黑币PoS协议2.0版白皮书

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pos协议书范本

pos协议书范本

pos协议书范本甲方(提供方):____________________乙方(使用方):____________________地址:______________________________地址:______________________________联系电话:__________________________联系电话:__________________________电子邮箱:__________________________电子邮箱:__________________________鉴于甲方拥有POS机系统及相关服务,乙方需要使用POS机系统进行交易结算服务,双方本着平等互利的原则,经过充分协商,就POS机系统使用事宜达成如下协议:一、服务内容1. 甲方同意向乙方提供POS机设备及相关结算服务。

2. 乙方同意按照甲方规定的程序和要求使用POS机设备,并遵守甲方制定的结算规则。

二、设备提供1. 甲方负责向乙方提供符合国家相关标准和要求的POS机设备。

2. 乙方在收到设备后,应进行验收,并在验收合格后签署设备验收单。

三、费用及结算1. 乙方应按照甲方规定的费率支付交易手续费。

2. 甲方应按照约定的时间和方式,将乙方的交易款项扣除手续费后结算给乙方。

3. 双方应定期对账,确保交易款项的准确性。

四、设备维护1. 甲方负责设备的定期维护和故障排除。

2. 若设备出现故障,乙方应及时通知甲方,甲方应在接到通知后的合理时间内进行维修或更换。

五、保密条款1. 双方应对在合作过程中获知的对方商业秘密和技术秘密负有保密义务。

2. 未经对方书面同意,任何一方不得向第三方泄露、提供或允许第三方使用上述秘密。

六、违约责任1. 如一方违反本协议约定,应承担违约责任,并赔偿对方因此遭受的损失。

2. 违约方应支付违约金,违约金的具体数额由双方协商确定。

七、协议的变更和解除1. 本协议的任何修改和补充均需双方协商一致,并以书面形式确认。

虚拟货币技术白皮书

虚拟货币技术白皮书

虚拟货币技术白皮书摘要本白皮书旨在探讨虚拟货币技术的发展趋势、应用场景以及相关的技术挑战。

我们将介绍虚拟货币的基本概念和原理,并分析其在金融领域、供应链管理和数字资产交易等方面的应用。

此外,我们还将讨论虚拟货币技术面临的安全和隐私问题,并提出相应的解决方案。

最后,我们将展望虚拟货币技术的未来发展方向。

1. 引言虚拟货币是指基于密码学技术和分布式账本技术实现的一种数字化货币,它不依赖于中央银行或政府机构发行和管理。

虚拟货币技术的兴起使得人们可以在无需第三方信任的情况下进行安全、快速的价值交换,具有巨大的潜力和广泛的应用前景。

2. 虚拟货币的基本原理虚拟货币的基本原理包括去中心化、分布式账本和密码学技术。

去中心化是指虚拟货币系统没有中央机构控制和管理,而是由网络中的节点共同参与验证和记录交易。

分布式账本是指虚拟货币系统中的交易记录被保存在多个节点上,确保交易的透明性和可追溯性。

密码学技术则用于保护虚拟货币系统的安全性和隐私性,包括数字签名、哈希函数和加密算法等。

3. 虚拟货币的应用场景虚拟货币技术在金融领域、供应链管理和数字资产交易等方面有着广泛的应用场景。

在金融领域,虚拟货币可以提供更快速、低成本的跨境支付服务,同时减少汇款中的中间环节和费用。

在供应链管理方面,虚拟货币可以实现对物流和资金流的实时追踪和管理,提高供应链的透明度和效率。

在数字资产交易方面,虚拟货币可以作为一种新型的资产交易方式,为数字资产的流通和交易提供更加便捷和安全的解决方案。

4. 虚拟货币技术的挑战虚拟货币技术在应用过程中面临着一些挑战,包括安全性、隐私性和监管等方面。

由于虚拟货币系统的去中心化特性,其安全性容易受到网络攻击和欺诈行为的威胁。

此外,虚拟货币系统中的交易记录被保存在分布式账本上,如何保护用户的隐私成为一个重要问题。

同时,虚拟货币技术的监管也需要相应的法律法规和监管机构来确保其合规性和稳定性。

5. 虚拟货币技术的解决方案为了应对虚拟货币技术所面临的挑战,我们可以采取一些解决方案。

Botton白皮书(中文)

Botton白皮书(中文)

