Presentation-Coastdown Test system VMS3200C(中文)
VTS操作人员英语培训教材(中英文)珍藏版
船舶交通管理中心VTS标准用语培训（中英文）课程框架VTS标准用语（中英文）具体教学大纲目录第一章VTS 通信协议VTS communication protocols (1)第二章总则GENERAL (2)2.1 程序 procedure (2)2.1.1 交换程序 exchange procedure (2)2.1.2 广播程序 Broadcast procedure (3)2.1.3 遇险、紧急和安全通信程序Distress , urgency andsafety communication procedures (4)2.2 VTS 标准用语信文标题的应用 (7)2.2.1 指示（INSTRUCTION） (8)2.2.2建议（ADVICE） (8)2.2.3警告（WARNING） (8)2.2.4信息（INFORMATION） (9)2.2.5询问（QUESTION） (9)2.2.6回答（ANSWER） (9)2.2.7请求（REQUEST） (10)2.2.8意图（INTENTION） (10)第三章VTS标准通信用语VTS standard communication phrases (10)第四章常见用语 (10)4.1信号强度 Signal strength (10)4.2 选择工作频道 selecting working channel (11)4.3 改正 corrections (11)4.4 重复repetition (11)4.5数字Numbers (12)4.6位置 Positions (12)4.7方位Bearings (13)4.8 航向 courses (14)4.9距离distances (14)4.10 速度Speed (14)4.11时间Times (15)4.12 地理名称geographical names (15)第五章通信范例 (15)5.1动态报告 Movement Report (15)5.2 作业报告 Operation Report (17)5.3分道通航制 TSS (20)5.4碰撞 COLLISION (23)5.5搁浅 Grounding (26)5.6失火 FIRE (30)5.7油污染 OIL POLLUTION (33)5.8遇险通信 DISTRESS COMMUNICATION (35)5.9搜寻救助 SEARCH AND RESCUE (36)5.10医疗援助 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE (40)第六章词汇VOCABULARY (43)6.1船舶规范 (43)6.2 船舶结构 SHIP’S STRUCTURE (44)6.3 操纵设备 MANOEUVERING FACILITIES (45)6.4 安全设备SAFETY EQUIPMENT (47)6.5 船舶定线制和报告制 SHIP’S ROUTING AND REPORTING SYSTEM (50)6.6 航行和操纵NAVIGATING AND MANOEUVERING (51)6.7航标 AIDS TO NAVIGATION (53)6.8 气象和水文状况 METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (53)6.9 港口设施和海岸特征 PORT FACILITIES ANDE COAST FEATURES (54)6.10 搜寻救助 SEARCH AND RESCUE (55)6.11医疗MEDICAL SECTION (56)第七章字母和数字的拼读 (57)第一章 VTS 通信协议 VTS communication protocols作为一个通信系统，必须制定协议，以保证VTS的信息是：As a communication system, protocols need to be developed to ensure that VTS messages are:清晰的；Clear;简明的；Simple, and仅包含必要的信息。
低频活动漂浮潜水船声探测系统（LFATS）说明书
LOW-FREQUENCY ACTIVE TOWED SONAR (LFATS)LFATS is a full-feature, long-range,low-frequency variable depth sonarDeveloped for active sonar operation against modern dieselelectric submarines, LFATS has demonstrated consistent detection performance in shallow and deep water. LFATS also provides a passive mode and includes a full set of passive tools and features.COMPACT SIZELFATS is a small, lightweight, air-transportable, ruggedized system designed specifically for easy installation on small vessels. CONFIGURABLELFATS can operate in a stand-alone configuration or be easily integrated into the ship’s combat system.TACTICAL BISTATIC AND MULTISTATIC CAPABILITYA robust infrastructure permits interoperability with the HELRAS helicopter dipping sonar and all key sonobuoys.HIGHLY MANEUVERABLEOwn-ship noise reduction processing algorithms, coupled with compact twin line receivers, enable short-scope towing for efficient maneuvering, fast deployment and unencumbered operation in shallow water.COMPACT WINCH AND HANDLING SYSTEMAn ultrastable structure assures safe, reliable operation in heavy seas and permits manual or console-controlled deployment, retrieval and depth-keeping. FULL 360° COVERAGEA dual parallel array configuration and advanced signal processing achieve instantaneous, unambiguous left/right target discrimination.SPACE-SAVING TRANSMITTERTOW-BODY CONFIGURATIONInnovative technology achievesomnidirectional, large aperture acousticperformance in a compact, sleek tow-body assembly.REVERBERATION SUPRESSIONThe unique transmitter design enablesforward, aft, port and starboarddirectional transmission. This capabilitydiverts energy concentration away fromshorelines and landmasses, minimizingreverb and optimizing target detection.SONAR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONA key ingredient to mission planning,LFATS computes and displays systemdetection capability based on modeled ormeasured environmental data.Key Features>Wide-area search>Target detection, localization andclassification>T racking and attack>Embedded trainingSonar Processing>Active processing: State-of-the-art signal processing offers acomprehensive range of single- andmulti-pulse, FM and CW processingfor detection and tracking. Targetdetection, localization andclassification>P assive processing: LFATS featuresfull 100-to-2,000 Hz continuouswideband coverage. Broadband,DEMON and narrowband analyzers,torpedo alert and extendedtracking functions constitute asuite of passive tools to track andanalyze targets.>Playback mode: Playback isseamlessly integrated intopassive and active operation,enabling postanalysis of pre-recorded mission data and is a keycomponent to operator training.>Built-in test: Power-up, continuousbackground and operator-initiatedtest modes combine to boostsystem availability and accelerateoperational readiness.UNIQUE EXTENSION/RETRACTIONMECHANISM TRANSFORMS COMPACTTOW-BODY CONFIGURATION TO ALARGE-APERTURE MULTIDIRECTIONALTRANSMITTERDISPLAYS AND OPERATOR INTERFACES>State-of-the-art workstation-based operator machineinterface: Trackball, point-and-click control, pull-down menu function and parameter selection allows easy access to key information. >Displays: A strategic balance of multifunction displays,built on a modern OpenGL framework, offer flexible search, classification and geographic formats. Ground-stabilized, high-resolution color monitors capture details in the real-time processed sonar data. > B uilt-in operator aids: To simplify operation, LFATS provides recommended mode/parameter settings, automated range-of-day estimation and data history recall. >COTS hardware: LFATS incorporates a modular, expandable open architecture to accommodate future technology.L3Harrissellsht_LFATS© 2022 L3Harris Technologies, Inc. | 09/2022NON-EXPORT CONTROLLED - These item(s)/data have been reviewed in accordance with the InternationalTraffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), 22 CFR part 120.33, and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), 15 CFR 734(3)(b)(3), and may be released without export restrictions.L3Harris Technologies is an agile global aerospace and defense technology innovator, delivering end-to-endsolutions that meet customers’ mission-critical needs. The company provides advanced defense and commercial technologies across air, land, sea, space and cyber domains.t 818 367 0111 | f 818 364 2491 *******************WINCH AND HANDLINGSYSTEMSHIP ELECTRONICSTOWED SUBSYSTEMSONAR OPERATORCONSOLETRANSMIT POWERAMPLIFIER 1025 W. NASA Boulevard Melbourne, FL 32919SPECIFICATIONSOperating Modes Active, passive, test, playback, multi-staticSource Level 219 dB Omnidirectional, 222 dB Sector Steered Projector Elements 16 in 4 stavesTransmission Omnidirectional or by sector Operating Depth 15-to-300 m Survival Speed 30 knotsSize Winch & Handling Subsystem:180 in. x 138 in. x 84 in.(4.5 m x 3.5 m x 2.2 m)Sonar Operator Console:60 in. x 26 in. x 68 in.(1.52 m x 0.66 m x 1.73 m)Transmit Power Amplifier:42 in. x 28 in. x 68 in.(1.07 m x 0.71 m x 1.73 m)Weight Winch & Handling: 3,954 kg (8,717 lb.)Towed Subsystem: 678 kg (1,495 lb.)Ship Electronics: 928 kg (2,045 lb.)Platforms Frigates, corvettes, small patrol boats Receive ArrayConfiguration: Twin-lineNumber of channels: 48 per lineLength: 26.5 m (86.9 ft.)Array directivity: >18 dB @ 1,380 HzLFATS PROCESSINGActiveActive Band 1,200-to-1,00 HzProcessing CW, FM, wavetrain, multi-pulse matched filtering Pulse Lengths Range-dependent, .039 to 10 sec. max.FM Bandwidth 50, 100 and 300 HzTracking 20 auto and operator-initiated Displays PPI, bearing range, Doppler range, FM A-scan, geographic overlayRange Scale5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kyd PassivePassive Band Continuous 100-to-2,000 HzProcessing Broadband, narrowband, ALI, DEMON and tracking Displays BTR, BFI, NALI, DEMON and LOFAR Tracking 20 auto and operator-initiatedCommonOwn-ship noise reduction, doppler nullification, directional audio。
(完整版)新视野大学英语视听说教程4(第二版)完整答案含test(可编辑修改word版)
新视野大学英语视听说教程第二版4级答案（全新版本）Unit1 enjoy your feelingsIIC BD A DListening InTask 1 what a clumsy man!Keys: A C D C BTask 2 causes of depressionKeys: (1)families (2)chemicals (3)information (4) certain (5)self- esteen (6)thinking patterns (7)mood (8)divorce (9)physical abuse (10)financial difficulties (11)stress (12)anxietyTask 3 happiness indexKeys: B D A A CLet’s TalkKeys: (1) shy (2) crying (3)scared (4) came down (5) fun (6) nice (7) two step (8) argue (9) touch (10) bad time (11) speak (12) comfortable (13) brother (14) adults (15) children (16) secondary (17) growing (18) learnFurther Listening and SpeakingTask 1: Big John is coming!(S1) owner(S2) running(S3) drop(S4) run (S5)local(S6) yelling,(S7) lives!”(S8) As he’s picking himself up, he sees a large man, almost seven feet tall.(S9) The bartender nervously hands the big man a beer, hands shaking. (S10) “I got to get out of town! Don’t you hear Big John is coming?” Task 2 Reason and emotionKey : A B C C DTask 3 Every cloud has a silver liningKey : T F F T FViewing and speakingKey ：(1) seven (2) 150 (3) favorite (4) bridge (5) 111 (6) fast (7) simple (8) trusted (9) stupid (10) did (11) No way (12) ultimate (13) limits (14) skywards (15) £60 (16)cheapUnit1 Test1.C D B C D2.(1)over (2) companionship (3) lover (4) definition (5 scarce (6) diary (7) sight (8) Thank God, I've done my duty Thank God, I've done my duty (9) In a workforce made up entirely of happy people, the competitive edge would soon be lost (10) It may take centuries before philosophers and scientists can arrive at a clear definition of happiness3.B A D C C4.A D C A B C B D A AUnit 2I f d a e h i b c jII BACDBIII 1.CAADB2.Correct answerthe enddiscountsT-shirtsbig-name brandsInterchangeable piecesblack trousersseveral timessimpleststylish and fashionable3.ABACDV let’s talkTask 1wealthyclothing stylesfigureslimmerconstructionlightlargerformalbrightly coloredthe rich and the poorone classoccasionsPoorer peopleFurther listening > Task 1 CAABATask 2BABABTask 3She chose two colors, then built her wardrobe around them.She has a pair of black dress slacks, with black shoes to match. If she wears that with her turquoise silk blouse and a matching necklace and earrings, she will look dressed up.If she wears a T-shirt with the black dress slacks, she is more casual.If she brings a pashmina, or another dress scarf, she can dress up the T- shirt into casual chic.Her suitcase will be nearly empty, with lots of room for shopping.Viewing and speaking > Task 1(1)combining clothing withnew technology(2)brand-new style(3)new industrial designsolutions(4)electronics and fashion(5)into your collar(6)went into partnership with(7)bring them together(8)the modern-day worker(9)600 pounds(10)to what we might expectUnit2Part I CBCBDPart II contest queens outgoing cheers title tours performed A beautiful womanhas very great powers to convince,and we have done a great job.Women's liberation organizations in the United States regularly demonstrate.All the same,some Australians were hoping the two-hour show would draw world attention to the be.Part III ADCBBPart IV CDADD BCBDBUnit 3Task 1 drought earthquake flood forest fire landslide snowstorm tsunami typhoon volcanic eruptionBasic listening