列车悬浮行驶A B C D图3自行车脚踏板凹凸不平行李箱下装有滚轮机械表保养时上油A B C D图2图3图4面镜成50°夹角，如图5所示，则A ．反射光线与镜面的夹角是40°B ．将纸板NOF 向后折叠，则反射光会消失C ．入射角增大10°，反射角也增加10°D ．光在纸板上发生了镜面反射9．（2分）AB 两个物体同时同地自西向东做直线运动，甲、乙两个图像分别描述了AB 两个物体的运动情况，根据图像得出的下列信息中错误的是（ ）A ．A 物体做匀速直线运动B ．以B 为参照物A 向东运动C ．B 物体做匀加速直线运动D ．B 物体运动1.5s 通过的距离是3m10．（2分）甲、乙两个实心正方体物块放在相同的海绵上，海绵的凹陷程度如图所示。
八年级上科学1.6.1
科学八年级上第一章第6节 物质的分离（1）学习目标1.通过对硫酸铜晶体、云母晶体和食盐晶体的观察，了解不同的晶体具有不同的形状。
2.通过对晒盐和硫酸铜晶体析出的实例分析，理解蒸发溶剂和冷却热饱和溶液的两种结晶方法。
课前预习1.结晶就是从饱和溶液中 的过程。
2.获得晶体的两种方法： 、 。
3.有些晶体结合了一定数目的结晶水，如 。
知识梳理课时练习【夯实基础】1．实验室中的操作类似“海水晒盐”原理的是（ ） A ．溶解B ．蒸发C ．过滤D ．搅拌2．如图所示是利用海水提取粗盐的过程：根据海水晒盐的原理，下列说法中正确的是（ ） A ．海水进入贮水池，海水的成分基本不变 B ．在蒸发池中，海水中氯化钠的质量逐渐增加 C ．在蒸发池中，海水中水的质量逐渐增加 D ．析出晶体后的母液是氯化钠的不饱和溶液 3．下列各组混合物，可用结晶法分离的是（ ）物质的分离结晶方法的选择结晶A．石灰石粉末与水的混合物B．木炭粉与水的混合物C．汽油和植物油的混合液D．食盐和硝酸钾的混合液4．把食盐从溶液中析出，适宜的方法是（）A．升高温度B．降低温度C．蒸发溶剂D．增大压强5．在较高温度下，某溶液所含硝酸钾和氯化钠都已经接近饱和，当其冷却至室温时，析出的晶体经检验几乎不含氯化钠，这是因为（）A．氯化钠的溶解度比硝酸钾小B．氯化钠的溶解度比硝酸钾大C．氯化钠的溶解度受温度变化小D．氯化钠的溶解度在室温时更大6．夏天，实验员在实验室里配制了一瓶饱和的硝酸钾溶液并密封放置，到了冬天发现瓶底有大量的晶体析出．这是因为（）A．溶液中溶剂质量减小B．变成了不饱和溶液C．温度下降，硝酸钾溶解度减小D．溶液中溶质质量增加7．t℃时，某物质的溶液220g，蒸发去15g水后，析出晶体6g，又蒸发去10g水，析出6g晶体，再蒸去25g水又析出晶体的质量为（）A．6g B．12g C．15g D．无法计算8．t℃时，在饱和硫酸铜溶液中加入a g无水硫酸铜，恢复至原温度可析出b g硫酸铜晶体．说法正确的是（）A．溶液中溶剂的量不变，颜色不变B．b g硫酸铜晶体中含硫酸铜的质量大于a gC．溶质质量分数不变，溶解度变小D．（b﹣a）g表示原溶液损失的溶质质量9．人们通常把的过程叫做结晶．结晶的方法主要有和法．法是适用于一切把可溶于水的物质从溶液中分离出来的方法；当晶体从饱和溶液中析出后，剩余的液体被称为母液，它通常是（填饱和溶液或不饱和溶液）．【对接中考】10．（陕西）将某温度下热的硝酸钾饱和溶液逐渐冷却至室温，下列有量随时间变化趋势的图象不正确的是（）A．B．C．D．11．（莱芜）在粗盐提纯实验中最后进行NaCl溶液蒸发时，一般有如下操作：①固定铁圈位置②放置蒸发皿③放置酒精灯④加热并搅拌⑤停止加热，借余热蒸干．正确的操作顺序是（）A．③①②④⑤B．①③②④⑤C．①②③④⑤D．③②①④⑤12．（三明）海水淡化可采用膜分离技术．如图一所示，对淡化膜右侧的海水加压，在其左侧得到淡水．其原理是海水中的水分子可以透过淡化膜，而其他各种离子不能透过．请回答：（1）采用膜分离技术淡化海水的原理，与化学实验中常见的操作相似．（2）对淡化膜右侧的海水加压后，海水中溶质的质量分数会（填“增大”、“减小”或“不变”）．（3）海水中含有大量的氯化钠，图二是氯化钠的溶解度曲线，据此可知盐场从海水中得到食盐晶体利用的方法是结晶（填“降温”或“蒸发”）．【能力提升培优】13．为研究物质的溶解与结晶，在实验室某同学将100g KNO3放入60℃的100g 水中，充分溶解后得溶液甲，然后对该溶液进行如下操作：甲溶液乙溶液丙溶液丁溶液根据如图KNO3的溶解度曲线，请回答：（1）60℃KNO3的溶解度为．（2）溶液乙的质量为g，丙、丁溶液溶质的质量分数关系是丙丁（填“＜”、＞”、“=”）以上四种溶液属于不饱和溶液的是．（3）通过以上实验可知，结晶的方法通常有．14．卤水是从海水中提取食盐后的母液，常含有MgCl2、NaCl、MgSO4、KCl等，可进一步加工制得一些重要的产品．现按下列步骤对卤水进行处理，试根据有关物质的溶解度曲线（如图所示）回答下列问题：（1）将卤水加热升温到60℃以上，随着水分的蒸发，会逐渐析出晶体．这时得到的晶体的主要成分是．（2）过滤出上述晶体后，将滤液降温到30℃以下，还会逐渐析出晶体．这时得到的晶体的主要成分是．（3）将第（2）步操作得到的晶体用一定量的冷水洗涤，最后可以得到比较纯净的晶体．15．实验室欲从一杯硝酸钾的不饱和溶液中分离出硝酸钾晶体，其操作流程如图所示．其中①点代表了90℃时100g水中溶解了109g硝酸钾的不饱和溶液．读图分析并回答问题．（1）现将温度由90℃降至60℃，①点向左平移至②点，在此转化过程中，硝酸钾的溶解度（选填“增大”、“减小”、“不变”），硝酸钾溶液中溶质质量分数（选填“增大”、“减小”、“不变”）．（2）继续将温度由60℃降至40℃，此时②点怎么移动？，烧杯中有克硝酸钾晶体析出，此时硝酸钾溶液中溶质的质量分数为．16．氯化钠和碳酸钠晶体的溶解度（0℃～30℃）如下表所示：0℃10℃20℃30℃NaCl（g）35.735.836.036.3Na2CO3晶体（g）7.012.521.538.8（1）根据上表分析，碳酸钠晶体的溶解度随温度．（2）将含水各100g的氯化钠与碳酸钠的饱和溶液，从30℃降至0℃时，析出氯化钠晶体的质量（填“大于”“小于”或“等于”）碳酸钠晶体的质量．（3）欲从含有少量NaCl杂质的碳酸钠浓溶液中分离出碳酸钠晶体，应采取方法．（4）20℃时，NaCl溶解于水的实验数据如下表．则下列叙述正确的是．实验序号水的质量（g）加入NaCl的质量（g）溶液的质量（g）①10212②10313③10413.6④10513.6A、①所得溶液中溶质质量分数为20%B、②中所得溶液是不饱和溶液C、20℃时10g水最多能溶解4g NaClD、③④溶液中溶质质量分数相等．17．根据表中的数据，回答下列问题．温度/℃020*********溶解度/氯化钠35.736.036.637.338.439.8硝酸钾13.331.663.9110169246（1）20℃时，称取31.6g 硝酸钾固体加入盛有100g水的烧杯中，充分溶解形成的溶液是（填“饱和”或“不饱和”）溶液；（2）当硝酸钾中混有少量氯化钠时，提纯硝酸钾所采用的方法为（3）将等质量硝酸钾的饱和溶液和氯经钠的饱和溶液从60℃降温到20℃，对所得溶液的叙述正确的是（填序号）A、都是饱和溶液B、溶剂质量：硝酸钾＞氯化钠C、溶液质量：硝酸钾＜氯化钠．18．一木块漂浮于50℃的硝酸钾饱和溶液中，如图a所示，当温度改变时（不考虑由此引起的木块和溶液体积的变化），木块排开液体的体积随时间发生如图b 所示的变化，则当时温度变化是（填“升温”或“降温”），同时观察到烧杯底部硝酸钾晶体（填“增多”或“减少”）．19．已知硝酸钠50℃时的溶解度是114克/100克水，10℃的溶解度是80克/100克水．现有50℃时硝酸钠饱和溶液535克，温度降低至10℃时，有多少克硝酸钠晶体析出？20．某学生在10℃时取100g水配制氯化钾的饱和溶液，又取50g水加入35.4g 硝酸钠配成溶液，然后将两种溶液混合，发现有晶体析出．试通过计算指出析出晶体是什么物质．（已知在10℃时，氯化钾的溶解度为30g，硝酸钠的溶解度为80g，硝酸钾的溶解度为20.9g，氯化钠的溶解度为35.8g．）课前预习答案1.析出固态溶质2.蒸发溶剂、冷却热饱和溶液3.硫酸铜晶体答案：1.B2.A3.D4.C5.C6.C7.C8.B9.答案为：溶液中析出晶体；蒸发溶剂；冷却热饱溶液；蒸发；饱和溶液．10.D11.A12.答案为：（1）过滤；（2）增大；（3）蒸发．13.解：（1）据图可以看出，60℃KNO3的溶解度为110g，故填：110g；（2）根据题干提供的信息，在60℃的100g水中最多能溶解110g硝酸钾，溶液乙的质量为210g，乙溶液降温则析出晶体后得到溶液丙，溶液丙是饱和溶液，恒温蒸发10g水得到的溶液丁仍然是饱和溶液，故溶液丙和溶液丁的溶质质量分数相同，此四种溶液中只有甲溶液是不饱和溶液，故填：210，=，甲；（3）通过上述实验，可以看出析出晶体可以采用降温结晶或蒸发结晶，故填：降温、蒸发溶剂．14.解：（1）观察溶解度图象，当温度大于60℃，随着温度的升高，MgSO4的溶解度反而下降，NaCl的溶解度一直比较低．所以这两种物质就会结晶析出，故答案为：NaCl和MgSO4；（2）降温时析出晶体，说明该晶体溶解度随温度的降低而降低；从图象可以看出，MgCl2和KCl随着温度的降低而下降，故答案为：MgCl2和KCl；（3）降温时析出晶体，说明该晶体溶解度随温度的降低而降低；从图象可以看出，在温度较低时，MgCl2的溶解度大于KCl的溶解度；所以冷水洗涤时较纯的KCl固体就会析出．低于30℃时，MgCl2的溶解度大于KCl的溶解度，所以，用少量冷水淋洗析出的晶体，就得到较纯的KCl晶体．故答案为：KCl．15.解：（1）由图可知硝酸钾的溶解度随温度的降低而减小，所以现将温度由90℃降至60℃，①点向左平移至②点，在此转化过程中，硝酸钾的溶解度减小；60℃硝酸钾的溶解度为109g，所以由90℃降至60℃过程中没有晶体析出，只有由不饱和溶液变为饱和溶液，所以硝酸钾溶液中溶质质量分数不变；（2）40℃时硝酸钾的溶解度为64g可知40℃时100g水中溶解了64g硝酸钾达到饱和，所以继续将温度由60℃降至40℃，此时②点沿曲线下移至③处；析出晶体的质量=109g﹣64g=45g，此时硝酸钾溶液中溶质的质量分数==39%．故答案为：（1）减小；不变；（2）沿曲线下移至③处；45；39%．16.