第一章:前言C O NTENTS第二章 波顿(Botton)区块链商业系统································································································································12.1 旧商业体系痛点2.1.1 总体呈现“效率低、成本高”态势2.1.2 旧体系信息不对称2.1.3 企业信息孤岛2.1.4 真假难辨,维权成本高2.1.5 巨头垄断,中小企业融资难、融资贵2.1.6 全球化贸易流程繁琐,交易效率低 (2)····················································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································2.2 区块链赋能旧商业体系2.2.1 区块链技术特性2.2.2 旧商业的需求·····························································································································································································································································································································2.3 波顿——区块链商业系统···································································································2.4 LOGO 设计·······················································································································第三章 技术概况3.1 Botton(波顿)公有链技术框架·······················································································································································································································3.2 共识机制····························································································································3.3 代币发行····························································································································3.3.1 主币Botton Coin(波顿币)3.3.2 辅币Botton Token(波顿证)····················································································································································································3.4 链上社区功能····················································································································3.4.1 信任辐射网络3.4.2 熔炉铸币································································································································································································································3.4.3 矿场掘金···················································································································3.5 股东矿工大会····················································································································第四章 波顿(Botton)商业生态···································································································4.1 波顿商业生态建设规划······································································································4.1.1 生态启动阶段4.1.2 应用建设阶段··························································································································································································································4.1.3 生态成熟阶段·············································································································4.2 应用框架···························································································································4.2.1 产品供应链溯源 (2)222333445689991111111212131416181818181819194.2.2 链上出入库系统4.2.3 溯源和防伪框架4.2.4 库存管理4.2.5 智能商业4.2.6 用户价值管理·······································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································4.3 区块链+AI+大数据体系4.4.1 企业信用系统4.4.2 个人企业信用系统···························································································································································································································································································································4.4 全面信用评分系统·············································································································第五章 社区充分自治5.1 治理机制················································································································································································································································5.2 投票要素····························································································································第六章 Botton 里程碑···················································································································后记·············································································································································19 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 28。

2024年银行POS设备使用协议书(2篇)

2024年银行POS设备使用协议书(2篇)

2024年银行POS设备使用协议书本协议是由以下各方于2024年__月__日签署的银行POS设备使用协议书(以下简称“本协议”):甲方(银行):(名称)地址:电话:法定代表人:签署人:乙方(商户):(名称)地址:电话:法定代表人:签署人:鉴于:1. 甲方为提供商户收款服务,在合法授权下向乙方提供移动POS 终端设备及相关服务;2. 乙方同意按照本协议约定享受甲方提供的移动POS服务。

基于上述背景和双方的共同意愿,甲、乙双方经友好协商,达成如下协议:第一条设备提供1. 甲方应根据乙方的需求提供所需的移动POS终端设备(以下简称“设备”),设备包括但不限于刷卡器、扫码枪等。

2. 乙方应准确提供设备的数量和规格,并按照甲方的要求配备相应的操作系统和软件。

3. 设备的使用权归乙方所有,设备的风险和责任也由乙方承担。

第二条设备使用1. 乙方应按照操作手册和培训指南正确使用设备,确保设备正常运转。

2. 乙方应妥善保管设备,确保设备的安全,如发生设备丢失、损坏等情况,乙方应及时通知甲方。

3. 乙方不得私自拆卸、修理、更换设备,如有需要,应提前与甲方沟通并取得甲方的明确授权。

第三条服务费用1. 乙方享受甲方提供的移动POS服务需要支付一定的服务费用,具体金额由甲方根据市场行情和服务内容确定,并在双方签署本协议后的5个工作日内告知乙方。

2. 乙方应在每个自然月的前5个工作日内结清上一个月的服务费用。

3. 若乙方延迟结清服务费用,甲方有权采取以下措施之一或多种方式:(1)暂停或限制乙方的POS服务;(2)利息的按日计算,并加收滞纳金;(3)采取法律措施追讨欠款。

第四条维护与保修1. 甲方应负责设备的保修和维护,定期对设备进行检查、维修和更新。

2. 如果设备在使用过程中发生故障或出现其他问题,乙方应及时向甲方报告,并按照甲方的要求进行处理。

第五条保密义务1. 甲、乙双方互相承诺对对方的商业秘密予以保密,并且未经对方的书面同意不得披露或利用该商业秘密。

数字货币EOS白皮书-中文版

数字货币EOS白皮书-中文版


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某银行PBOC2.0改造POS部分需求书

某银行PBOC2.0改造POS部分需求书

PBOC2.0系统改造POS部分需求书1概述1.1术语与缩略词(一)银行卡POS收单业务是指在指定商户布放POS机具,受理银行卡的消费、退货及预授权类交易,并负责上述交易资金结算的业务。