DACBCListening inTask 1 BCADCTask 2 BBABATask 3Correct answerdroughtundersea result indry spellfloodwater supplies famine agriculture heavy rainfall meltingswellman-made damsLet’s talkTask 1Correct answer erupted buryingfewoverseas rescueinjuredislanderssevenbiggestcloseaftershockstrap20 million poundsdiseaseFurther listening >Task 1 BADACTask 21.Since the company was composed entirely of men over 65, there was doubt that they would be of any assistance.But the farmer called the company anyway because the fire proved to be more than the small town fire department could handle, and there was no other help available.2.The truck drove straight toward the fire and, instead of stopping in front of the fire, drove right into the middle of the flames.3.After an hour of intense fighting, they had extinguished the fire.4.He presented the volunteer fire company with a check for $10,000.5.The captain said, "The first thing we're going to do is to get the brakes fixed on that stupid fire truck." That suggests that they drove right intothe middle of the flames because of useless brakes rather than bravery. Task 3 ABCDCViewing and speaking >Task 1rescuedworst floodingsurprisefloodedmy son'screwsbursthitsavehigh tidefurniturenormalcomputer systemdrugsheavyUnit 3 TestP1 A C C D DP2 at , section, connects, bottom, shining, As, cross,Ten minutes later,as we were looking out the window,we saweveryone was running away from something.A huge flood was streaming down the mountain.Wwere standing on a high place,so we could see everything.It was reported that the flood destroyed a big area and approximately 300 people were killed or disappeared that day.P3 A B B D CP4 B D A C C D A B D AUnit 4Lead inc d a e h f i g bBasic listeningCBABDListening inTask l CBDAATask 2Relationshipsmarketing managerin conflict withexpensesended in vaintraining administratorvisitedestablish closer relationships long-termpicked upTask 3 CDDCALet's talkTask 116featuresbriefeightpaperguidelinesinterviewstreatmentcome backDeadlinesmeetguidancescaryFurther listening >Task 1 DBCACTask 2 BABABTask 31.They gathered for lunch to welcome the new Chief Executive Officer, Carl Martin, and say goodbye to the departing CEO, Dick Jackson.2.The departing CEO left three numbered envelopes for the new CEO.3.The message read, "Blame your predecessor." So, the new CEO held a press conference and tactfully laid the blame at the feet of the previous CEO.4.The message read, "Reorganize." The new CEO did it, and the company quickly rebounded.5.The message said, "Prepare three envelopes." It implied that it was time for Carl to leave and give three similar envelopes to the next CEO. Viewing and speakingTask 1earninglive onfrustratingheadchasingtelevisioneditorlaunchingbasisprivilegedUnit 4 TestP1 D D A D DP2expensive ,declined ,averaged ,compared ,agency ,floor ,accommodation. But the biggest climber of all was Dublin,with the Irish capital jump nine places to the tenth among the world’s most expensive office location. Globally,most office locations continued to register declines in occupancy costs last year,reflects the weak and uncertain global economy environment.In Euro terms,London is some 17 perce cheaper than last year,but in dol terms it is virtually unchanged.P3 D C A D BP4 A B D C A D D C C D补充第一空为supermarketsUnit 5Unit 5 test P1 CDCBDP2P3 CBDAC P4 ABDCD CDBBA Unit 6Basic listening CCADBListening inTask 1 CBADCTask 2terriblemisfortunereflectiondamagedheavenpickSome people claim that the number is bad luck because 13 people sat down for the Last Supper before Jesus was crucifiedFriday the 13th of any month is considered especially bad or unlucky, and Friday the 13th of March is the worst of them allthey mean that every seven years a person undergoes a complete change in personalityTask 3falling stock marketseven more superstitious much lessconstructive actionless luckymore satisfied examstrust revisionLet's talk Task 1 mystery inside out largestthree million outside innerhis theory used upthe base137-meter purpose tall, narrow 100,000 or so radarFurther listening and speakingTask 1 ABDDBTask 2 AABBATask 31.The magician did the same tricks over and over again.2.The captain's parrot watched every show and began to understand what the magician did in each trick. Once he understood that, he started shouting in the middle of the show.3.Each time the parrot revealed one of his secrets, the audience roared with laughter. The4. performance he intended to be dark and mysterious turned into a comedy.4.The ship collided with an enormous iceberg and sank. The magician found himself on a piece of wood, in the middle of the ocean, and the parrot was by his side.5.He said, "OK, I give up. But I hope you'll tell me what trick you are going to do with the boat."Viewing and speakingTask 1feetshapestheoryman-madelook afterexpertsa millionouter space extraterrestrial conceivablecircle makerimageexplaingenuinelifting out ofrubbishmysterymysteriousfarmerscatchappearlandscapeUnit 6 test P1 DACCCP2P3 BDACDP4 ADDDC ABCCC Unit 7Basic listeningAADBCListening in > Task 1 DCAABTask 2DCAABrestSundayindustrial revolution Godsix-day work week late 19th and early 20th relaxationgreat boon consumer spending Second World War two daysdo not workreligious activitiesLet's talkTask 1held backtransporthighestsubsistencelower2,000-kilometerpotentialdevelopmentnumber onetourismonly twolandscapesfascinatingcommutingtouristruinedhistorytraditionalmistakesFurther listening and speaking> Task 1 AABBBTask 2CABBDTask 3ABCDCViewing and speaking Task 1booksearch enginesreal customersjudge250 poundstwo days / 2 days partyingclicktargetingUnit 7 test P1 CABDDP2P3 CABDDP4 CACDB AACBBUnit 8 test P1 CBDBDP2P3 BDCACP4 BDCAC ABBADUnit 9Lets Talk ACBDCUnit 9 test P1 ACDCD P2P3 BCDACP4 ADDAA DCBBA Unit 10Basic listening DCABCListening inTask 1future needssharesriskbanks30a halfratecapital lossinterchangeablysavingsTask 2DBCCATask 3ABBAALet's talkTask 11)they must sort out their cash flow problem by selling a part of the business to investors.2)it's a realistic amount to take this manufacturing business forward. 3)they must update their initial business plan4)it's time to put on the suit and try to sell part of Cyclepods to an5)so I'll have to... maybe get the heavies in or something.6)The most important thing James needs to do over the next two months is to raise cash7)Cyclepods can't do anything without an updated business plan.8)it's back to basics for a fun evening of number crunching and spread sheets,9)it's time for a professional and considered rehearsal to get his sales pitch just right.10)Presentation skills are going to be crucialFurther listening and speaking Further listeningTask 1ABDBCTask 2CBDAC1.He has been following the roller coaster ride of his stock portfolio and it's driving him mad.2.Stocks are pretty hard to predict. So she has put her money into hedge funds.3.A hedge is a way of reducing risk. A hedge fund is a company that creates a stock portfolio that tries to balance the market activity.4.Analysts examine stocks to assess which ones are likely to go up, and which will likely go down.5.He says that if he leaves his money with a fund manager, perhaps the manager can trade his stocks in a more profitable way.Viewing and speakingTask 1casheasyresultspaybillshead26 percent / 26%close the dealfiguresideaplanfinebusiness guidevoting rightssaystrong pointinvestment150,000 / 15000026 percent / 26%1.He has been following the roller coaster ride of his stock portfolio and it's driving him mad.2.Stocks are pretty hard to predict. So she has put her money into hedge funds.3.A hedge is a way of reducing risk. A hedge fund is a company that creates a stock portfolio that tries to balance the market activity.4.Analysts examine stocks to assess which ones are likely to go up, and which will likely go down.5.He says that if he leaves his money with a fund manager, perhaps the manager can trade his stocks in a more profitable way.Unit 10 testP1 BDCDBP2 (1) individualP3 CDCAAP4 BCADB CDADB。
实训英文翻译技巧分析 presentation
Amplification
Conversion
adv→n
Restructuring
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In a survey conducted by Conde Nast Traveller magazine, Victoria was judged to be one of the world's best cities, Topping the list in the category of environment and ambience.
维多利亚年均日照时长达2183小时，无霜期达8个月，年均降水量 仅26.2英寸(相比之下，纽约年均降水量超50英寸)。冬季年均月降 水量为5厘米(2英寸)，夏季月降水量则小于2.5厘米(1英寸)。
翻 译 技 巧 : omission 、 division 、 conversion( 状 语 → 定 语 ) 、 amplification
Course Translation Theory and Practice
Analysis of translation skills
XXX XXX 这里可以写小组成员
Paraphrase
①Victoria,The Capital
City
of
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British Columbia,
is
Western
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Victoria boasts an average of 2,183 hours of sunshine yearly, and an eight month frost free season. Average annual rainfall is 26.2 inches (compared to over 50 inches in New York). The average monthly rainfall in winter is 5 cm (2 inches) and in the summer is less than 2.5 cm (1 inch).
AdvancedAssemblyTMEPresentation
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Cleco TM Training
Application Builder
Basic Standard Advanced RUN Screen Communications
Tool Setup Statistics Diagnostics Utilities Administration
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•New resolver style motors allow for greater speed control throughout the full range of the tools capability. Better speed control means better torque repeatability.
Cleco TM Training
Standard Application Builder
The Standard Application Builder allows the user to create more complex multistep programs by piecing together the sequences that are desired, up to six stages.
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Cleco TM Training
Software
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Cleco TM Training
Navigator Menu
Application Builder
Basic
Tool Setup
Standard Advanced
Statistics Diagnostics
RUN Screen
Utilities
•Tools in the torque range from 2-2000Nm can all be run on one box using the same cables. This reduces the requirements for spare or back-up equipment.
英语presentation之大堡礁旅游介绍
STEP 2
We choose the GREAT BARRIER REEF!
And
WHY?
STEP 3
SEARCH
THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
• We all know that the Great Barrier Reef is the heaven of duckers.In fact，it is also the heaven of 1500kinds of fishes,4000 kinds of mollusk,134 kinds of sharks,242kinds of birds.As for me,the most attractive sight is the georous coral.It is formed by certain types of polyp.Only clear,warm and salt water can support a coral reef.The multicolored coral has differernt shapes,forming a natural artist dtawing.Besides the coral,here also live tropical marine fishes,for example,elegant butterfish,colorful damelfish,beautiful snailfish.They live here at ease.Great varieties of endangered species also live here,which make the Great Barrier Reef a scientific research base. The Great Barrier Reef IS the tropical rain forest in the sea,and it is the habitat of differernt birds, adding vitality to the beautiful world.