解：（1）有表格可以看出碳酸钠的溶解度随温度升高而增大，故答案为：升高而增大（2）碳酸钠的溶解度随温度变化较明显，而氯化钠随温度变化不明显，所以由30℃降至0℃时氯化钠析出的晶体较少，故答案为：小于（3）碳酸钠的溶解度随温度变化较明显，而氯化钠随温度变化不明显，可采用结晶析出的方式进行，故答案为：冷却热饱和溶液（降温析晶）（4）A、由20℃时氯化钠的溶解度是36g可知10g水最多能溶解3.6g食盐，因此溶质质量分数是×100%=16.7%，故此选项错误．B、同理3g氯化钠会全部溶解10g水中，形成不饱和溶液，故此选项正确．C、由以上分析知10g水最多能溶解3.6g食盐，故此选项错误．D、③④均形成了这一温度下的饱和溶液，故溶质质量分数相同，故此选项正确．故选B、D17.解：（1）20℃时，硝酸钾的溶解度是31.6g，故称取31.6g 硝酸钾固体加入盛有100g水的烧杯中，恰好溶解，充分溶解形成的溶液是饱和溶液，故填：饱和；（2）硝酸钾的溶解度随温度的升高而增大明显，故提纯硝酸钾的方法是降温结晶，故填：降温结晶；（3）将等质量硝酸钾的饱和溶液和氯经钠的饱和溶液从60℃降温到20℃，析出晶体，溶液仍然是饱和溶液，60℃等质量的硝酸钾的饱和溶液和氯化钠的饱和溶液中，含有的硝酸钾的质量大，故含的水少，降温后水的质量不变，仍然是硝酸钾溶液中水的质量小于氯化钠溶液中水的质量；由于析出的硝酸钾的质量多，故剩余硝酸钾溶液的质量小于氯化钠溶液的质量，故填：AC．18.解：由函数图象看出木块排开水的体积增大，说明溶液的密度减小，密度减小的原因是溶液中的溶质减少，当温度降低时，KNO3饱和溶液会析出溶质，同时溶液中的固体增多．故答案为：降温；增多．19.解：10℃时，硝酸钠的溶解度为80克，即100g水中在该温度下溶解80g硝酸钠达到饱和．设80g水中达到饱和溶解硝酸钠的质量为x，则解得：x=64g，所以析出晶体的质量为120g﹣64g=56g，答：若将此饱和溶液降温至10℃，有56g晶体析出．20.解：根据溶解度定义：在一定温度下，100克溶剂中所溶解溶质的质量，则两溶液混合后，溶剂质量为150克，最多溶解硝酸钠的质量为120克，而实际硝酸钠质量仅有35.4克，原来的硝酸钠溶液就是不饱和溶液，混合后溶剂增加，硝酸钠更不饱和；原来氯化钾是饱和溶液，混合后溶剂增加，溶质质量不变，也变为不饱和，因而硝酸钠、氯化钾不会成为晶体析出．混合溶液中的四种离子，也可能结合硝酸钾、氯化钠晶体析出．设混合后可能会生成硝酸钾以及氯化钠的质量分别为y、z，消耗硝酸钠的质量为x，NaNO3+KCl═KNO3+NaCl85 74.5 101 5 8.5x 30 y zx=34.2（克）硝酸钠有剩余，，y=41.0（克），z=23.6（克）．已知10℃时硝酸钾的溶解度为20.9克，氯化钠的溶解度为35.8克．设150克水中最多溶解硝酸钾和氯化钠的质量为m、w，100：150=20.9：m m=31.4（克），3l.4＜41.0l00：150=35.8：W，w=53.7（克），53.7＞23.6故可知析出的晶体是硝酸钾．故答案为：硝酸钾．。
2021年江苏中考物理复习专练(泰州专版)(7)——从粒子到宇宙
2021年江苏中考物理复习专练（泰州专版）（7）——从粒子到宇宙一．选择题（共17小题）1．（2020•兴化市二模）下列现象中，可以说明分子在不停地做无规则运动的是（）A．酒精和水充分混合后总体积变小B．液体很难被压缩C．两个铅块相互压紧后粘在一起D．美味佳肴香气扑鼻2．（2020•泰州一模）下列关于“吸”的物理现象中，由于静电现象引起的是（）A．穿在身上的化纤衣服容易“吸”灰尘B．两个表面平滑的铅块紧压后“吸”在一起C．拔火罐时玻璃罐“吸”在皮肤上D．若人站在安全线以内的区域候车，会被驶过的列车“吸”进铁轨3．（2019•泰兴市校级二模）在宇宙和微观世界中，空间尺度大小各异，以下尺度最小的是（）A．电子B．银河系C．太阳系D．分子4．（2019•泰州三模）关于粒子和宇宙，下列认识中正确的是（）A．光年是时间单位，宇宙是一个有层次的天体结构B．电子的尺度比原子核的小，但比质子的尺度大C．水和酒精混合后总体积变小，说明分子间有引力D．质子和中子统称为核子5．（2019•海陵区二模）下列关于粒子和宇宙的认识中，正确的是（）A．太阳是宇宙的中心B．面包可以被捏扁，说明分子间有空隙C．用放大镜能观察到素描炭笔画的线是由一个个分子组成的D．清水中滴入红墨水后变红，说明分子在运动6．（2019•泰兴市二模）关于粒子和宇宙的认识，正确的是（）A．雪花漫天飞舞，说明分子在做无规则运动B．光年是长度的单位C．质子、中子和电子就像行星绕太阳运动一样在绕原子核运动D．在探索比分子更小的微观粒子的历程中，人们首先发现了质子7．（2019•兴化市二模）下列现象能用分子动理论解释的是（）①温度越高，蒸发越快；②酒精与水混合后总体积变小；③液体很难被压缩；④在显微镜下，看到细菌在活动；⑤化纤衣服很容易粘上灰尘；A．①②③④B．③④⑤C．①②③D．①②③④⑤8．（2019•泰州一模）在下列各星球中，属于恒星的是（）A．太阳B．地球C．月球D．水星9．（2020春•泰兴市期末）下面哪一个现象的描述能说明分子在不停地做无规则运动（）A．冬天，瑞雪飘飘B．秋天，落叶纷飞C．夏天，荷花飘香D．春天，柳枝摇曳10．（2019春•泰兴市校级期中）不久前，科学家拍摄了人类第一张“黑洞”照片，下列关于宇宙和粒子的说法中，正确的是（）A．行星是运动的，恒星是恒定不动的B．宇宙是一个有层次的系统，太阳是宇宙的中心C．卢瑟福发现了电子，并建立了类似行星绕日的原子核式结构模型D．摩擦起电现象说明：原子是可以再分的11．（2019春•兴化市期末）关于粒子和宇宙，下列认识正确的是（）A．在电子、质子和中子中，尺度最小的是质子B．电子的发现说明原子是可以再分的C．宇宙是一个有层次的天体结构系统，地球是宇宙的中心D．固体的分子间只存在吸引力，所以凝聚在一起，有固定的外形和体积12．（2018春•海陵区校级期末）关于粒子和宇宙，下列说法正确的是（）A．松软的馒头用手一捏体积会大大缩小，这说明分子间存在间隙B．原子核式结构模型提出原子是由质子和中子构成C．炒菜时油烟上升能说明分子在做无规则运动D．宇宙是一个有层次的天体结构系统，它是有起源的、膨胀的和演化的13．（2018春•泰兴市校级期末）下列认识错误的是（）A．夏季雷雨季节，天空划过的闪电属于静电现象B．两个表面光滑的铅块相互挤压后粘在一起说明分子间存在引力C．太阳是宇宙的中心且恒定不变D．电子的发现说明原子是可分的14．（2018•靖江市校级一模）下列现象能用分子动理论解释的是（）①温度越高，蒸发越快；②酒精与水混合后总体积变小；③气体不能无限的被压缩；④在显微镜下，看到细菌在活动；⑤化纤衣服很容易粘上灰尘；A．①②③⑤B．④⑤C．①②③D．①②③④⑤15．（2018•海陵区二模）下列有关说法中，正确的是（）A．英国物理学家汤姆生发现了电子，说明原子核是可分的B．通过摩擦起电可以产生电荷C．美味佳肴香气扑鼻说明分子在做无规则运动D．固体很难被压缩，说明组成固体的大量分子间没有间隙16．（2018春•泰兴市校级期中）下列现象能说明分子在不停地做无规则运动的是（）A．走进花园闻到花香B．建筑工地上尘土飞扬C．空气中PM2.5超标形成雾霾D．两个干净的铅块粘在一起17．（2018春•泰兴市校级期中）关于粒子和宇宙，下列说法正确的是（）A．温度为0℃时，分子的无规则运动停止B．物理学家卢瑟福建立了原子的核式结构模型C．摩擦起电的过程中，物体带正电是因为它得到了质子D．宇宙是一个有层次的天体结构系统，太阳是银河系中的唯一的一颗恒星二．填空题（共14小题）18．（2020•泰兴市模拟）为了有效阻断新型冠状病毒肺炎的传播，多地车站、机场安装了红外线测温仪，红外线在真空的传播速度约为m/s；与此同时，多地防疫站用洒水车在水平路面上喷洒消毒液，喷洒消毒液后，能闻到消毒液气味是现象。
柳州专版中考英语夺分复习专题02完形填空对接中考专练
|专题二完形填空|对接中考专练完形填空01 人物故事A[2019·柳州]Summer holiday is coming. Lin Tao and his classmates Wang Hai, Zhang Mei are making their holiday 1 .Lin Tao is a football fan. So he is going to 2 his favourite football team play. He is going to wear the team shirt and cheer the 3 . It’s going to be great fun and he hopes that his team will 4 the best score and win the match. Wang Hai is going to do something helpful with his family in July. The re’s a lot of litter in the park, 5 they’re going to collect it. They hope to do something to make their hometown 6 . Besides, they want to be volunteers and 7 farmers with some farm work. Zhang Mei is going to a summer camp abroad and will stay with 8 Australian family. 9 does she plan to do so? Because she wants to improve her spoken English 10 .Lin Tao and his classmates are all looking forward to their summer holiday.( )1.A. hotels B.plans( )2.A.watch B.smellB.writers( )4.A.get B.loseB[2018·河池改编]Tom was a college student. He often made excuses not to attend classes. Also, he spent much of his free time 1 computer games. He never went to the library 2 .How time flew! At the end of the term, there was 3 important event that he was afraid of—the final exam. “What should I do?” Tom walked up and down in the room the day before the exam. He was 4 . Suddenly he thought of 5 idea.The next morning,Tom went into the exam room very early. He found a young man 6 looked so confident and took a seat next to him. “Hey you!” Tom greeted. “What?” the young man asked.