(二)特约商户是指安装直联或间联POS开展银行卡支付结算业务,为持卡人提供消费及其他交易服务的单位。

凡依法注册、经营状况良好、信誉较高、在我行开有结算账户、接受货币支付的单位均可成为我行特约商户。

(三)直联是指POS终端直接与银联信息中心连接的POS终端接入方式。

(四)间联是指POS终端通过我行系统连接到银联信息中心的POS终端接入方式。

(五)MIS-POS系统是指将银行卡支付功能通过软硬件集成到商户的收银系统中,实现取消现有的外接银行POS、直接启用集成在收银机内的磁卡阅读器来支持银行卡交易,在系统运行过程中还可以根据与收银系统约定的接口完成相关数据的自动采集与交流。

(六)qPBOC(Quick PBOC):最小化的PBOC,以保证通过非接触界面进行快速交易。

(七)电子现金:基于借记/贷记应用上实现的小额支付功能。

(八)圈存:增加卡中电子现金余额的过程。

圈存有多种实现方式,可以从主账户中划入金额,也可以现金存款,又或者从其它账户转入金额,但圈存后的电子现金余额不能超过电子现金余额上限。

2总体需求概述2.1.业务目标概述通过对我行现有间联POS收单系统的改造,使能支持人民银行颁布的《中国金融IC卡借贷记应用2.0规范》(PBOC2.0规范)、《基于借记贷记应用的小额支付规范》及《非接触式IC卡支付规范》,使我行间联POS收单系统可受理PBOC2.0卡片交易和磁条卡交易,能受理PBOC2.0卡标准的借贷记应用、以及小额支付即电子现金应用,并能支持接触和非接触两种支付界面。

初步实现TOPS系统的集中管理,监控管理系统的集中管理,间联POS通讯接入设备(网控器)的集中管理。

2.3 项目基本要求2.3.1 集中式TOPS业务需求说明总行端建立集中式TOPS系统及相应的集中式监控管理系统对我行业务发展和资源整合有重要意义。

pboc2.0规范2005版合集2

pboc2.0规范2005版合集2

目次1文档概览 (2)1.1目的 (2)1.2面向对象 (2)1.3参考信息 (2)1.3.1参考资料 (2)1.3.2符号约定 (3)1.4缩略语和符号表示 (3)2个人化过程概述 (6)3初始化 (8)4数据准备 (11)4.1创建个人化数据 (11)4.1.1发卡行主密钥及其相关数据 (11)4.1.2应用密钥和证书 (11)4.1.3应用数据 (11)4.2记录格式 (12)4.2.1结束个人化处理 (12)4.3中国金融集成电路(IC)卡的数据分组 (12)5中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记贷记应用需求 (18)5.1中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用必须满足在通用个人化中规定的所有要求185.2中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用必须满足在中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记贷记卡片规范中规定的所有要求 (18)5.3中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用必须将中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记贷记卡片规范中强制规定的所有数据个人化 (18)6安全规范 (19)6.1安全综述 (19)6.2初始化安全 (19)6.3密钥定义 (20)6.3.1个人化密钥描述 (20)6.3.2中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用密钥描述 (21)6.4管理要求 (22)6.4.1环境 (22)6.4.2操作 (25)6.4.3管理规范 (28)6.5安全模块 (29)6.5.1物理安全属性 (30)6.5.2逻辑安全属性 (30)6.5.3功能需求 (30)6.5.4安全模块等级 (30)6.6风险审计 (30)1文档概览1.1目的EMV通用个人化规范(EMV-CPS)提供了一个适用于任何智能卡应用的通用个人化方案。

它同时包含了兼容EMV标准的金融应用,如中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用的个人化的具体需求。