四川省成都市第七中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末模拟检测英语试题 - 副本
成都七中高2024届高二下学期期末模拟检测试题英语注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。
1.What might the woman be looking for?A.Eggs.B.Cheese.C.Hot dogs.2.What does the woman want her son to do?A.Turn down the volume.B.Answer the phone.C.Stop watching the movie.3.What is Donald doing in the kitchen?A.Getting something to eat.B.Looking for his phone.C.Going online.4.Why is the woman worried?A.Her account has no money.B.Her card was eaten by the machine.C.She thinks the bank lost her account history.5.Why won't the woman give the man directions?A.She is late for class.B.She isn't familiar with the area.C.She has never heard of the community college.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
雅思听力单词必备-
雅思听力常用场景词1. 住宿场景accommodation 住宿,食宿apartment (美公寓compound apartment 复式公寓apartment hotel 酒店公寓studio apartment 单间的公寓房flat (英student hostel 学生旅社hall of residence 学生宿舍dormitory 学生宿舍detached house 独立式住宅suit 套房homestay 留学生与户主一起居住的一种居家方式landlord 房东landlady 女房东tenant 房客surroundings 环境downtown 市中心suburb郊区rural area 乡村near the center/ railway station/ campus 靠近市中心/火车站/ 校园bedsit 卧室兼起居室attic 阁楼bathroom 浴室balcony 阳台shared kitchen (共用厨房parking place / lot 停车场basement 地下室garage 车库laundry room 洗衣房lounge 休息厅furniture 家具furnished 配备家具的refrigerator 冰箱electric stove 电炉子gas stove 煤气炉shower set淋浴设备central air conditioning 中央空调microwave oven 微波炉kettle 水壶tap 水龙头sink 洗碗池cupboard 橱柜dishwasher 洗碗机radiator 暖气cordless phone 无绳电话closed circuit TV 闭路电视cable and internet 有线和网络heating system 加热系统carpet 地毯blanket 毛毯cushion 软垫mattress 床垫rug 小地毯pillow 枕头utensil 器皿cooking utensils 烹饪用具kitchen utensils 厨房用具shutter / blind 百叶窗curtain 窗帘deposit 押金lease租赁execution of contract 合同生效renewal of a contract 续约maximum rent 最高房租minimum rent 最低房租bills extra 不含水电费bills included 包含水电费English proficiency 英语水平intermediate 中等advanced 高级水平2.描述人的外表、衣着gender 性别hair color 头发颜色blond 金发碧眼的bald 秃头beard 落腮胡moustache/mustache 上唇上的小胡子clean-shaven 胡子刮得很干净wearing glasses 戴眼镜contact lenses 隐型眼镜dimple 酒窝pimple 粉刺freckle 雀斑wrinkle 皱纹beauty spot 美人痣scar 疤pullover 套头毛衣sandal 凉鞋jewelry 珠宝be in red/green/dark 身着红/绿/黑色衣服wear/be in tie 戴领带sweater 套头衫,运动衫cardigan 开襟衫slim 苗条的stout 结实的、矮胖的plump 丰满的3.方位A block away 一个街区远a couple of hundred yards away两三百码远arrow 箭头be parallel to 平行于Be one’s left/right 在….左右be nearby 附近northbound/southbound 北行的/ 南行的opposite 对面的main access 主入口rear access 后门wheelchair access 轮椅crossing 十字路口pedestrian crossing 人行横道zebra crossing 斑马线junction 交叉路口intersection 十字路口landmark 路标wing/annex 配楼4运动休闲/ 文艺节目stadium 露天体育场gym 健身房hi-tech fitness center 高科技健身中心yoga 瑜伽cycling 自行车运动jogging 慢跑weight training 举重训练aerobics 有氧运动water polo 水球squash 壁球cricket 板球rugby 橄榄球golf 高尔夫bowling 保龄球billiard house 台球厅pool 落袋snooker 斯诺克ice hockey 冰上曲棍球skating 滑冰badminton 羽毛球baseball 棒球softball 垒球beach volleyballtreadmill 跑步机track and field 田径martial art 武术wrestling 摔跤judo 柔道karate 空手道box 拳击canoeing 划独木船announcement 宣布acrobat 杂技演员acrobatics 杂技animal performance 动物表演aerial display 空中表演circus 马戏团clown 小丑puppet 木偶puppeteer 操纵木偶的人drama 戏剧a poetic drama 诗剧Greek drama 希腊戏剧album 唱片ballet 芭蕾box office 售票处brass 铜管乐器instrument 乐器solo 独奏曲soloist 独唱者drum band 鼓乐队guitar 吉他violin 小提琴piano 钢琴saxophone 交响乐jazz band 爵士乐队symphony 交响乐队orchestra 管弦乐队string 弦乐队sonata 奏鸣曲western music 西方音乐classical music 古典音乐rock music 摇滚乐5.旅游出行travel agency旅行社flight number航班号take off起飞land降落check in办理登机手续motel汽车旅馆youth hostel青年旅社book the ticket订票passport护照visa签证credit card信用卡driving license、licence驾照expire(v.驾照、护照等过期platform站台reservation 预订schedule 日程安排extra charge 额外收费brochure 旅游小册子non-open time 非对外开放时间resort 旅游胜地museum博物馆castle 城堡cathedral 大教堂ancient temple 古寺庙aquarium 水族馆botanical garden 植物amusement park 游乐场organic farm 有机农场valley 峡谷Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁go camping 宿营Sydney Opera HouseStonehenge 巨石阵wild-life zoo 野生动物园waterfall 瀑布hot spring 温泉bush 灌木丛beach 海滩coast 海岸heritage 遗产rain forest 雨林leisure activity 休闲活动vineyard 葡萄园souvenir纪念品art gallery画廊hiking徒步旅行hitch-hike搭便车旅行scuba-diving(潜水surfing冲浪water skiing滑水hang gliding 滑翔off-road driving 越野four-wheel drive 四轮驱动车parachuting 跳伞bag-packer肩背大包自助旅行的人hold-all sack(旅行袋 ,net, repellent(杀虫剂walking boots, jumper(带帽子的衣服sun block 防晒霜bathing suit 泳衣trunks 泳裤sun-glasses 太阳镜beach- towel 大浴巾tent 帐篷compass 指南针helmet 头盔torch 手电筒mosquito net 蚊帐irritation plants 刺激性植物jellyfish 水母海蜇poisonous plants / snake / spider 有毒植物/毒蛇/毒蜘蛛7 学业生活场景enrollment 注册registration 注册application form 申请表Administration building 行政楼orientation meeting (新生入门指导 preparatory course (预备课程 course arrangement (课程安排course requirement(课程要求 selective/ elective/ option/ optional course ( 选修课required / compulsory course (必修课 curriculum 课程office hour 教授与学生面谈的时间handout 上课发的材料presentation 专题发言assessment 对学生情况进行评估tutorial 助教的辅导School of Arts and Science 文理学院seminar 小组研讨debate 辩论methodology 教学法paper / term paper 学期论文dissertation 毕业论文final report 期末报告plagiarism 抄袭final exam 期末考试objective exam 客观考试subjective exam 主观考试open-book exam 开卷考试pop test 抽考placement testaptitude test 学能测试resit 重考score 成绩credit 学分diploma 文凭degree 学位certificate 证书学校的职务chancellor 名誉校长president 大学校长professor 教授associate professor (副教授 assistant professor 助理教授lecturer 讲师teaching assistant T/A 助教coordinator 班主任dean 系主任adviser 顾问staff 系主任school counselor 校辅导员tutor 导师faculty 系学校生活场所campus 校园dinning hall 餐厅cafeteria 自助小餐厅type of accommodation 住宿类型teaching building 教学楼auditorium 大礼堂administration office 行政办公室laboratory / lab 实验室students’ union 学生会society 学生团体students’ club 学生俱乐部international students office 留学生处专业Art 艺术literature 文学history 历史psychology 心理学philosophy 哲学anthropology人类学journalism 新闻学economics 经济学politics 政治学physics 物理学micro-biology 微生物marine-biology 海洋生物applied science 应用科学chemistry 化学mathematics 数学statistics 统计学information technology 信息科技archaeology 考古学architecture 建筑学engineering accounting 会计学banking 行学biochemistry cartography制图学hospitality 酒店管理archaeology 考古学astronomy 天文学geography 地理学geology 地质学zoology 动物学botany 植物学ecology 生态学8. 图书馆general-loan section 借阅部reference section 参考书库reserve section 预借书库closed reserve 非外借书库be available for reference only只用于参阅不外借publication 指定教材standards 标准出版物street map 市区地图works 作品fiction 小说Periodical 期刊current issue 期刊杂志的最新一期back issue 过刊bound periodical 装订期刊encyclopedia 百科全书supplementary reading material补充阅读材料abstract 摘要indexed journal 索引期刊index 索引catalog 分类author 作者photocopy 映印microform 微缩版printer 打印机frame computer 主控台计算机available 可借到的out on loan / out of circulation 已借出renew 续借be due 到期be overdue 过期loan period借出期限date of expiry 到期时间circulation desk 流通部9.看病kinds of doctors:mental hospital精神病医院clinic诊所physician、internist内科医surgeon外科医生dentist牙医extract拔牙vet兽医shrink心理医生process:make an appointment预约see a doctor看病send for a doctor请医生diagnosis 诊断case history病历take one’s temperature量体温feel one’s pulse量脉搏take one’s blood pressure量血压give a prescription开药方have an operation 动手术therapy 治疗optic examination 眼科检查Symptom(症状:have、catch a cold感冒have a sore throat嗓子痛have a stomachache胃痛have a fever发烧pneumonia肺炎flu流感have a cough咳嗽have a headache头痛have a toothache牙痛liver trouble肝炎allergy(be allergic to对什么过敏过敏症雅思提高段听力补充材料 twisted、sprained 扭伤的 feel dizzy 头晕 feel chilly 觉得发冷 insomnia 失眠 leprosy 麻风病 Medicine: prescription 处方 pills(药丸: vitamin 维他命 tablet 药片 penicillin 盘尼西林 antibiotic 抗生素 ointment 药膏 medication 药物 aspirin 阿司匹林 injection 注射 preventive injection 预防针 cold cure 感冒药sweating medicine 发汗药 febrifuge 退烧药 capsule 胶囊 species 物种 crocodile 鳄鱼11. 银行场景 bank book、pass book 存折 open an account 开户 fill out、in 填写 earn interest 赚取利息 savings account 储蓄存款帐户 current account 活期存款帐户check、cheque account 支票帐户 deposit account 定期存款帐户 annual interest rate 年利率 daily interest account 日利率 joint account 联名账户 expense account 公款支付帐户 instant account 速成账户 the balance of your bank account 账户余额 service charge 服务费、手续费 signature card 签名卡 draw、withdraw 提款 chequebook、checkbook支票簿 order check、cheque 记名支票 rubber check、cheque 空头支票 blank check、cheque 空白支票traveler’s check、cheque 旅行支票 money order 汇票 exchange rate 汇率 credit card 信用卡 overdraw、overdraft 透支 10. 动物类 endangered animals / species rare species kangaroo 袋鼠 koala 考拉 lizard 蜥蜴 emu 鸸鹋 penguin 企鹅 bat 蝙蝠 kiwi 几维鸟 toad 蟾酥 dinosaur 恐龙 goat 山羊 rare lion 狮子 migrant bird 候鸟marsupial 有袋动物 parrot 鹦鹉 zebra 斑马 elephant 大象 rhino 犀牛 falcon 猎鹰 hippo 河马 shark 鲨 12 自然环境常考词 water resources 水资源 shortage 短缺 drinking water 饮用水 underground water 地下水 dry continent 干旱的大陆 second only to Antarctica in its lack of rainfall 雨量的缺乏仅次于南极洲 searing wind 灼热的风 standing water / dams / puddles 储存水，水坝，水坑 barely penetrates the soil 几乎没有渗透到土 6雅思提高段听力补充材料 pumped to the surface 抽水到水面 tapped water 自来水human consumption 人类的消耗 irrigation of crops 庄稼的灌溉 underground reservoir 地下水库 the regulation of flooding 洪水治理 mineral resources 矿产资源 natural resources 自然资源 freshwater resources 淡水资源 non-renewable resources 不可再生资源 alternative energy 替代能源 evaporation 蒸发 forestation 造林 deforestation 采伐森林 fossil fuels 化石原料 greenhouse effect 温室效应 greenbelt 绿化带 global warming 全球变暖 haze 薄雾 hydroelectric power 水电动力 overexploitation 过度开采ozone layer 臭氧层 pesticide pollution 农药污染 sewage 污水 solar radiation 太阳辐射tide 潮汐 arctic region 北极地区 biogas 沼气 biodiversity 生物多样化 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 cattle breeding 养牛 charcoal 木碳 climatic issue 气候问题 conservation 保护wildlife conservation 野生动物保护 cruel oil 原油雅思听力-地名汇总一、 U.K.、the United Kingdom、 Great Britain 英国（大不列颠） London 伦敦 England 英格兰Liverpool 利物浦 Manchester 曼彻斯特 Sheffield 谢菲尔德 Birmingham 伯明翰Coventry 考文垂 Leeds 利兹 Scotland 苏格兰 Glasgow 格拉斯哥 Edinburgh 爱丁堡Wales 威尔士 Cardiff 加的夫 North Ireland 北爱尔兰 Belfast 贝尔法斯特二、Ireland 爱尔兰 Dublin 都柏林三、Australia 澳大利亚 Canberra 堪培拉 Queensland 昆士兰州Brisbane 布里斯班 New South Wales 新南威尔士州 Sydney 悉尼 South Australia 南澳大利亚州 Adelaide 阿德莱德 Victoria 维多利亚州 Melbourne 墨尔本 WesternAustralia 西澳大利亚州 Perth 珀斯四、New Zealand 新西兰 Wellington 惠灵顿五、Canada 加拿大 Ottawa 渥太华 British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省 Victoria 维多利亚 Vancouver 温哥华 Alberta 艾伯塔省 Edmonton 埃德蒙顿 Ontario 安大略省Toronto 多伦多 Quebec 魁北克省 Montreal 蒙特利尔六、The United States of America 美国 Washington 华盛顿 New York 纽约 Boston 波士顿 Atlanta 亚特兰大Seattle 西雅图 Los Angeles、L.A.洛杉矶 Chicago 芝加哥 7。
01_Lecture_Presentation
The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
• Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Ecosystem Dynamics
• The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes:
(Southern
(Earth)
forest) California coast)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5
Emergent Properties
• Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
– For example, the molecular structure of DNA
• An understanding of biology balances reductionism with the study of emergent properties
– For example, new understanding comes from studying the interactions of DNA with other molecules
RSTestStand Enterprise控制系统模拟软件教程说明书