“Can you do me a favor?”Tom begged(恳求), “Please let me7 your paper during the exam.I have to depend on you!” When hearing his words, the young man just smiled but said 8 .When the bell rang, the young man 9 immediately and came to the front, saying,“It is time for the final exam!Now I will hand out the papers to all of you and collect them 10 an hour.” Tom sat there with his mouth wide open.( )2.A.to study B.to see a film C.to play computer games( )9.A.sat down B.stood up C.lied downC[2019·河池改编]One day a man saw an old lady standing by her car on the side of the road. He could see that she needed help. 1 he stopped his car in front of her and got out.Even though the man had a smile on his face, the old lady was worried. “ 2 had stopped to help for the last hour. Was he going to hurt 3 ? He didn’t look safe, he looked poor and hungry.” the old lady thought.He could see that she was worried. So he said, “I am here 4 you, madam. It seems that you have a flat tire(车胎漏气). 5 don’t you wait in the car where it’s warm while I change the tire for you? By the way, my name is Bryant Anderson.” Though feeling doubtful, the old lady 6 her car.About 20 minutes later, he was done, the old lady asked Bryant 7 she should pay. Bryant 8thought about being paid. He told her that if she 9 wanted to pay him back, the next time she saw someone who needed help, she could give that person her help.The man waited until the lady started her car and drove off. It was a cold day, but he felt 10 as he went on his way home.( )2.A.No one C.AnyoneC.me( )4.A.to hurt B.to help C.to trouble( )6.A.got out B.got away C.got into( )7.A.how much B.how far C.how longD[2019·贵港改编]Alan and Jack are friends. They wanted to make sure that the birds outside on the ice were ducks or geese (鹅). So 1 a cold January evening last year, the two boys walked onto the frozen(结冰的)river near their homes to get a better look.They 2 a rock onto the ice to test it. They thought the ice could hold their 3 . Then they stepped(踩;踏)on it. But when Jack took 4 steps, he fell through the frozen surface suddenly.Alan ran to help his friend. He tried to 5 Jack out from the cold water and onto the frozen land. But the ice didn’t hold, and he fell in, too.Jack’s elder sister saw the boys falling through the ice and started sh outing for help. John, a neighbor 6 nearby on his way to the store, quickly stopped the car 7 he heard the shout. Seeing the boys, he caught a nearby life ring(救生圈), 8 his shoes and jumped into the water. John swam towards Alan and Jack, and took 9 back to land. They were taken to the hospital at once. 10 they were saved. They were really thankful to their brave neighbor.C.onC.collected( )4.A.a little B.a fewC.walking( )8.A.put on B.took off C.turned offC.themselvesE[2018·柳州]One day Tom was hit by a car. He was taken to the 1 at once. In the hospital the doctor told his parents, “He will wake up very soon, or maybe he will never wake up.” Tom’s parents 2 him day and night, but Tom just slept. They were very 3 . One day Tom’s father said, “Tom, let’s 4 home and play with Cody.” Cody is Tom’s 5 .When Tom’s father said “Cody”, Tom moved his arm. Then his parents thought of a(n) 6 idea. They asked the doctor, “We want to bring Tom’s dog to the hospital. Is it OK?”The doctor agreed. The next day, Tom’s 7 brought Cody to the hospital. They put the dog on Tom’s bed. To their surprise, Tom 8 his eyes. A few days later, when Cody jumped onto Tom’s bed and touched his arm, Tom said 9 first words, “Bad dog!” After several weeks, Tom got well. He and his parents went home 10 with Cody. What an unusual experience Tom had!( )1.A shop( )2.A.looked after B.looked forC.looked throughF[2019·海南]Patty got home after school as usual. She walked in, went to the sofa and sat down, lookingat the 1 .“What’s wrong with you?”asked Kathy, her elder sister.“ 2 .”Kathy was a thoughtful high school girl. She wouldn’t leave things like that. “You 3 be in trouble. You’re usually happy when you get home from school.”Patty kept sitting with her head down. “I hate school! I hate my class! I hate that new 4 , Jerry!”“I know what you mean, Patty. You don’t hate anyone.”