中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记贷记应用个人化指南描述了中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用特有的个人化指令,包括中国金融集成电路(IC)卡借记/贷记应用特有的数据分组标识(DGIs)的定义。

lks 白皮书

lks 白皮书

lks 白皮书LKS 白皮书一、背景介绍LKS是一种基于区块链技术的数字货币,它采用了先进的加密算法和去中心化的分布式账本系统。

LKS的发行总量有限,且具有防伪和防篡改的特点。

由于区块链的去中心化特性,LKS的交易过程无需第三方机构的介入,实现了更加安全、快速和低成本的交易。

二、技术特点1. 区块链技术:LKS基于区块链技术构建,使用分布式账本记录交易信息,确保交易的透明性和安全性。

2. 加密算法:LKS采用先进的加密算法,保护用户的隐私和交易安全。

3. 智能合约:LKS支持智能合约功能,可以实现自动化的交易执行和合约执行。

4. 快速支付:LKS的交易速度快,可以实现秒级确认,满足日常支付需求。

5. 跨境支付:LKS可以实现跨境支付,无需通过中介机构,降低了支付成本和时间成本。

三、应用场景1. 跨境支付:由于LKS的去中心化特点和快速支付功能,可以在跨境支付领域得到广泛应用。

用户可以通过LKS进行跨境交易,避免了传统支付方式的繁琐手续和高额手续费。

2. 供应链金融:LKS可以应用于供应链金融领域,通过智能合约实现供应链各方之间的快速结算和信任建立,提高了供应链金融的效率和透明度。

3. 数字资产交易:LKS可以作为一种数字资产进行交易,用户可以通过LKS进行数字货币的兑换和交易,实现资产的流动性和增值。

4. 网络游戏:LKS可以应用于网络游戏领域,通过区块链技术确保游戏虚拟货币的安全和稳定,提供更好的游戏体验和交易保障。

5. 物联网支付:LKS可以应用于物联网支付领域,通过智能合约实现设备间的自动化支付和结算,推动物联网技术与支付方式的结合。

LKS作为一种基于区块链的数字货币,具有快速支付、跨境支付、供应链金融、数字资产交易、网络游戏和物联网支付等多种应用场景。

LKS的技术特点和去中心化的特性使其在安全性、透明度和效率方面具有优势,有望在未来的数字经济中发挥重要作用。

数字货币技术解析白皮书

数字货币技术解析白皮书

数字货币技术解析白皮书摘要本白皮书旨在对数字货币技术进行深入解析,探讨其背后的技术原理和应用场景。

首先,我们将介绍数字货币的概念和发展背景,然后重点讨论区块链技术在数字货币中的应用,包括去中心化的特点、共识机制和智能合约。

最后,我们将探讨数字货币技术的前景和挑战。

1. 引言数字货币是一种基于密码学技术的虚拟货币,其发展源于对传统货币体系的不满和对区块链技术的探索。

数字货币的出现为传统金融体系带来了革命性的变革,使得资金的流动更加便捷、安全和透明。

2. 数字货币的概念和发展背景数字货币是一种以数字形式存在的货币,通过密码学技术确保交易的安全性和匿名性。

它的发展背景源于对传统金融体系的不满,人们希望通过去中心化的方式实现更加公平和透明的交易。

3. 区块链技术在数字货币中的应用区块链技术是数字货币的核心技术之一,其通过去中心化的分布式账本实现了交易的可追溯性和安全性。

区块链技术的主要特点包括:去中心化、共识机制和智能合约。

3.1 去中心化区块链技术通过将交易数据保存在多个节点上,实现了去中心化的特点。

这意味着没有一个中央机构可以控制整个系统,所有的参与者都有平等的权利和义务。

3.2 共识机制共识机制是区块链技术的核心机制之一,它确保了交易的有效性和安全性。

常见的共识机制包括工作量证明(PoW)、权益证明(PoS)和权威证明(PoA)等,它们通过不同的方式来选择出验证交易的节点。

3.3 智能合约智能合约是区块链技术的重要应用之一,它是一种以编程方式定义和执行合约的方式。

智能合约可以实现自动化的交易执行和资产转移,提高交易的效率和安全性。

4. 数字货币技术的前景和挑战数字货币技术在金融领域具有广阔的应用前景,它可以为传统金融体系带来更高效、更安全和更便捷的交易方式。

然而,数字货币技术也面临着一些挑战,包括监管政策的不确定性、技术安全性和用户隐私等问题。

结论数字货币技术是一项具有重要意义的技术创新,它为传统金融体系带来了巨大的变革。

SWAP白皮书V1.2-繁体

SWAP白皮书V1.2-繁体

1.2 加密货币作为世界货币的进程1.3 全球优质资产配置——加密货币新的使用场景3.2 保险产品方案4.2 区块链架构5.2 资金用途5.3 SWAP 平台的盈利模型5.4 SWAP 代币的用途6714232829295.5 SWAP 平台生态5.6 金融产品交易挖矿3031BACKGROUND项目背景比特币诞生于2008年全球金融危机之际,彼时的中心化金融机构肆意滥用手中的权利,不断扩大信贷规模,尾部的金融风险日益堆高,最终泡沫破灭。