COURSE AGENDADay 1• Getting Started withRSTestStand software • Creating a Project Model • Creating and Modifying Resources•Building Operator Consoles and Creating a Connection Diagram•Simulating and Validating a Project ModelDay 2• Creating Run-Time Scenarios • Creating, Animating, and Controlling Scenes •Creating and Running a Part Flow Model and Binding Actions to Resources • Building Logical Views •Troubleshooting and Tuning RSTestStand Enterprise Projects Using ProductivityToolsCOURSE NUMBER: RS-RSTS101-LDCourse PurposeThis course provides engineers and programmers with a working knowledge of the RSTestStand Enterprise control systems simulation software. Upon completion of this course, engineers and programmers will gain the skills to create, validate, troubleshoot, and tune RSTestStand Enterprise Projects using RSTestStand simulation software.This course also provides hands-on practices to reinforce the tasks involved in designing, testing, and implementing an effective simulation model of a machine and/or process. From creating and running project models and run-time scenarios to animating scenes and binding actions to resources, students will have the opportunity to fully understand the capabilities of RSTestStand Enterprise simulations and the benefits of this virtual modeling process with regard to start-up time, design flaw identification, problem resolution, and end-user training.Who Should AttendControls engineers and programmers who are responsible for designing, starting up, installing, and troubleshooting automation control systems and equipment should attend this course.SoftwareRSTestStand ™ Enterprise Project Development Course DescriptionGMST10-PP309C-EN-ECopyright ©2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA.PrerequisitesTo successfully complete this course, the following prerequisites are required:• Familiarity with Microsoft ® Windows ® user interface • Basic understanding of PLC ®processors or completion of the PLC-5®/SLC ™500 and RSLogix ™ Fundamentals course (CCP122)• Knowledge of basic VB scripting concepts• Familiarity with basic OPC and detailed understanding of RSLinx software is recommendedTechnology RequirementsAll technology is provided for student use in theclassroom by Rockwell Automation. It is not necessary for students to bring any technology with them when attending this course.Hands-On PracticeHands-on practice is necessary for building skills.Throughout this course, students will have the opportunity to practice the skills they learn through a variety of hands-on exercises. In specific, students will practice the following RSTestStand software tasks: • Configure basic components of an RSTestStand project• Analyze an application to develop a project model • Add and modify resources to a project• Build an operator console and check inputs and outputs to the simulated control system• Test the RSTestStand project for error conditions and system responses• Create unique run-time scenarios• Add 3-D images to scenes and animate an object • Develop a part flow model for feedback and part-in-place detection• Create data scopes, traces, test scripts, etc. to troubleshoot and tune RSTestStand projectsStudent MaterialsTo enhance and facilitate students’ learning experience, the following materials are provided to each student as part of the course package: •Student Manual, which contains the key concepts, definitions, and examples presented in the course and includes the hands-on exercises.Course LengthThis is a two-day course.Course NumberThe course number is RS-RSTS101-LD.To RegisterTo register for this or any other Rockwell Automation training course, contact your local authorized Allen-Bradley Distributor or your local Sales/Support office for a complete listing of courses, descriptions, prices, and schedules.You can also access course information via the Web at /trainingAll trademarks and registered trademarks are property of their respective companies.。
雅思听力机经词汇必背
机经词汇说明：*红色加粗：两次（以上）成为答案词*(s)：部分词汇既考过单数又考过复数形式，考过复数形式的单词后面加(s)一、校园生活地点/活动（1月）library, orientation（2月）primary school（3月）band（5月）university, workshop, singing（6月）gallery, avenue, nursery（11月）conference room, urban, bird watching, earth, cafe, holiday,学术/专业（1月）biology, intermediate, diploma（2月）communication, triangle, transform（3月）instrument, academic, prospect, debate, knowledge, mathematics, photography, outline, display（4月）laboratory, self-centered, stimulation, theory chapters, checklist,qualification（5月）feedback, qualification, lecture, reading, topic(s), purpose, record(v.), film, discussion, definition, skills, impact, experiences, planning, group, presentation skill, plan time, filmed, white board, read aloud, summary, background, architecture, references（6月）supervisor,methodology, diaries（7月）chemical（9月）vision, image; estimate, mapping, distance, frequency, protected, tracks, data, chart, causes, clear, test, lists, symbols; external, link,意见反馈（10月）part-time, help desk二、日常生活住宿/起居（1月）CDs, furniture, rack(s), electricity, dinner, freeze/anti-freezing, bank, market, discount, portable, insurance（2月）electric, dining room, garage, supermarket, heavy items, watering, trash, screen(s), button, locker, helmet, light(s), card, security, danger,passport（3月）unfurnished, double bedroom, balcony, kitchen, facility, privacy, private, cottage, newspaper(s), roof, bar, shower, mirror(s)（4月）housing, security, quiet, restaurant, beach（5月）lane, shopping mall, internet, gym, activities, walls,（7月）basement（9月）lunch, diet, habit, drink（10月）natural, light, glass, drawer, next week morning, garage, self-locking/ locked, shower, music, own food, basement, blanket, fire alarm, cleaning, windows（11月）basement, shower, walls, fan, gate, lock, fire,食物（1月）egg(s)（2月）fruit(s), nut, sweet（3月）salad(s)（4月）corn, seafood（6月）juice, pizza（7月）chocolate，spiecs（9月）banana, sandwich,（11月）food containers, chicken,服装（1月）long strap, cream, jeans（5月）clothing（9月）clothes, uniform, trousers, socks,运动（1月）tennis, judo, yoga（2月）walk（4月）yoga, stadium（5月）running tour, sailing, cycling（9月）climbing, golf, swim身体/健康/人体科学（1月）skin, leg, virus（2月）bone(s), weight, disease, hospital, malnutrition /nutrition, smell, blind （3月）health, temperature, fluid(s), kidney（4月）colds(注意复数), drugs（6月）bacteria, hormone（9月）back problems（10月）（人类嗅觉）monkeys, chemical, chocolate, orange, fear, source, accurate, childhood, sad, spices（11月）diseases, health, dietary, gene, heavy, women,交通（1月）helicopter（9月）running tunnels, cross passages（11月）traffic,人物（1月）leader, police, young people, disability/disabled people, tourist(s)（2月）mother(s), sensitive, uncle（3月）dentist, adult(s)（4月）cousin（5月）family, tutor, boys, children, first-year students（6月）waitress, female（7月）chemist（11月）twin, family,情感/心灵/品质（5月）pleasure, relationships, trust, patience, concentration,talent, negative, friendly（9月）attitude（11月）intelligent,物品（5月）phone book(?), pottery, drum，tools，carpets, stone, shadow, photos, rubbish, tent（6月）pump, photograph, boiler, radiators（9月）helmet, recordings, slide, label, decorations, tent, walking boots, drum;（11月child seat, microphone, projector, radar, waterproof, stone,其他（5月）small, age, couple, membership, long-term, link, beginning, cost, priority,（6月）solar, signal（9月）action，color, password, flavor, insurance, discount（10月）slow, moderate（11月）varied, warning, speed, open, quality of life, physical changes, discount, overfill,三、自然环境/生态（1月）energy, winter, warm, sun/sunlight, agriculture, irrigation（2月）layer(s), rain, wild, water, damp, soil, farming, storm, fire（3月）sunset, ash, carbon（4月）carbon, oxygen（5月）desert, rainbow（6月）irrigation, erosion, flooding（9月）weather,wind, horizon, lakes, mountain(s), pollution, noisy, view,gender（11月）ocean, night, agriculture, storm,景点/旅游活动/其他地点（1月）museum(s), forest, north America, river(s), cave(s), pond, rainfall, foundation（2月）park, swimming pool, garden, entrance, station（3月）barbecue, carnival, theatre, fountain, shade（4月）garden, peak season, beach（5月）factory, bakery, agency, gallery（7月）reception（9月）planet, airport, bridge, hospital, restaurant, sculptures, toy factory , parking, cave, waterfall,（10月）wedding, cheese, India, slow, business, park, pool, museum, flowers, café, bridge, map, conference, coach, camp, apartment, meat, insects, noisy, cinema, cook, breakfast, towels, booklets, game, room, internet access, shells, bicycles, slide, lockers, hiking, tennis, picnic, boat trip, photo, pottery, castle, survey, local market, silver coins, textile production, water, lions, Roman Emperor（11月）museum, insects, park, surveys, guide, planet,动物（1月）eagle, rat(s), hibernate, dog(s)（2月）fish, reproduction（3月）evolution, feather(s)（4月）animal waste（5月）bird(s), snake（9月）brain（10月）shape, dives, soft, sleep, protein, migration, surface, switch on, power, depth, damage, energy, oxygen, mouth, dolphins, medicine, nets, disease, chemicals, stress, temperature, clean, climate, human activities, whistle, color, environment, shark nets, hunting, water pollution, noise, weather, habitat, related, population, noisy disturbance（11月）hunting, nests, water,植物（1月）tree(s)（2月）green（3月）bush(es)（11月）tree(s),四、社会经济/职场（1月）monopoly, training（3月）typing, employment, commercial, advertise（5月）ads, business, weekend, website, weekdays, interviews, driving licence, （7月）regional，security，wage，infrastructure，labour，insurance （9月）contract, imported, culture, industry, efficient, benefits, dismiss （10月）green tax, insurance（11月）code, business,材料（1月）artificial, nylon, clay（2月）wood, brick(s), glass, oil, rope（3月）ink, string(s), powder, wax, lead, object（4月）clay, silver（5月）wool, paper, concrete（6月）rubber（9月）minerals, sugar, metal, honey,（11月）plastic, wood,政治和社会生活（5月）prison, government（7月）immigration（9月）parties（11月）Saturday,场景词汇（1月）火车失物登记handles 把手cabinet 储物柜item 物品应聘求职salary register节日活动介绍gardening 园艺car parking children playground动物保护志愿者招募adjust to the environment,applicant escape from routine life,get close to wildlife, organization aims,travel expenses, insurance,accommodation, costs,local climate船的历史steer the boat, marine history, global trip街区艺术活动floating restaurant souvenirs impressed shopping complex员工满意度Presentationemployee satisfaction camera security privacy网络的影响presentationPrinciples,bar chart,consultant医学课程讨论nursing/clinic, operation手术,specialize in,international/worldwide, reputation, tutor,textbook环境项目Sponsor,punctuality,r egulated by law,field trips美洲霸王蝶迁徙Hibernate,migration,formative stage,mechanism,butterflies, survival skills（2月）租房：electricity, card, rack, security, library, park, swimming pool, dining room, garage, supermarket, park, primary school, garden, street, bath room, locker room, double door, media room煮食：wheat, health, exhibition比赛：media, topic, scenario, workplace机器人：loading system, robot, test zone公司工作,地点：fishing time, holiday leave, cafeteria, communication, passport语言研究：language ability, interviewee, statistic, phrase, reference material, critical thinking动物活动：entrance, smell, winter, damp, dark, eggs, blind, fish, soil, disease 长途旅行：coast, foot wear, café, steep climbs（3月）租房：garage, fridge, rent旅游度假：tennis court, resort, villa, nature reserve, canoes, waterfalls, accommodation, lighthouse, castles, check out, book, dessert, lounge国际俱乐部：venue, hall停自行车：flowering plants, barrier, access, highway, housing estate, interchange讨论presentation：grade, placement, grant, dissertation, scholar, optional courses, interaction, overview, introduction, structure, assessment铅笔书写的历史：cave, steel, clay, oven做实验：steam, engine, metal, pottery, container, tank, strainer, protein, fibre 家政：tile, trim沙漠中建一座城：desert, consumption, pavement, sunlight, landscape, concrete, solar（4月）租房：housing，Security饮食健康：r estaurant, stomach, corn, drugs, seafood, c olds(注意复数)用品：knives, pots物质/材质：oxygen, carbon, clay, silver运动：yoga, sports center, stadium学术：laboratory, self-centered, stimulation, theory chapters, checklist其他：prevalent, grave, peak season, cousin, entertainment,undeveloped，qualification, conservation, Germany, animal waste5月学术：reassessment, biography, fiction, novel, versatility, slide, calculation method, question handling专业：archaeology, medieval, voyage, whiting牙鳕, herring物品：rugs, wrenched, overhead projector品质：inspiration, determination动物: lizards, lobster,日常：refund, drop off, rebuild, insurance claim, deposit, down payment（首付）, client records, availability,社会/工作：founder, criminal, movement, social advancement, lawsuit, resort to court, committee, journalism人物：referee, relative, peers自然：muddy, prickle,地点：antique shop6月学术：assignment，supervision，inconclusive，internship，theoretical，genealogy, methodology, expertise, rewarding, simplistic, memorable, accurate, original, clip人物：chairwoman, freshman金钱：sponsor, loan, luxury, fund raising动物：sanctuary活动：display, exhibition, forum交通：shuttle, departure其他：internship, essential, coal mine, sculpture8月人物teachers visitors ；manager；tourists地点hotel farm Internet Cafe交通train活动：Walking商业pass booklet，insurance，traditional，Time，money，parking；Bike；registration；services；credit；password；files；photos/photographs；map；photographs；soil；samples；Weekends；Math；Recruitment；customer；spring；rice；Cargo；学术ecology；Insects；forests；repairs；plant-species；rocksAnalysis；rainfall；shark；farming；Ocean；depth；plantsShellfish；Genetic；tools；stone；observation；density；inscriptions；eclipse 