“Well! Jerry told my best friend Betty, that she would make friends with her if Betty 5 being my friend. And now Betty doesn’t play with me after class.”“That’s not very 6 .” Kathy said. “How about your other fr iends? You have other friends, don’t you?”“Yes,” Patty answered, trying not to cry. “7 Jerry made me lose my best friend.”“Patty, you didn’t lose your friend.”“I just told you. I did!”“Listen, my little sister. You don’t lose friends. You just8 your real friends. Your real friends will 9 leave you when they meet new friends.”The next day, Patty walked in, went to the sofa and sat down as yesterday. But the difference was that the 10 look came back to her face. It was clear that she had got out of the trouble.C.stopped( )8.A.find out B.care for C.hear fromGHelping others always brings you something sooner or later, one way or another. I didn’t knowthat until one day when I went to my 1 school.It was a cold and 2 morning after the winter vacation. Actually, it was my 3 day at my new school. I was walking slowly and worrying about lots of things. It was early and there weren’t many people on the road. A girl 4 was on a bike passed me quickly. She was riding on snowy ice when suddenly she fell off her bike just a few steps in front of me. She was trying hard to get up, 5 fell again. Without thinking, I went over and helped her stand up. She said, “Thank you” with a smile and then rode away. The words “Thank you” 6 me and this small event made me feel less nervous about my new school.7 , I got to school. The teacher led me to the classroom and asked me to sit down 8 a girl. I was so ner vous. I knew some of the students were looking at me but I didn’t dare to look at them. Soon the first class started. It was English. They used a different textbook from my old school and I didn’t have a copy. As I was wondering what to do, a book appeared in front of me. “Let’s share.” the girl next to me said. “And hi, I’m Carrie.” I 9 . It was the girl I helped that morning. 10 a surprise!From then on, we became good friends. She was my first and best friend at my new school. Helping her also helped me find a friend.( )9.A.looked up B.got up C.looked downHOne place that is very important in my life is my grandmother’s house. She 1 in a small village in the south of the country. I go there every summer, to visit my grandmother, 2 the city and relax.The village is just a group of white houses on a hillside with some shops, and it’s 3peaceful.One reason why I like it is that it’s a beautiful place. My grandmother has a lovely garden and we always sit 4 the trees, drinking sweet tea and chatting. It’s so pleasant. But the main reason why this place is so important to me is 5 .She is so kind to me, and wonderful to talk to. A lso, she’s a great cook and the meals she prepares are simple 6 so fresh and…rich? No, no, I mean tasty. And she’s always giving me eh…What do you call 7 ?—small plates of food during the day, so I always return home feeling calm and refreshed…and 8 !I wouldn’t like 9 there, though. I prefer living in the city. I’m a city person. I 10 live in a small village where everybody knows each other. I’d rather live in a busy, exciting place. But I really love visiting the villages for holiday.B.will live( )2.A.get up B.get away from C.get to( )5.A.local people B.my friend C.my grandmotherB.to live( )10.A.don’t have to B.couldn’t完形填空02 哲理故事A[2019·北部湾改编]When I was in middle school, I felt I was always letting people down.Once I brought my 1 Daisy to my home. I noticed that all my family members seemed to 2 Daisy better than me.I felt very 3 .I even thought they didn’t love me. I wondered whether they would miss me if I died some day. 4 I told my mum,“Daisy is more patient than I have ever been.You must want her to be your daughter instead of me.”My mum explained that Daisy was a lovely girl, but 5 could replace(代替)me in the family. She said I was the only person who could fill my role. She made me realize that even if I made 6 , I was a beloved member of the family who could never be replaced.From then on, I tried to 7 out who I was and what made me special. I look at 8 in a newway. Then I started to be positive(积极的)towards my life,and I was happy about who I 9 was.I came to feel much better as I knew that no one could ever replace me.10 that you will be replaced. You can’t be.BA boy called Tom sat near a wall with tears(眼泪) in his eyes. Mrs Bell came and asked, “What makes you so 1 ?” Tom answered, “We will have a poetry(诗歌) competition. I