形容词：flat；Northern，top；其他confidence，guessing，link，concentration，treatment，club；Television；Paradise；measurementRock；Light；cracks；wood；handle；calendar9月经管类：attraction of the company, staff discount , long term goals, responsibilities, holiday benefits, senior managers,学术讨论：visual aid, cases analysis, waste product, unnecessary part,undervalued, insufficient information , journal writing, field work, data analysis, field trip briefing, classical music, distinguished环境：monitor agriculture, pit, noisy, swamp, mangrove, estuary, sea bed植物：sesame seed, cocoa crops, plants coastal,生活物品：jacket, costume, alarm system, dishwashers生活类地点：first aid room, enclosure, cabin, columns, archway, post office 学术类物品：(spills of) oil rigs, noise devices, wind farm, resin学术类地点：collection area, conservation workshop行为: race, tag, monitor, competition, reinforce，wrapped, label, chorus，aid (first aid, visual aid)人物：kitchen assistants, porter, kitchen hands, ecologist, entrants, mummy（10月）旅游/活动：outward journey, return journey, purpose of trip, resort, dream place to go, high season, discount, in advance, major attractions, wave creator, kiosk凉亭购物：width, bedside table, cupboard, shelves, deliver住所/搬迁：rent, air-conditioning, natural light, damaged properties, sales conferences, tax year, annual period, packing boxes, cabinet, lean to one side, used handle, keep your back straight, wear masks, wear gloves, rags,地点建造/建筑：soccer filed, sports, grass, limited space, maintain, less expensive in the long run, all reasons, remain of the castle, ancient theater,Roman Bath, sculptures图书馆：graphic, biographic, cookery, illustrations, series, award-winning运动：singlet无袖汗衫, handing out, first aid, bag collection学校活动/开放日：open day, pupil学校反馈/意见：module, self-awareness, input, uncertain, outline, advertise, materials, feedback, assignments, catering facilities, healthcare service, career 时尚：slow fashion, items, catalogue, oppose mass production, financial savings, formal wear, color trend, reasonably price医学/护理学：portfolio, patients, surgery动物：sea water, reptile, boney shells, escaping danger, turtle, mineral, jellyfish, burning calorie, destination, salt concentration, tracking device, transmitting signal, monitor, flippers, seagrass, mammal, regrowth, skull, entangled, health examination, heart rate, predicted sea level, ascertain, coastal, relatives, inshore, entanglement,航空：construction, noticeable, respond, economic depression, fuel shortage, pattern, maintenance, impose on人类嗅觉/人体：sweat, smell, recall memories, emotion, detect(11月)饮食/娱乐：spaghetti, inspired, amused, costume环境：accommodating, polluting, seagull, moss, lichen, garbage, trail, campfire, route, accommodation工作/学习：available, appointment, photocopy, advanced, profile, booklets,enthusiastic, comprehensive, record sheet, additional, pioneer, unit, biography, novel, journalist, script，ability, ability, recognize, benefit健康/卫生：disabled, optic,考古学：archaeological, excavation, fabric,购物/商品：jewelry, supply, recommend,。
Sampletest
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲声明：北京理工大学出版社出版的《中国科学院博士学位英语考试应试指南》依据的是旧的大纲，实际考试形式以这里的大纲为准。
笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B 两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
ElectroForce 测试仪器说明书
Industry Leading Performance, Versatility and Energy Efficiency ElectroForce® test instruments featuring proprietary ElectroForce linear motion technologies and WinTest® controls, providea revolutionary approach to mechanical fatigue and dynamic characterization. The ElectroForce family of test instruments include a full range of force and performance capabilities for a wide range of test applications.ElectroForce test instruments are controlled by the WinTest digital control system. WinTest software features an intuitive design that enables the user to quickly set up tests with little training. ElectroForce test instruments are also very lab-friendly thanks to their practically maintenance-free operation. As a result, they have set a new standard for performance, simplicity and versatility in a single test system.Features and Benefits:• Patented moving-magnet linear motor that provides excellentdynamic performance• Efficient, direct electromagnetic conversion to force, resulting in unmatchedacceleration, high frequencies and high velocities• Powered from a standard electrical outlet, requiring no additional infrastructure,air conditioning or water cooling• Air-cooled, clean-room compatible and whisper-quiet operation in compact,space-saving packages• Energy efficient and environmentally friendly byusing pollution-free and non-toxic technologies• Friction-free linear motor, an important featurefor high resolution, low-force testing• Intuitive software to simplify test setup• A wide range of instruments,from gram level to 15 kNforce to provide the properchoice for a wide variety.of test applicationsThe ElectroForce 3330 Series II test instrument is well-suited for long term durability studies. It provides static to 100 Hz performance with a load envelope of ± 3000 N and versatility for a variety of fatigue and durability applications. The system also includes the enhanced measurement capability of the ElectroForce High Accuracy Displacement Sensor. This enables an even wider range of testing by improvinglow-amplitude displacement measurements, all through a single, easy-to-use displacement channel.The 3200 Series III test instrument may be configured for 225 N or optionally, 450 N maximum force capacity. The system has a wide bandwidth, capable of performing tests from static test conditions to cyclic tests up to 300 Hz.It includes the enhanced measurement capability of the ElectroForce ® High Accuracy Displacement Sensor. This enables an even wider range of testing by improving low-amplitude displacement measurements, all through a single, easy-to-use displacement channel.The table-top configuration is readily adaptable for a variety of testing applications from biomedical research to the characterization of engineered materials. The system may be configured with an optional torsion capability for biaxial applications, an extended stroke option, and a wide range of system options including hot/cold chambers and saline baths.ElectroForce ® 3200 Series III ConfigurationsElectroForce 3330 Series II Table-top ConfigurationMeasuring less than 51.8 cm tall, the ElectroForce 3100 test instrument is the smallest in the ElectroForce product family. The 3100 will fit on a desk or table-top, and it is extremely lab friendly thanks to its practically maintenance-free operation. The 3100 instrument is well-suited for micro-characterization of materials and devices because of its exceptional control resolution up to 22 N maximum static force.ElectroForce 3100 TestInstrument for the Laboratory,Office or ClassroomElectroForce 3100• Biomaterials • Medical devices • Microelectronics • Elastomers• Fibers, foils, and films • Small components • Compliant bio-tissues•Foods and fluids (rheology)ElectroForceTestBench InstrumentsTestBench configurations were designed with component testing in mind. Thanks to their modular approach, a wide array of configurations and performance capabilities are possible.ElectroForce 200 N Motor with Reaction Bracket• TestBench systems can be multi-channel and multi-axis.• The WinTest ® PCI controller can provide control for up to eight channels at a time.•Reaction brackets are pre-designed to allow attachment of components or the test specimen to the mounting baseplate.•A saline bath can be added as an environmental option.Typical test applications:3200 Series III Axial/Torsion• Durability testing oforthopaedic implant device •Dynamic characterization of engineered materials and components. •Integrated with avariety of environmental chambers and specimen fixtures to meet specific test applications.The ElectroForce 3330 table-top configuration is a clean stand-alone package that can be integrated with a variety of chambers and fixtures to meet specific test applicationsTypical test applications:Table-top 3330 Series IIThe ElectroForce ® 3330 Series II test instrument is available as a table-top configuration or a floor-standing model. The floor-standing model provides additional versatility, such as the ability to incorporate a torsional motor for multiaxial test applications, or an extended stroke option to provide up to 150 mm of additional displacement. It provides 100 Hz performance with a dynamic load envelope of ± 3000 N, and the capability to add an optional ± 24 N-m or ± 49 N-m torsional package. The system includes the enhanced measurement capability of the ElectroForce High Accuracy Displacement Sensor. This enables an even wider range of testing by improvinglow-amplitude displacement measurements, all through a single, easy-to-use displacement channel.The robust load frame was designed with versatility in mind. The spacious 40.6 cm wide by 50.0 cm high test space is easily adjusted using an integrated lift. In addition, the axial/torsion test instrument can be integrated with a hot/cold environmental chamber, thereby providingadvanced test capabilities for a variety of engineered materials under realistic service conditions.Floor-standing Axial/Torsion 3330 Series II with Hot/Cold Chamber• Automotive components • Fracture mechanics •Component durability• Orthopaedic implants •Consumer products• Prosthetics•Cyclic fatigue studiesElectroForce 3510ElectroForce 3500 test instruments are available in three basic system configurations. The 3510 instrument, rated at 7.5 kN, is configured with the linear motor installed in the upper crosshead, making it well-suited for applications requiring atemperature-controlled bath. The 3520 instrument is rated at 7.5 kN, and the linear motor is installed in the lower baseplate. The 3550 instrument is a higher-force configuration rated at 15 kN.These systems can perform tests over a wide frequency range, providing versatility for a range of mechanical tests. Dynamic performance is dependent upon test specimen characteristics,fixtures, and test parameters. Torsion motor options are also available for all of the 3500 configurations.• Fatigue and general durability• Engineered materials property determination for elastomers, polymers and composites • Automotive and aerospace materials and components• Orthopaedic materials and implants•Consumer products, including sports equipment, household items and electronicsElectroForce ® 3330 Series II Floor-standing ConfigurationTypical test applications:ElectroForce 3500 ConfigurationsTypical test applications:ElectroForce 3550TA Instruments – ElectroForce Systems GroupEmail:******************************–Website: Phone: 952-278-3070 – Fax: 952-278-3071©2015 TA Instruments. Patent rights issued and/or pending in the United States and other countries. TA Instruments, the TA logo, ElectroForce and WinT est are registered trademarks of TA Instruments. 092415。
AEMC Instruments 产品说明书