don’t think I can make it because other boys 2 me and call me ‘Slow Tom’.”In a kind 3 , Mrs Bell said, “Look at the snail(蜗牛) on the wall. It is slow but sure. When you 4 heart, think of the snail.” Tom thought he could run a race with the snail. So he decided to practice his poems until the snail got to the 5 of the wall.6 , the day came. Tom did best in the competition. He didn’t miss a word and won the prize. The headmaster(校长) asked, “How7 you learn the poems so well?” “The snail on the wall taught me8 to do it.” said Tom, “I saw it climb up the wall little by little.9 didn’t stop, nor turn back, but went on. And I thought I would do the same with my task. By the time the snail had got to the top of the wall, I had learned it all.” “Well done, Tom!” said the headmaster 10 , “Now boys, let us cheer for Tom and the snail on the wall.”( )2.A.take after ugh at C.fall behind( )6.A.At first B.At least C.At lastC[2018·梧州改编]One day, colors started to argue. All of them thought that they were the best and most beautiful.Green said, “ 1 I am the most important. I am the sign of life and hope. I’m the color of grass, trees and leaves. 2 me, all animals would die.”Blue interrupted(插嘴), “Don’t just think about the Eart h. What is the color of the sky and the sea? Isn’t water the most 3 thing for life?”Yellow laughed, “You are both so serious. I 4 laughter and happiness into the world. Every time people look at a yellow sunflower, they start to 5 . Without me, ther e would be no fun.”Orange said loudly, “I am the color of health and strength. I carry the most important vitamins(维生素). Think of carrots and oranges. 6 I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, everyone is amazed(感到惊奇) at my beauty and 7 thinks of any of you.”8 could stand it no longer, so he shouted, “I am the color of danger and courage. I bring fire into people’s blood.”Purple rose up and said, “I am the color of power. Kings have always chosen me.”Indigo spoke, “I am the color of silence. Silence is gold.”Their voices became louder and louder. Suddenly the rain started to pour down. The colors were so scared that they stayed close to one another. Then the rain began to say, “You 9 colors. Don’t you know that each of you is unique(独一无二的)? Join hands and follow me.” They did what they were told and together 10 the most beautiful rainbow(彩虹).D[2019·百色改编]Once upon a time, there was a hungry fox that was looking for something to eat. He was very 1 .No matter how hard he tried, the fox could not find any food. 2 he went to the side of the forest and looked for food there. He found a big tree 3 a hole in it.Inside the hole was a package. The hungry fox thought that there 4 be food in it,and he became very happy. He jumped into the hole and when he 5 the package, he saw there 6 lot of food in it!The fox happily began to eat. After the fox had finished 7 , he felt thirsty and decided to leave the hole 8 drink some water. However, no matter how hard he tried, he could not get out of the hole. Do you know 9 ?Yes, the fox had eaten so much food that he became 10 big to go through the hole.C.to eatE[2019·成都]One day in class, the teacher held up an apple. She stood on the platform(讲台) and said, “Please 1 it in the air, and…”One student 2 his hand and said, “I can smell it. It is the smell of an apple.”The teacher stepped 3 the platform, passed by each of the students and said, “Smell 4 to see if the smell of the apple is still in the air.”Half of the students put up their hands to show that they could smell it. The teacher returnedto the 5 of the classroom and asked again who else could smell the apple. The rest raised their hands except one boy. The teacher came to the boy and asked, “You really can’t smell the apple?”The boy answered, “No, I can’t smell it. I don’t think it’s a 6 apple.”The teacher 7 at the boy and said to the class, “He’s right! It’s not 8 to get the apple smell from this apple.”All of the other students had been tricked. Some may have thought that perhaps the apple di dn’t have the apple smell, 9 they didn’t dare to speak up. They just 10 the first student blindly and went along with him.FMy mom once told me that after I learned to say “Mama” and “Dada”, my third word was “no”!1 , I used that word too often as a boy. I didn’t want to eat my vegetables. I didn’t want to go to bed on time. I didn’t want to work in the2 . I would much rather read books than help my mom and grandma3 the chores. In other words, I was a bit of