•Locate grounding points on the tankers and transfer pump.•Make connections to damaged tanker first to avoid a potential spark.•When possible, grounding systems should be established up hill and outside of the Hot Zone.•Resistance measurement should be compliant with your local jurisdiction which usually follows NFPA 472 @1000 Ω or less or NEC @ 25 Ω or less, lower is always better. Higher resistance means longer static discharge time.STEP 1:Hazmat Grounding & BondingSite ConsiderationsInstalling the Grounding System NOTE: One or more rods may be needed for each grounding system to obtain an acceptable grounding resistance. Multiple rods should be (3 to 6) ft apart and connected to each other via jumper cable.•Install/establish three separate static grounding systems, one for the distressed tanker (E1), one for the recovery tanker (E2) and one for the pump (E3). When the pump is not mounted to the fire truck, they should be at least 10 feet apart.•The grounding sites should be up hill and up wind as well as outside of thedistressed tanker’s hot zone.E 1E 3E 2STEP 2:Conduct independent Fall-of-Potential tests on each of the grounding systems.1.Insert the auxiliary test electrode H a few inches into the ground and(50 to 80) ft away at a location that is central to the three grounding system E rods.2.Insert the auxiliary test electrode S a few inches into the ground at adistance approximately (30 to 45) ft from the first ground system E1and in a straight line with the H electrode.3.Connect the Red , Blue and Green test wires to the grounding rod(s),electrodes and instrument as shown.4.Press and hold the Test button until reading stabilizes to measure theresistance.5.Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 for grounding systems E2 and E3.After achieving the acceptable resistance, disconnect the meter and auxiliary rods S and H before Step 3, connecting the tankers and pump to their grounding systems.Testing the Grounding SystemNOTE: Readings should be below 1000 Ω or below 25 Ω as defined by local authority.STEP 3:Following the diagram, perform the below steps in the following order:Connect a grounding cable to the distressed tanker first and then toits grounding system E1.Connect a grounding cable to the recovery tanker first and then to itsground system E2.Connect a grounding cable to the transfer pump first and then to itsgrounding system E3.Connect a bonding cable to the distressed tanker first and then tothe recovery tanker.Connect the hoses to the pump and tankers.Begin the transfer process.NOTE: E3 is not needed if the pump is mounted to a fire truck. Connect to the Grounding System9E1E3E2Accessories (Sold Separately):Static Groundand Bond Test System KitCat. #2155.01PRODUCT PACKAGINGShips with:150 ft Red Wire on ReelCat. #5000.04Waterproof Utility Case with insertsCat. #2155.13Ground Rod Driver /Extractor ToolCat. #2155.11Handles supplied with Red and Blue Reels30 ft Lead (green)Cat. #5000.01Also Includes:•User Manual•6AA Batteries - U ninstalled •Flathead Screwdriver •8 Cable TiesLead, Set of 2, color-coated 5 ft (Red and Blue) for ReelsCat. #5000.34(2 Sets of) 3 Copper Clad Ground Rods with2 Ground Rod CouplersCat. #2155.10 (3 Rods & 2 Couplers)150 ft Blue Wire on ReelCat. #5000.07150 ft Jumper CableCat. #2155.1650 ft Bonding Cable with REB Clamp Cat. #2155.12(3)50 ft Ground Cable withREB Clamp on one end and MuellerClip on the other.Cat. #2155.14 (1 Reel)Ground Tester Model 6422Cat. #2135.55Extra Handle for ReelsCat. #5000.64(2 Sets of) 3 10ft Ground RodJumper CablesCat. #2155.15 (1 Set of 3)Ground Tester Calibration Checker For Models 6422/6424Cat. #5000.92USB Drive containingTraining Video Set of two, 14.5" T-shaped Auxiliary Ground ElectrodesCat. #2135.39Tape Measure 100 ft 99-HDW 100456。
温度惊迫测试室系统：极端温度循环应用技术说明书
Temperature Shock Test ChambersSystems for Extreme Temperature Cycling2Temperature Shock Test Chambers. Systems for Extreme Temperature CyclingThe application of rapid temperature cycling is the most effective manner of creating premature failures of products in the production phase.We can si-mulate all natural temperatures which,when considering the fields of avia-tion and aerospace,range between-80°C and+220°C.Competence in temperature and climateVötsch was founded in Berlin in1929and has produced at today's location in Balingen-Frommern since1944.We at Vötsch develop and build test systems for quality assurance at the state-of-the-art of technology and taking the future into account.With our products,we also take on responsibility for the safety and quality of products in many branches of industry.Since1995,Vötsch has been a member of the Schunk bined know-how is the basis for trendsetting developments.When performing qualification tests on materials and components,the application of tests applying high and low temperatures do not always bring about satisfactory results.For rating the reliability of materials and components,additional stressing applying rapid temperature changes often offers better results.Environmental Stress Screening (ESS)is a process to provoke latent flaws in a product before it leaves the factory.Hence,ESS is always applied if the reliability of a product must be enhanced.In addition to temperature stres-sing,extremely rapid temperature cycling rates in the range of -80°C to +220°C result in the extremely high mechanical stressing of test specimens.If electronic components are exposed to this severe tempera-ture cycling,weak points are revea-led rapidly.By assigning our shock test cham-ber,you not only reduce the number of premature failures but also incre-ase the reliability of your products.It goes without saying that our sys-tems fulfil the requirements of inter-national testing standards such as DIN,IEC and MIL.ESS -tested for absolute reliabilityLife time graph of electronic componentsA =ESS moves these failures from field to factory,F =Failures,t =Time,1=Infant mortality,2=Operational lifetime,3=Wear out phaseThe principle of the vertical arrange-ment of the test zones of our shock test chamber has proved to be highly successful.A ball spindle dri-ve ensures reliable guidance of the cradle.Air guidance facilities,designed ac-cording to experience gained from the field,combined with high air circulating rates result in rapid tem-perature cycles and a uniform distri-bution of temperature in the test space.1000cycles are possible without defrosting.3BTtFt123Changing temperature according IEC 60068-2-14,Test NaT =Temperature,t =Time,T A =Lower temperature,T u =Ambient temperature,T B =Upper temperature,A =Start of first cycle,B =End of first cycle and start of second cycle,t 1=Exposure time,t 2=Transfer time4Test space volumes60l,120land300lVertical arrangement of the testzonesBall spindle drive ensures reliableguidance of the cradleCradle load20kg for VT37006S2,50kg for VT37012S2and100kg for VT37030S2Removable guards on all sides ofthe cradle protect the specimensTemperature conditioning of thehot zone from+50°C to+220°C(optional to+250°C)Temperature conditioning of thecold zone from-80°C to+70°CTemperature Shock Test Chambersof the latest generation:VT37006/7012/7030S2High air circulation rate,shorttemperature change rates andeven temperature distribution inthe test spaceVolume compensation system forlong-term operation integrated inthe machine compartmentLarge port for the supply/measurement of specimensHot chamber may also be utilizedas temperature storage chamberand cold chamber as chamberfor rapid temperature changingtestsHigh resolution colour touchpanelwith graphical display for the easyprocessing of environmentalsimulation programsMinimum energy consumptionNo compressed airrequired Operation sequence5VT 7012S3VT 7012S3with three chambersThe VT 7012S3,an innovative three-chamber system has been developed for demanding screening proces-ses,which require more than two temperature cham-bers.All test zones may be operated as individual systems.The middle zone allows the preconditioning and post conditioning of specimens.Contactless sen-sors ensure exact limit positions and guarantee perfect tightness between the individual zones and thus very low energy consumption.The VT 7012S3is equipped with an 8"colour touch panel (800x 600px).The temperature shock test cham-bers of series VT 37006/7012/7030S2are equipped standard with a 12’’colour touchpanel.The 12’’panel contains an industrial PC including the Windows software package for maximum user comfort.In addition,an easily readable CONTROLPAD*is integrated into the glass panel of the door.The CONTROLPAD*allows to start and stop test cycles,and to display temperature values of hot chamber and cold chamber.With the integra-ted process visualisation,the device function is explained in a way that is easy to understand.For extra powerful test requirements the test chamber types VT 37012S2and VT 37030S2are also available as Power-Versions with increased performance (types VT 37012P2and VT 37030P2).Comfortable operationPower-VersionsWith the optionally available S!M PATI*software,you have the optimal sys-tem for operation and control of the test system.The software not only permits evaluation and documenta-tion of the test sequences,but also allows problem-free integration of the system into a PC network.Archiving of the data and parame-ters is always ensured with the S!M PATI*software.Fully developed software6ControlsoftwareCONTROLPAD*Standard equipmentHighly efficient 32bit control and monitoring systemTemperature control using movable sensor in cradle or alternatively fixed sensor in warm or hot zone Digital I/O,4inputs/outputs Stored programmesIndependent adjustable temperature limiter t min /t max for hot zone and cold zone,for S3also for middle zoneAdjustable software temperature limiter min./max.Door with window in hot zone,for S3in the middle door Test space illuminationHermetically sealed CFC-free refrigeration circuits 1ultra-lightweight shelf incl.rails Entry portPotential-free contact for switching-off of test specimens Air-cooled resp.water-cooled refrigeration unit Status displayCradle in loading position lockedDefrosting cycles automatic and programmable Dwell time start programable Operating hour counterCycle counter /total no.of cycles /remaining run timeVT 37006/7012/7030S2PC terminal with 12’’colour touch and software S!M CONTROL*for comfortable operationCONTROLPAD*for indication of actual values Interfaces USB /EthernetMobile version (only VT 37006S2)WKD Calibration of 2temperature valuesVT 7012S38’’Colour touchpanel Serial interface RS 232WKD Calibration of 2temperature valuesOptionsSoftware S!M PATI*Analogue transducer I/OTemperature measuring on test specimenInterface RS 232<-->IEEE 488or RS 232<-->RS 422/485Interface RS 422/485(network card for test cabinet)Wire mesh and insert shelves Additional entry ports (only S2)Connection for nitrogen-inertisation/compressed air dryer Shock cooling with LN 2Compressed air unit (for S3)Refrigeration unit water-cooled resp.external air-cooled European socket Special voltagesWKD or DKD calibrationsVT 37006/7012/7030S2Temperature range extension to +250°CVT 7012S3Ethernet interface (only together with Option S!M PATI*)Colour touchpanelTechnical dataTemperature shock test chamber Type VT³7006S2VT³7012S2VT³7030S2VT7012S3Test space volume Litre60125300120Amount of zones2223Temperature range hot zone°C+50to+220+50to+220+50to+220+50to+220 Temperature range middle zone°C-------10to+90 Temperature range cold zone°C-80to+70-80to+70-80to+70-80to+70 Temperature deviation in time1)K±0.3to±1.0±0.3to±1.0Temperature homogeneity in spacerelative to the set value2)K±0.5to±2.0±1.0to±2.0Calibrated values cold zone°C-40-40-40-40 hot zone°C+125+125+125+125Test space dimensions Width mm380470770470Depth mm430650650630Height mm370410610400External dimensions Width mm8759701290960Depth mm1970235018002150Height mm1895198522202130(...)3)mm(2330)(2450)(2895)(2625)Machine unit Width mm----800--Depth mm----1920--Height mm----1920--Loading capacity max kg205010020Sound pressure level4)dB(A)58565870Refrigeration unit air-cooled water-cooledControl system S!M PAC*S!M CON/32*-NET Electrical connection3/N/PE AC400V±10%,50HzRated power kW8.5103013.5Standards–VT³7006S2+VT³7012S2+VT³7030S2MIL STD883F,meth.1010.8,severity of test A,B,C,D5),F-MIL STD810E,meth.503-IEC60068-2-14,test Na-BS2011-DIN40046,test Na-JESD22A104-CStandards–VT7012S3MIL STD883C,meth.1010.5,severity of test A,B,C,D,G-MIL STD202G,meth.107.Of course as well all standards of two-chamber versions are met.1)in middle of working space2)for the hot zone in temperature range from+50°C to+200°C,for the middle zone in temperature range from-10°C to+90°Cand for the cold zone in temperature range from-65°C to+70°C3)height of installation room necessary for operation of chamber4)measured in1m distance from the front and in1.6m height at free field measurement according to EN ISO112015)only for VT³7006S2+VT³7012S2We reserve the right of changes in construction resulting from technical progress.Some of the illustrated systems contain optional extras.Environmentally conscious designWe are convinced that our environment should be burdened as littleas possible.This attitude shows up in design and production with asolvent-free powder-coating,an asbestos-and CFC-free mineral-fibre insulation,chloride-free refrigerant and a guaranteed recyclingsystem.7Environmental Simulation Beethovenstraße 3472336Balingen-Frommern GermanyTelefon +497433303-0Telefax +497433303-4112*************·V I T -E 5/1511.11N W DQuality without limitsWe are the competent partner in environmental test technology.Besides our comprehensive standard program we plan,design and build tailor-made solutions for you in every desired version,and we do this worldwide.You can find further information and representatives worldwide atDKD-K-19501ISO/IEC17025。
发动机检测实训操作流程
发动机检测实训操作流程英文回答：Engine Inspection Training Operation Procedures.1. Safety Precautions.Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety glasses, and earplugs.Ensure the work area is well-ventilated and free of flammable materials.Disconnect the negative terminal of the battery before starting any work.2. Visual Inspection.Inspect the engine externally for any visible damage or leaks.Check the oil level and condition.Examine the belts and hoses for wear or damage.Look for any loose or disconnected components.3. Internal Inspection.Remove the spark plugs and inspect them for condition.Perform a compression test to determine cylinder pressures.Use a borescope to inspect the cylinder walls and valves.Check the camshaft and crankshaft for wear or damage.4. Fuel System Inspection.Inspect the fuel filter for contamination or damage.Check the fuel lines for leaks or blockages.Test the fuel pump and fuel injectors to ensure proper operation.5. Intake and Exhaust System Inspection.Inspect the air filter for dirt or debris.Clean the throttle body and intake manifold.Examine the exhaust system for rust or leaks.Check the catalytic converter for damage or blockage.6. Electrical System Inspection.Inspect the battery terminals and cables for corrosion or damage.Test the alternator and starter for proper operation.Check the wiring harness for damage or loose connections.7. Cooling System Inspection.Check the coolant level and condition.Inspect the radiator and hoses for leaks or damage.Test the thermostat and water pump for proper operation.8. Documentation.Record all findings during the inspection.Note any necessary repairs or replacements.Provide a written report to the customer.中文回答：发动机检测实训操作流程。
浙江省浙南名校2023-2024学年高二上学期10月联考英语试卷(含答案)
浙江省浙南名校2023-2024学年高二上学期10月联考英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、听力题1、Who is Jonathan probably talking to?A. His boss.B. His wife.C. His doctor.2、What does the man mean?A. He doesn’t like the shirt.B. The shirt might be tight.C. The receipt got missing.3、What is the woman doing now?A. Eating in a cafe.B. Cooking her lunch.C. Studying for an exam.4、Where does the conversation take place?A. In a hotel.B. In a school.C. In a meeting room.5、What does the man think of the art exhibition?A. Quite amazing.B. Rather boring.C. Poorly organized.听下面一段材料，回答下列各题。
6、What is the relationship between the speakers?A. Classmates.B. Teacher and student.C. Manager and secretary.7、What does the woman suggest adding to the presentation?A. More facts.B. More figures.C. More pictures.听下面一段材料，回答下列各题。
8、What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Their hobbies.B. An activity holiday.C. The teamwork spirit.9、What did the woman get a prize for?A. Climbing.B. Sailing.C. Walking.听下面一段材料，回答下列各题。
排油监控系统指南MEPC.108(49)(中英文)
.2 系统最好应从最少数量的排放出口排出的排放物中取样且布置成在同一时间只从一 个出口进行外排放；
.3 如果一个以上管道将用于同步排放，应在每条排放管道上安装一个油分计和一个流量 计。这些仪器应与每一个公用处理机连接；以及
4 实施要求 150 总吨及以上的油船应设有排油监控系统，该系统应有控制装置并设有起动连锁和舷外排 放控制。
5 建造、维修保养、安全、校准和培训
5.1 仪器的设计应确保用户通道限制至基本控制。控制之外的通道应便于应急维修和临时 修理但必须要求拆去安全封条或激活其它指示进入设备的装置。
5.2 封条的设计应使得只有制造商或其代理才能更换封条或在检查和设备永久修理后重新 设置系统。
6.2.8 如拟安装在可能有易燃大气的处所，油分计应符合对这些区域的有关安全规定。作为 油分计一部分的任何电气设备应安装在一个无危险区域，或经主管机关证实能在危险区域安 全使用。安装在危险区域的任何移动部分的布置应避免形成静电。 6.2.9 油分计应不包含或使用任何有危险性的物质，除非提供经主管机关接受的适当布置能 去除由此所造成的任何危险。 6.2.10 油分计应在海上环境中耐腐蚀。 6.2.11 油分计的材料应与试验的液体相兼容。
3.5 3.5.1
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 3.5.2
控制装置 控制装置是一种接收下列自动信号的装置： 排放物的含油量，ppm; 排放率，m3 /小时； 船舶速度，节； 船舶位置 – 经度和纬度； 日期和时间（GMT）；和 舷外排放控制的状况。 该装置应自动记录 6.9.2 规定的数据。
3.6 ppm “ppm”系指水所含油量的百万分比，以体积计。
景观专业英文方案-施工图正文
景观中英文对照表（方案阶段）目录: Cover封面Content目录Design Explanation设计说明Master Plan总平面Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析Function Analysis功能分析Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图Traffic Analysis交通分析Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图Hand Drawing手绘效果图Section剖面图Detail详图Central Axis中心公共主轴Reference Picture参考图片Planting Reference Picture植物选样材料类:aluminum铝asphalt沥青alpine rock轻质岗石boasted ashlars粗凿ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石clay粘土crushed gravel碎砾石crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土crushed stone碎石cement石灰enamel陶瓷、瓷釉frosted glass磨砂玻璃grit stone/sand stone砂岩glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃granite花岗石、花岗岩gravel卵石galleting碎石片ground pavement material墙面地砖材料light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢light slates轻质板岩lime earth灰土masonry砝石结构membrane张拉膜、膜结构membrane waterproofing薄膜防水mosaic马赛克quarry stone masonry/quarrystone bond粗石体plaster灰浆polished plate glass/polished plate磨光平板玻璃panel面板、嵌板rusticated ashlars粗琢方石rough rubble粗毛石reinforcement钢筋设施设备类:accessory channel辅助通道atrium门廊aisle走道、过道avenue道路access通道、入口art wall艺术墙academy科学院art gallery画廊arch拱顶archway拱门arcade拱廊、有拱廊的街道axes轴线air condition空调aqueduct沟渠、导水管alleyway小巷billiard table台球台bed地基bedding cushion垫层balustrade/railing栏杆byland/peninsula半岛bench座椅balcony阳台bar-stool酒吧高脚凳beam梁plate beam板梁bearing wall承重墙retaining wall挡土墙basement parking地下车库berm小平台block楼房broken-marble patterned flooring碎拼大理石地面broken stone hardcore碎石垫层curtain wall幕墙cascade小瀑布、叠水corridor走廊couryard内院、院子canopy张拉膜、天篷、遮篷coast海岸children playground儿童活动区court法院calculator计算器clipboard纤维板cantilever悬臂梁ceiling天花板carpark停车场carpet地毯cafeteria自助餐厅clearage开垦地、荒地cavern大洞穴dry fountain旱喷泉driveway车道vehicular road机动车道depot仓库、车场dry fountain for children儿童溪水广场dome圆顶drain排水沟drainage下水道drainage system排水系统discharge lamp放电管entrance plaza入口广场elevator/lift电梯escalator自动扶梯flat roof/roof garden平台fence wall围墙、围栏fountain喷泉fountain and irrigation system喷泉系统footbridge人行天桥fire truck消防车furniture家具、设备firepot/chafing dish火锅gutter明沟ditch暗沟gully峡谷、冲沟valley山谷garage车库foyer门厅、休息室hall门厅lobby门厅、休息室industry zone工业区island岛inn小旅馆jet喷头kindergarten幼儿园kiosk小亭子（报刊、小卖部）lamps and lanterns灯具lighting furniture照明设置mezzanine包厢main stadium主体育场outdoor terrace室外平台oil painting油画outdoor steps/exterior steps室外台阶pillar/pole/column柱、栋梁pebble/plinth柱基pond/pool池、池塘pavilion亭、阁pipe/tube管子plumbing管道port港口pillow枕头pavement硬地铺装path of gravel卵石路public plaza公共休闲广场communal plaza公共广场pedestrian street步行街printer打印机resting plaza休闲广场区rooftop/housetop屋顶pile桩piling打桩pump泵ramp斜坡道、残疾人坡道riverway河道sunbraking element遮阳构件sanitation卫生设施skylight天窗skyline地平线scanner扫描仪shore岸、海滨sash窗框slab楼板、地下室顶板stairhall楼梯厅staircase楼梯间secondary structure/minor structure次要结构secondary building/accessory building次要建筑street furniture小品（椅凳标志）solarium日光浴室terrace平台chip/fragment/sliver/splinter碎片safety belt/safety strap/life belt安全带safety passageway安全通道shelf/stand架子sunshade天棚small mountain stream山塘小溪subway地铁safety glass安全玻璃streetscape街景画sinking down plaza下沉广场sidewalk人行道footpath步行道设计阶段:existing condition analysis现状分析analyses of existings城市现状分析construction site service施工现场服务conceptual design概念设计circulation analysis交通体系分析construction drawing施工图complete level完成面标高details细部设计、细部大样示意图diagram示意图、表elevation上升、高地、海拔、正面图development design扩初设计fa鏰de/elevation正面、立面general development analysis城市总体发展分析general situation survey概况general layout plan/master plan总平面general nature environment总体自然分析grid and landmark analysis城市网格系统及地标性建筑物分析general urban and landscape concept总体城市及景观设计概念general level design总平面竖向设计general section总体剖面图layout plan布置图legend图例lighting plan灯光布置图plan drawing平面图plot plan基地图presentation drawing示意图perspective/render效果图pavement plan铺装示意图reference pictures/imaged picture参考图片reference level参考标高图片site overall arrangement场地布局space sequence relation空间序列specification指定、指明、详细说明书scheme design方案设计sketch手绘草图sectorization功能分区section剖面site planning场地设计reference picture of planting植物配置意向图reference picture of street furniture街道家具布置意向图设计描述: a thick green area密集绿化administration/administrative行政administration zone行政区位function analysis功能分析arc/camber弧形askew歪的、斜的aesthetics美学height高度abstract art抽象派artist艺术家、大师art nouveau新艺术主义acre英亩architect建筑师be integrated with与……结合起来bisect切成两份、对开bend弯曲boundary/border边界operfloor架空层budget预算estimate评估beach海滩building code建筑规范景观中英文对照表（初步设计施工图阶段）Landscape Design Development Package 景观扩初设计图册Drawing Schedule 图纸目录Sheet No 纸页号码Description 图画说明Sheet Size 纸页尺寸Revision Reference 修正参考Additional Drawing 图纸附加Deleted Drawing 图纸册除Remarks 备注Drawing File Name 图画名词Internal Drawing Date 内部绘图日期Internal Revision Date 内部修正日期Cover Sheet 封面纸页Materials Schedule 物科目录General Legend 一般图例Standard Symbols & Abbreviations 标准象微及简写Landscape Plans (LP-) (Bound Separately) 景观设计平面图（分开缚装）Reference Plan 指引图Part 01 第一部分Client 业主Project 项目Scale 比例Designed By 设计者Drawn By 绘图者Checked By 检查者Approved By 批核者Setting-Out Plan 定位图Levels/Drainage/Irrigation Plan 标高和给排水图Materials Plan 物科图Lighting Plan 照明配置图Landscape Sections 景观设计部面图Typical Planter Details 标准种植槽详图Typical Overflow/Planter Drain Detail 标准溢流／种植槽排水详图Typical Waterpoint Detail 标准灌溉供水口详图Typical Planter Wall Detail 标准种植槽墙详图Typical Driveway/Planter Curb Detail 标准车道／种植槽道牙详图Floating Tree Collar Detail 01 (Typical) 悬浮树环详图Typical Flushed Planter Detail 标准及地面时种植槽详图Typical Trench Drain Detail 标准排水沟详图Typical Step & Wall Details 标准台阶和墙壁详图Steps Detail 台阶详图Step Lawn Detail 台阶草坪详图Typical Wheel Guard Detail 标准保安轮详图Typical Gate Detail 标准闸门详图Seatwall Detail 座墙详图Railing Detail 栋杆详图Typical Fence Detail 标准围墙详图Endpost detail 端柱详图Paving Details (LD-3) 铺地详图Paving 01 铺地Typical Void Deck Detail 标准架空层详图Typical Footpath Detail 标准行人步道详图Typical Timber Deck Detail 标准木平台详图Typical Crazy cut pattern detail 标准不规则切割平图案详图Stepping stone detail 01 (Typical) 踏步石详图 01 (标准）Typical Grass Ring Paver Detail 标准植草圈铺图案详图Pool Paving Detail 泳池铺地详图Linear Stepping Stone & Linear Stone Layers 线性踏步石及线性石层Typical Safety Matt Detail 标准安全垫详图Basketball Court & Paving Accessories Detail 篮球场及铺地附件详图Landscape Features 特色景观Water Feature 01 特色水景Feature Pot Detail 特色盆详图Pavilion 01 (Typical) 凉亭 01 （标准）View Pavilion 视图凉亭Sunken Pool Bar 沉下式泳池酒吧Typical Guardhouse Detail 标准保安亭详图Filtration Pump Room 过滤泵室Water Falls Detail 瀑布详图Ramp Trellis 斜坡花架Trellis 花架Bridge 架桥Signage Wall 标志板墙Vent Detail 通风详图Swimming Pool & Jacuzzi Details 游泳池和温泉详图Pool Reference Plan 泳池指引图Pool Setting Out 泳池定位图 Pool Edge 01 泳池边缘 01 Pool Steps Details 泳池台阶详图 Sunken Pool Lounge 沉下式泳池休憩 Kid’s Pool 儿童泳池 Jacuzzi Detail按摩池详图 Landscape Lighting Details景观照明详图Pole Top Luminaire (Single Lamp Head) (With Banner) 柱顶灯具 （单头） Bollard Light矮柱灯Wall / Column Mounted Luminaire 挂墙 / 柱式灯具 Garden Floodlight with Earth Spike 花园插地式泛光灯 Garden Floodlight with mounting clamp 花园挂树式泛光灯 Recess-Mounted Wall Luminaire 嵌藏墙灯具Recess-Mounted Stair Steps Luminaire 嵌藏楼梯台阶灯具 （A 型） Drive-Over In-Ground Uplights埋地车道泛光灯Drive-Over Location Luminaire – Type M (5 or more sides light beam)车道位置灯具 M 型 （五或更多边灯光线）Under Water Floodlight (Recess-Mount) 水底泛光灯 （嵌藏） Under Water Floodlight (Surface-Mount) 水底泛光灯 （嵌表面） Swimming Pool Luminaire (Recess-Mount) 泳池灯具（嵌藏） Connecting Pillar连接柱Sports/Area (Post-Type) Floodlight (Single Lamp Head)运动 / 区单头柱泛光灯 Feature Column Light特色柱灯 Site Furniture Details (LD-7)家具设置详图Fitness Equipment 健身工具 Play Equipment 01 游乐工具 01 Parasol 阳伞 Pool Lounger 01 泳池躺椅 Outdoor Furniture 露天家具 Rockwork Details石景详图 Pond Edge Reference Plan 池塘边缘指引图 Continue续集Pond Edge Setting-Out Plan 池塘边缘定位图 Pond Edge (Type A) 池塘边缘 （A 型） Water Cascade Detail 01 水瀑布详图 General Notes概话说明This Landscape Design Development Detail Drawing Package is to be read in conjunction with the following notes:阅览此景观扩初设计图册时, 需结合以下设计要修重点说明并使用。