a brat (顽童). Being the youngest of three sons, I probably said “no” a lot more4 I should have.As I 5 , I began to say “Yes!” a lot more. I can remember making the bed and sweeping the floor. I felt really happy to 6 my mother and father. I can remember studying hard to get good grades in school and the 7 in my parents’ eyes when I got into college. I can remember learning that saying “yes” could bring 8 joy into my life than saying “no” ever did.Even now, I am still learning how to say “9 ”. I still often say “no”. My only advice to you is not to wait as long as I did. Say “yes” to life. Say “yes” to love. Say “yes” to helping others and 10 this world a better place. “Yes” may only be a word, b ut it can changeyour life.( )5.A.grew up B.gave up C.set up完形填空03 社会热点ARiding a Mobike in the street, you might hear some people speaking Chinese aloud. Turning to the right, you see a Sichuan-style restaurant. After walking into a store you see that Huawei smartphones are 1 .But you’re not in China—you’re in Manchester in Britain. In fact, you might see 2 things in many other cities. Chinese products have been 3 worldwide.Chinese food has been enjoyed in Western countries for a long time. To 4 local people’s tastes, Chinese restaurants have made some changes to the 5 . Unlike Chinese, Australian people don’t like to eat meat with the bone 6 .So Chinese restaurants there provide big pieces of meat without bones, 7 for fish.Some Chinese brands(品牌) are also becoming more 8 . In many cities in Europe, stores sell TCL televisions, Haier fridges and Lenovo computers. And more than half of US-owned drones(无人机) are Chinese models. They’re not simply made in China, but designed and developed in the 9 .In the past, most Western people thought Chinese products were cheap and not dependable. But now, things have changed greatly. Made in China becomes cool. More and more people 10 Chinese brands.( )1.A.for fun B.at work C.on saleB.differentmonB.collectedC.receivedC.dishesB.outC.onB.evenC.yetB.expensiveB.circleC.fieldB.trustC.improveBBike-sharing is a new choice for short journeys in cities. It is good to the 1 development of the big cities.A 2 by a company found that shared bikes started the nation’s 3 for bikes again. Now more and more Chinese people are 4 bikes instead of cars to make short journeys in cities.An engineer of the company says that since the 5 of shared bikes, people have made fewer trips by car. The love for shared bikes is not only among 6 people, who were born in the 1980s and 1990s, but also among people over sixty.At weekends, the number of the riders in Shenzhen reaches the 7 of all cities. On weekdays, the number of people who use shared bikes to travel to work is 8 in Shanghai.It is said that bike-sharing will help 9 the cities’ environment. It not only helps solve the traffic problems, but also will help to make more use of 10 in cities. Take Beijing as an example, if more people choose shared bikes, an area of five Bird’s Nest stadiums (体育场) will be saved.C.old( )ing over B.putting off C.going upCMarch 22nd is World Water Day. It started in 1993.It not only makes us think about the importance of water, but also calls on(号召) us to 1 and protect water. Today, we’re facing terrible water problems. Among them, wastewater problem is especially 2 . And the subject of World Water Day in 2017 is “wastewater”.What is wastewater? It is used water. Usually, wastewater comes from homes, 3 , hospitals and so on. It is produced by different kinds of activities, including washing the machines, taking showers and using the kitchen. The rain also 4 wastewater when it is running down the street during a storm. No matter where it comes from, this kind of water is sure to have 5 harmful in it.6 must we treat(处理) wastewater? Wastewater has a big influence on our life. It causes both illness for us,and pollution for the environment. We must care for our environment and our own7 .How can we treat wastewater? Different kinds of wastewater need different ways of treatment. Wastewater 8 homes can be reused. Then there will be 9 wastewater. Also, factory wastewater has to be cleaned 10 it goes back to nature.