National Instruments TestStand 3.1 快速入门指南说明书
TestStand 3.1 Quick Start Guide™This document provides the TestStand system requirements, installationinstructions, and a description of the TestStand licensing options. Installing TestStandBefore beginning your test application, you must install TestStand onyour computer. The TestStand setup program installs the software inapproximately ten minutes.Minimum System RequirementsTo run TestStand 3.1, National Instruments recommends that your systemmeet the following requirements:•Windows 2000/XP or Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 6a or laterrequired•600 MHz Pentium class microprocessor (400 MHz minimum)•128 MB of memory (256 MB recommended)•500 MB of free hard disk space (100 MB minimum)•SVGA resolution or higher video adapter, with a minimum 800×600video resolution for small fonts or a minimum 1024×768 for largefonts•Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6.0 or later (5.5 or later required)TestStand 3.1 is compatible with the following National Instrumentsapplication development environments (ADEs):•LabVIEW 6.1 or later. LabVIEW 7.0 or later is required to use theTestStand User Interface Controls. LabVIEW 7.1 or later is requiredto configure and call LabVIEW Express VIs.•LabWindows™/CVI™ 6.0 or later. LabWindows/CVI 7.0 or later isrecommended for use with the TestStand User Interface Controls.•Measurement Studio 7.0 (or later) Enterprise Edition is required forintegration with Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 or later.TestStand Quick Start Guide Installation InstructionsNote National Instruments recommends that you close all open applications before you install TestStand.Note If you have saved LabVIEW VIs that call the TestStand API with a version of LabVIEW earlier than 5.1.1, you must compile and save them in LabVIEW 6.1 or later before installing TestStand 3.1. If you do not compile and save your VIs, the VIs will not load correctly after you install TestStand 3.1.Unless you specify another location during installation, the TestStandinstallation program copies files to <Program Files>\NationalInstruments\TestStand 3.1 after you complete the following steps:1.Insert the TestStand CD into the CD-ROM drive. If the CD startupscreen is not visible, select Run from the Windows Start menu and runsetup.exe from your CD.2.Follow the instructions in the dialog boxes.National Instruments recommends that you install the complete TestStand program to take full advantage of all the TestStand capabilities. If youchoose to perform a custom installation and do not install all TestStandfeatures, you can run the setup program again at a later time to install additional files.TestStand Licensing OptionsWhen you run TestStand for the first time, it will prompt you to activate a license for the product. If you do not activate a valid license, TestStand will run in Evaluation Mode and continue to prompt you to activate a license on each subsequent launch.NoteThis section is designed to assist you in understanding the licensing policies for TestStand. This document does not replace the National Instruments Software License Agreement and should only be used as a reference.OverviewNational Instruments offers a variety of TestStand licenses to satisfy the different ways that TestStand is used in development and deploymentapplications. In general, you can select from three types of licenses:the TestStand Development System License, the TestStand DebugDeployment Environment License, and the TestStand Base DeploymentEngine License.The following sections describe the scope of each license in accordancewith the National Instruments Software License Agreement, which isinstalled in the <TestStand>\Doc\License directory. For additionalinformation or questions about your specific licensing needs, contact yourlocal National Instruments representative.TestStand Evaluation Package (350863-00)When you run TestStand in Evaluation Mode, the software behaves as afully-functional Development System for the first 7 days of the evaluationperiod. After 7 days, TestStand will run with the following restrictions:•10-minute sequence execution•Continuous application usage time limit of one hourThe TestStand Evaluation Package software will expire after 30 days.You can activate your TestStand license at any point during the 30-dayevaluation period.For more information about TestStand licensing options or to purchase aTestStand license, visit /TestStand.TestStand Development System License(777777-03)The TestStand Development System License is required for any testsequence development and/or editing of existing TestStand sequence filesthat you perform within the TestStand Sequence Editor or programaticallyusing the TestStand API.TestStand Debug Deployment Environment License(900851-01)The TestStand Debug Deployment Environment License gives youmaximum flexibility for deploying TestStand and LabVIEW,LabWindows/CVI, and Measurement Studio-based systems. This licenseallows you to install the development versions of TestStand, LabVIEW,LabWindows/CVI, and Measurement Studio, along with anycorresponding add-on toolkits, so that you can debug your test applicationon your deployed test station. This license does not include the ability toperform any development tasks within the TestStand Sequence Editor orprogramatically using the TestStand API.© National Instruments Corporation3TestStand Quick Start GuideCVI™, LabVIEW™, Measurement Studio™, National Instruments™, NI™, ™, and TestStand™ are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation. Product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. For patents covering National Instrumentsproducts, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file on your CD, or /patents.© 2003–2004 National Instruments Corp. All rights reserved.Printed in Ireland.323374B-01Jul04 *323374A-01*TestStand Base Deployment Engine License(900850-01)The TestStand Base Deployment Engine License is the minimum licenserequired for all deployed TestStand-based applications. This license allowsyou to deploy the TestStand Engine, a TestStand Operator Interface, andTestStand sequence files to the single test station for which the license isapplicable.Learning TestStandThe best way to familiarize yourself with TestStand is to explore theTestStand Bookshelf, which contains all of the TestStand documentationin electronic format. To access the TestStand Bookshelf, select Start»Programs»National Instruments»TestStand 3.1»Online Help»TestStand Bookshelf.National Instruments recommends completing the following tasks to getstarted with TestStand:• Review the TestStand System and Architecture Overview Card tofamiliarize yourself with the various system components, as well as theflow and structure of sequences, process models, and executions.• Read Chapter 1, Introduction to TestStand, of Using TestStand tofamiliarize yourself with TestStand concepts and features.• Complete the tutorials in Using TestStand.• Read Chapter 1, TestStand Architecture, of the TestStand ReferenceManual, and familiarize yourself with the other chapters in thatmanual.• Refer to Using LabVIEW with TestStand and Using LabWindows/CVIwith TestStand to learn how to use TestStand with NationalInstruments ADEs.。
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(Citation : https:///resources/details/coastdown-facts) （引用 : https:///resources/details/coastdown-facts ）
Road load determination methods 道路载荷确定方法
Why Coastdown test ?为什么要做滑行测试？
Coastdown test is to determine parameters for simulation of the road load force on a chassis dynamometer. 滑行测试求得的参数用于底盘测功机上的道路行驶阻力的仿真。 The result from the coast-down tests form the basis of the determination of the car’s certified fuel consumption test and Emission test. 滑行测试的结果构成了确定车辆燃油消耗量测试和排放测试认证的基础。
Coastdown Background 滑行测试背景
A dynamometer is like a treadmill for vehicles, enabling vehicles to be operated indoors on a stationary platform to simulate real-world vehicle operation. 底盘测功机就像是车辆的跑步机，是车辆能够在室内固定的平台上模拟实际车辆操作。
Road load determination methods 道路载荷确定方法
Method for the calculation of road load or running resistance based on vehicle parameters 基于车辆参数计算道路载荷或行驶阻力的方法 Calculation of road load and running resistance for vehicles based on a representative vehicle of a road load matrix family 基于道路载荷矩阵家族中具代表性的车辆计算道路载荷和行驶阻力 Road load measurement on road of the representative vehicle is required 需要代表性车辆在路上的道路载荷测定 Calculation of the default road load based on vehicle parameters 基于车辆参数计算默认道路载荷 inaccurate, assumption 不准确，假设 f0 = 0.140 * Test Mass f1 = 0 f2 = (2.8 × 10−6 × Test Mass) + (0.0170 × Width × Height) Wind tunnel method 风洞法 using a combination of a wind tunnel and a chassis dynamometer or of a wind tunnel and a flat belt dynamometer 使用风洞和底盘测功机的组合或者风洞和平带测功机的组合 The results of the wind tunnel method shall be compared to those obtained using the coastdown method to demonstrate qualification of the facilities 使用风洞法得到的结果应与滑行法得到的结果进行比较以证明设备的资格。 (Citation : https:///wiki/download/attachments/29229449/ECE-TRANS-WP29GRPE-2016-03e_clean.pdf?api=v2)
要想测量汽车的总行驶阻力，就需要执行滑行测试。滑行测试用于在车上测量行驶阻力 ，它是一个与车辆速度相关的函数。 Coast-down Essential for Accurate Dyno Testing 滑行测试对精确的底盘测功机测试有重要意义。 Coast-down test procedure necessary to set chassis dynamometer road load to reflect actual vehicle characteristics 滑行测试法是设置底盘测功机道路行驶阻力以反映实际车辆特性的必要环节。 Aerodynamic drag 空气阻力 Tire rolling resistance 轮胎滚动阻力 Wheel bearing and brake drag 车轮轴承和制动阻力 Axle and transmission loss 车轴和传输损失 Inertia of drivetrain elements 传动系部件惯性阻力
Coast-down • Fuel efficiency • Driving performance Test System 滑行•燃油经济性•驾驶性能测试系统
2016. 5. 10 Infomagix Co.,Ltd
Why Coastdown test ?
In order to measure a car’s total road load, coast-down tests are performed. Coastdown test is to measure the road load force on a vehicle as a function of vehicle velocity.
The coastdown test is the standard industry technique to determine vehicle road load, which coupled with dynamometer testing, enables the manufacturer and certification agency to measure fuel economy and emission values under simulated driving conditions. 滑行测试是确定车辆道路载荷的行业技术标准，它与底盘测功机测试一起，使得制造厂 和认证机构能够在模拟驾驶条件下测量燃油消耗和尾气排放值。
A dynamometer is an electric motor that is connected to the vehicle and simulates standard highway and city driving cycles, enabling generation of simulated fuel底盘测功机是一个电动机，与车辆接触并模拟标准的高速和城市驾驶工况，使模拟的燃 油消耗和尾气排放数值能够生产。
Coastdown testing 滑行测试
Coastdown testing is used to determine the appropriate resistance levels (or “road loads”) to use on the dynamometer for a given vehicle model. 滑行测试用于确定适当的阻力水平（或者叫道路负载），在给定的车辆模型的底盘测功机上使用。 Coastdown testing is used to measure all types of resistance encountered by a given vehicle model during real-world operation, including: 滑行测试用于测量车辆模型在实际操作中所遇到的所有类型的阻力，包括： Vehicle aerodynamic resistance,车辆空气阻力 a factor affected by the vehicle’s size and shape, which determines how much air the vehicle has to push out of the way as it moves. The more resistance, the more energy has to be expended. 受车辆尺寸和形状影响的一个因素，确定了车辆移动时需要将多少的空气从道路上推开。阻力 越大，就需要消耗越多的动力。 Tire rolling resistance,轮胎滚动阻力 a factor related to tire design that determines how much energy the vehicle has to use to overcome the resistance caused by the interface between the tires and the road. 跟轮胎设计相关的一个因素，确定了车辆克服由胎面和路面接触产生的阻力所需要的能量。 Driveline and powertrain mechanical resistance,动力传动系统机械阻力 a factor of the vehicle’s drivetrain and how much energy the vehicle has to use to overcome internal friction to drive the wheels. 车辆传动系因素，确定了车辆克服内部摩擦以驱动车轮所需要的能量。 (Citation : https:///resources/details/coastdown-facts) （引用： https:///resources/details/coastdown-facts ）