( )4.A.gets back B.hands in C.changes intoC.withC.afterDWhen Rebecca was a middle school student, she was often bullied(欺凌). At that time, she didn’t want to tell others. However she now thinks people who are bullied should talk about their 1 .Rebecca says that many people who are bullied 2 in silence. She says that although she 3 heard a lot about bullying when she was in primary school, she never thought it would happen toher.Rebecca told us that the bullying began when she went to middle school. People started making fun of her for being a 4 student and knowing all the answers.She went on to say that every time she answered a question correctly in class, everyone would start shouting and saying that she was too 5 for them.She told us that by the end of the year, she was very 6 about the bullying and became ill. She began to hate school. But 7 she had a friend who she could talk to, and they told their head teacher about her problem. She believes that talking to the teacher 8 her a lot. They found ways to deal with the problem, and the bullying finally 9 .Her 10 is, don’t see yourself as the problem. Nobody should be bullied. But if you don’t tell anyone what is going on, nobody will know that you need help.C.hobbiesC sufferC.neverC.silentC.satisfiedC.luckilyC.excitedC.increasedEEveryone should do something to protect the environment. How did we help to save our earth this week? Let me tell you.First, my family try to save 1 . We never leave the lights on when leaving the rooms. We turn off the TV when 2 is watching it. Mom only uses cold water in the washing machine.Second, we also start recycling this week. We 3 to write on both sides of the paper, not just on one side. We also 4 our rubbish into different bags for bottles, cans, paper and food. Momkeeps the plastic shopping bags from the supermarket to use them again as rubbish bags. These are great 5 to help our environment.Third, my family also save water. We never take long baths and have short showers 6 . We wash the toilet with used water and never 7 the tap running when we brush our teeth.At last, mom and dad begin to save gas. Mom 8 to drive us to school, 9 now my sister and I start riding our bikes to school. It’s hard work but good exercise! This week dad and his workmates (同事) also start to go to work together in one 10 and share the cost. This also helps reduce greenhouse gases.These are great ways to help protect our environment.【参考答案】完形填空01 人物故事A【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。
八年级上科学3.4
科学八年级上第三章第4节 动物的行为学习目标1.了解动物的先天性行为（本能）及其生理学原理和行为特点，了解动物的繁殖行为、摄食行为、攻击行为、迁徙行为、洄游行为、社会行为等先天性行为。
2.了解后天学习行为及其生理学原理和行为特点，知道人的学习行为是一种更加复杂的后天学习行为。
课前预习1.动物的先天性行为是指动物 的，也称为 ，这些反射活动不需要后天的训练，由 的神经中枢即可完成。
2.动物的后天学习行为是动物的个体在成长过程中，在遗传因素基础上，通过环境因素的作用逐步形成的，是需要 参与的。
知识梳理课时练习【夯实基础】1．“穿花蛱蝶深深见，点水蜻蜓款款飞．”诗句中分别描述了昆虫的哪种行为？（ ）A ．觅食行为、繁殖行为B ．攻击行为、觅食行为C ．防御行为、繁殖行为D ．觅食行为、防御行为2．在鸟类繁殖的季节里，亲鸟捉到小虫后自己并不立即吃掉，而是将虫带回巢哺育小鸟．这一行为属于（ ）A ．领域行为B ．繁殖行为C ．防御行为D ．节律行为3．从行为获得的途径来看，下列动物行为属于学习行为的是（ ）A ．马随着音乐的节奏踏起优美的舞步B ．乌贼遇到敌害时能迅速喷出大量墨汁C ．失去蛋的企鹅把鹅卵石当企鹅蛋孵化动物的行为 研究的意义先天性行为后天学习行为D．刚出生的小羊碰到母羊乳头吮吸乳汁4．竹节虫的形态和体色酷似竹枝，伪装的本领十分高超．这种行为属于（）A．觅食行为B．防御行为C．繁殖行为D．社群行为5．把鸡窝里正在孵化的卵全部移走，母鸡照样趴在鸡窝里孵卵．母鸡的孵卵行为属于（）①先天性行为②学习行为③社会行为④繁殖行为．A．①B．④C．①④D．②③6．下列属于动物学习行为的是（）A．老马识途B．蜜蜂采蜜C．蜘蛛织网D．孔雀开屏7．乌鸦会衔住坚果驻足在红绿灯杆上，当汽车来时扔下坚果，让汽车将坚果碾碎，等红灯亮时，再飞落地面享受美味．这种行为属于（）A．学习行为B．领域行为C．社会行为D．先天性行为8．动物的行为是指动物所进行的有利于它们和的活动．【对接中考】9．（郴州）下列属于动物先天性行为的是（）A．老马识途B．猴子骑车C．黄牛耕田D．蜘蛛结网10．（新疆）脊椎动物的学习行为比无脊椎动物更复杂更高的，这有利于（）A．寻找配偶B．获得食物C．逃避敌害D．适应复杂的生活环境11．（甘肃）蜜蜂筑巢、蜘蛛织网这类动物行为是动物生来就有的、由遗传物质所决定的，称为行为．12．（成都）动物在内外刺激下所产生的活动表现叫做动物的行为．动物的行为可以分为行为和后天学习行为．研究动物行为的方法主要有观察法和．【能力提升培优】13．阅读下列材料，把正确答案的序号填在括号内．材料1：实验人员想了解一下新孵化的鸟类是怎样获得母亲的情感的．他们选择了六只刚孵化的小鸭，平均分成甲、乙两组．甲组小鸭刚孵化出来就被实验人员从它们的出生地移走，使它们不能见到自己的母亲；乙组小鸭还和它们的母亲在一起．（1）甲组小鸭跟随气球走的行为属于．A、先天性行为B、偶然行为C、取食行为D、学习行为（2）乙组小鸭在实验中的作用是．A、实验模型B、对照组C、实验组D、一个变量（3）如果不是把甲组小鸭放在气球周围并放母鸭叫的录音，而是将它们放在一只猫的周围并放母鸭的录音，则甲组小鸭可能会．A、它们可能吓唬其它鸭了B、它们将失去繁殖能力C、它们将会发出类似猫的声音D、它们将会认为猫它们的母亲．（4）此实验与哪位科学家的研究动物行为的方法相同A．劳伦兹B．弗里施C．延伯根D．法布尔．14．阅读以下材料，回答问题：材料一：江口鸟洲位于衡阳市衡南县江口镇内，其中的白鹳每年4月初热带迁徙至江口鸟洲繁殖，为衡阳增添了一道美丽的风景．材料二：动物使我们的星球充满了生机与活力，它们的行踪几乎处处可见，诗人的笔下也留下了它们的身影：“稻花香里说丰年，听取蛙声一片”、“采得百花成蜜后，为谁辛苦为谁甜”、“三月闻黄鹂，幼妇悯蚕饥饿”…（1）从行为的获得途径来说，材料一中的白鹳的迁徙属于行为．（2）人和小白鼠任何动作的完成都是由骨、骨骼肌和三者的协调配合，在的支配和其他系统的协调下完成的．当你直臂提重物时，你的肱二头肌处于（填“收缩”或“舒张”）状态．（3）白鹳的呼吸作用旺盛，具有与肺相通的，可辅助呼吸．（4）资料二中蜜蜂和蝗虫相比，前者的发育方式属于．15．请分析下面的资料，并回答问题．资料一老鼠和猫本是一对天敌，然而某户人家养的一只大白猫却和一只小老鼠和睦相处，并且这只刚产崽的母猫还给小老鼠喂奶吃．资料二蓬莱海洋极地世界里，海豚表演的跳高顶球、跳迪斯科、转呼啦圈等节目往往赢得观众的热烈掌声．资料三白蚁中有蚁后、蚁王、工蚁和兵蚁之分．蚁后专职产卵；蚁王具有生殖能力，主要负责与蚁后的交配；工蚁承担了觅食、筑巢、照料蚁后产下的卵和祠喂白蚁等大部分工作；兵蚁专司蚁巢的保卫工作．（1）从行为获得的途径来看，资料一中的母猫喂养小老鼠的行为属于，该行为是由母猫体内的所决定的．（2）在资料二中，海豚的表演属于行为．动物的行为可以使动物更好地适应复杂环境的变化．一般来说，动物越，该行为就越强、越复杂．（3）由资料三判断，白蚁是具有行为的动物．判断的依据是它们的成员之间有明确的、形成了一定的，它们是营生活的动物．16．在探究小鼠走迷宫的实验中，迷宫中设有几处T形接头，小鼠可左转也可右转．小鼠在完成走迷宫后会被奖励一些食物．实验统计数据如图所示，请分析回答：（1）小鼠在动物分类中的地位是脊索动物门纲．（2）从行为获得的途径看，小鼠走迷宫的行为属于行为．（3）随着训练天数的增加，小鼠走迷宫时逐渐减少，由此得出的结论是．（4）若小鼠在完成走迷宫后长时间不给予食物奖励，则小鼠之前已建立的反射会随之消退．课前预习答案1.与生俱来本能大脑皮层以下2.大脑皮层答案：1.A2.B3.A4.B5.C6.A7.A8.答案为：生存；繁殖后代9.D10.D11.答案为：先天性12.答案为：先天性；实验法13.解：（1）先天性行为是指动物一出生就有的一种行为方式，是动物的一种本能，由体内的遗传物质决定的，甲组的小鸭刚孵化出来就被从它们的出生地移走，使它们不能见到自己的母亲，小鸭跟随气球走，为先天性行为．故选：A（2）甲组的小鸭刚孵化出来就被从它们的出生地移走，使它们不能见到自己的母亲，为实验组，而乙组的小鸭还和它们的母亲在一起，和甲组形成对照作用，为对照组．变量为小鸭是否和母亲在一起．故选：B（3）学习行为是动物出生后在成长的过程中通过环境因素的影响，由生活经验和“学习”逐渐建立起来的，是在先天性行为的基础上建立的一种新的行为活动，如果将小鸭放在一只猫的周围并放母鸭的录音，小鸭就认为猫是它们的母亲．故选：D（4）实验是在人为控制研究对象的条件下进行的观察，实验法是利用特定的器具和材料，通过有目的、有步骤的实验操作和观察、记录分析，发现或验证科学结论．观察法和实验法是人们研究动物行为所采用的主要方法，故上述研究属于实验法．此实验与劳伦兹的研究动物行为的方法相同．故选：A．故答案为：（1）A；（2）B；（3）D；（4）A．14.解：（1）材料一中的白鹳的迁徙行为是由体内的遗传物质决定的，属于先天性行为．（2）和小白鼠任何动作的完成都是由骨、骨骼肌和关节三者的协调配合，在神经系统的支配和其他系统的协调下完成的．当你直臂提重物时，你的肱二头肌处于收缩状态，因此，感觉比较累．（3）鸟类体内有许多气囊，可辅助肺完成双重呼吸，白鹳的呼吸作用旺盛，具有与肺相通的气囊，可辅助呼吸．（4）蜜蜂的发育经过卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫等4个时期，属于完全变态发育，蝗虫的发育经过卵、若虫、成虫三个时期，属于不完全变态发育．故答案为：（1）先天性；（2）关节；神经系统；收缩；（3）气囊；（4）完全变态发育15.解：（1）从行为获得的途径来看，母猫喂养小老鼠的行为生来就有的，由动物体内的遗传物质所决定的先天性行为，产生这种行为的物质基础是遗传物质．（2）海豚的表演是一种学习行为，这是在遗传因素的基础上，通过环境因素的作用，由生活经验和学习而获取的行为．动物的学习行为可以使动物更好地适应复杂环境的变化．一般来说，动物越高等，该行为就越强、越复杂．（2）社会行为是群体内形成了一定的组织，成员间有明确分工的动物群集行为，有的高等动物还形成等级．如：白蚁的群体中，工蚁的职能是筑巢及喂养雌蚁、雄蚁和兵蚁，兵蚁则专司蚁穴的保卫，雌蚁是专职的“产卵机器”，也叫蚁后，就体现了具有社会行为的动物之间有明确的分工．故答案为：（1）先天性行为；遗传物质；（2）学习；学习；高等；（3）社会；分工；组织；群体．16.解：（1）小鼠胎生哺乳，属于哺乳动物．（2）小鼠走‘T’字形迷宫的行为是小鼠出生后在成长的过程中通过生活经验和“学习”逐渐建立起来的新的行为活动，为学习行为．（3）随着训练天数的增加，小鼠走迷宫时平均转错的次数逐渐减少，由此得出的结论：经过训练，小鼠获得了走迷宫的学习行为．（4）当条件反射建立以后，必须用非条件刺激物强化条件刺激物，才能巩固已建立起来的条件反射，否则，建立起来的条件反射就会消退．故答案为：（1）哺乳；（2）学习；（3）平均转错的次数；经过训练，小鼠获得了走迷宫的学习行为．（4）条件。
中考语文：专题八--语句衔接--过关演练、答案解析(题701-题720)
中考语文专题八语句衔接（题701-题720）过关演练701.下列语序的排列，最恰当的一项是( )①爷爷曾说：“我个人的时间都去哪儿了？当然是都被工作占去了。
”“现在我经常能做到的是读书，读书已成了我的一种生活方式。
”②俗话说，想做一件事，总会有理由，而不做一件事，也总是能找到借口。
③“腹有诗书气自华”“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”等，都可以成为坚持阅读的动力，而放弃阅读有时也不过一个“忙”字。
④有研究指出，一个人每天阅读一小时，三年之后就可以变成某一问题的专家。
⑤可见，“忙”并不足以成为不读书的借口。
⑥因此，读书更需要水滴石穿、坚持不懈的韧劲与恒心。
A.②③①④⑤⑥B.②③①⑤④⑥C.③④②①⑥⑤D.③①④②⑥⑤702.下列句子排列顺序最恰当的一项是( )①民间认为龙司雨，掌管人间的降雨。
②不同的地方舞龙习俗不同，有舞布龙的，有舞龙灯的，有舞草龙的，还有把人连接起来腾舞的。
③年节舞龙或舞狮是中国具有悠久历史的民俗传统活动。
④舞龙便成为民间祈求风调雨顺、五谷丰登的活动。
⑤舞者手执木杆上下飞动，翻转腾跃，犹如真龙现身人间。
A.③①④②⑤B.③②⑤④①C.①④②⑤③D.②①④③⑤703.在下面这段文字的横线处填入语句，衔接恰当的一项是( ) 富春江昔日为杭州至严州、金华的通航要道，船至桐庐七里泷，因滩多流急，航行需借风力或人工拉纤而行。
___________ 如今，因富春江水库的修建，这一带水深江阔，碧波粼粼，两岸群峰壁立。
当地在此开发了“七里扬帆”的旅游项目。
一叶扁舟，点点白帆，穿行在如诗如画的江面上，还有谁人不陶醉!①古语说“七里滩头，有风七里，无风七十里”，“七里扬帆”由此得名。
②旧时舟楫经过都要在钓台下游等候东风。
③倘若无风，得靠人工拉纤，显得路途遥远，仿佛七十里。
④东风一起，千帆竞发，艄公号子响彻云霄，长滩瞬息可过，仿佛仅七里。
A.①④③②B.①②④③C.②④③①D.②③①④704.将下面几句话正确排序，恰当的一项是( )①诗画有意境，就有了灵魂。
一般过去时用法详解带中考对接练习
一般过去时一. 概述（1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
Tom didn't come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。
We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。
-Hello! I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here 喂!我不知道你在伦敦。
你来多久了（2）表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作，常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。
When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影。
注意：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示。
When I stayed at Aunt Liu's ,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时，她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化。
She used to go for a walk after supper, but now she prefers to stay at home.她过去晚饭后总出去散步，但现在她却喜欢呆在家里。
二. 一般过去时的构成一般过去时由规则动词（-ed/-d）或不规则动词的过去式表示三. 规则动词过去式、过去分词变化规则1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：play-played, cook-cooked2．结尾是e加d，如：like-liked love-loved3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied四. 不规则动词过去式、过去分词变化五.1. Be动词在一般过去时中：其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
初中语文中考 文言文阅读 九年级下册 第37~39篇
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
写法特色 设喻类比:先从用作设喻的事实写起,写了邹忌与徐公比美,妻、妾、 客的赞美之辞及邹忌对这些言辞的分析,这是设喻说理的前提。接 着写邹忌讽谏齐王,从正面设喻来说明君王受蒙蔽严重的道理。最 后从国内和国外两个方面写出了齐王纳谏取得的巨大成效。
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
➢ 字词梳理
(11)时时而间进
(12)期年之后 (13)皆朝于齐 2.通假字 明日徐公来,孰视之
时时: 常常,不时 间: 间或、偶然 期年: 满一年 朝: 朝见
孰: 同“熟”,仔细
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
➢ 字词梳理
3.词类活用
(1)名词作状语
能面刺寡人之过者 面: 当面
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
✓ 对接中考
晏子对曰:“君勿恶焉。臣闻下无直辞上有隐恶民多讳言,君有 骄行。古者明君在上,下多直辞;君上好善,民无讳言。今君有失行,刖 跪直辞禁之,是君之福也。故臣来庆,请赏之,以明君之好善;礼之,以 明君之受谏。”
（11）[2021福建中考]亮虑诸将才不及己,意欲必往
比___得__上_______
（ 12 ） [2021河北中考]蔡元定八岁能诗。及长,到登,泰等山到绝顶
____________
九年级上册 第37篇 邹忌讽齐王纳谏
2.断句 教材强化训练 ( 1 ) 城 北 徐 公 /齐 国 之 美 丽 者 也/ 忌 不 自 信 而/ 复 问 其 妾 曰/吾 孰 与 徐 公 美 ( 2 ) 数 月 之 后/ 时 时 而 间 进/ 期 年 之 后/ 虽 欲 言/无 可 进 者
段落精解 写邹忌以亲身体验讽谏齐王除弊纳谏。 邹忌先现身说法,指出妻、妾、客赞美自己各有其原因,然后把家事 、国事进行类比,最后得出“王之蔽甚矣”的结论。