而遭受损失的依然是那些手无寸铁的普通民众,他们成为了金融危机的埋单者。

以中本聪为代表的密码朋克为了对抗中心化金融机构的霸权,发明了一种更加自由的数字货币——比特币。

比特币基于分布式账本、非对称加密及点对点传输技术,使得交易双方在没有第三方信任机构的背书下即可安全完成交易。

至此,以国家信用为背书的主权货币和依托于算法的非主权货币之间的博弈徐徐展开。

最初比特币十分弱小,价值极低。

但随着主权货币的一次次信任危机,加密货币的支持阵营日益壮大,市值也日益攀升,越来越多的科技巨头和大型跨国企业接受比特币作为支付手段。

另一方面,比特币背后的区块链技术因其去中心化、公开透明、难以篡改、可溯源等特性,打开了无限的想象空间,被各行各业视为救命稻草。

一时间,“区块链+”的呼声甚嚣尘上。

大国加紧上码区块链技术研发,许多小国更是前赴后继加大政策开放力度,将区块链视为弯道超车的历史机遇。

随着地缘政治格局的恶化,没有能力维持国家信用的弱势国家也开始寻求区块链的庇护,如委内瑞拉发行了石油币。

比特币的价格于2017年12月17日达到了历史峰值,超过了2万美元,数字货币的总市值也在随后的2018年1月份达到了8140亿美元的历史峰值,可谓一片繁荣景象。

1.1 区块链行业的发展瓶颈喧嚣过后,一地鸡毛,数字货币很快在2018年跌入谷底。

比特币的价格一度跌至3000美元附近,数字货币总市值一度跌至近1000亿美元,与历史峰值相比缩水85%,批评比特币和区块链又成了新的政治正确。

自动取款机网络安全白皮书说明书

自动取款机网络安全白皮书说明书

WHITE PAPERExecutive SummaryExposed, unattended, and geographically dispersed, automated teller machines (ATMs) are among a financial institution’s most vulnerable assets. Thus, they warrant best-of-breed security. The security platform protecting a bank network should include business-grade next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) guarding the network perimeter and a smaller, host-level NGFW for each ATM. It should also incorporate endpoint protection, sandboxing, and security management products. All these solutions must automate threat detection and response activities, integrate with one another to share threat information, and incorporate threat intelligence from a leading service. Meeting these requirements is a tall order, but finding the right solutions is necessary to secure cash repositories around the world.Best-Of-Breed ATM Network SecurityFor would-be thieves considering the possibilities, ATMs are an irresistible target. Some choose to physically steal the machine with the goal of accessing its cash in a remote location. Others plant physical skimmers or use other means to steal credit card information. But the fastest-growing threat for networks of ATMs comes from cyberattacks, in which hackers remove a bank’s restrictions on cash withdrawals and then “cash out” at its ATMs.¹ One such scheme in August 2018 resulted in the successful theft of the equivalent of nearly $13 million across 28 countries in two days.²Protecting against these and other cyber threats requires a carefully designed cybersecurity infrastructure. The platform should focus on automation of threat detection and response, integration of security products, and seamless incorporation of world-class threat intelligence. Automated Threat Detection and ResponseWhen security products continuously and autonomously monitor different aspects of a bank network, they will recognize threats much sooner than humans monitoring log files would. If the security solutions also respond automatically when they identify a potential attack, threat mitigation will happen much faster. Rapid mitigation can reduce threat impact in any corporate network, but the benefits are magnified in a financial institution that has ATMs spread across a country, throughout a region, or even around the world.Automation offers additional benefits in the realm of security patches and updates. It enables a small team to secure widely dispersed ATMs in a timely manner from a central data center, reducing travel time and costs. Automated patch management also eliminates the temptation to engage in the risky practice of having nontechnical staff at each branch handle this task. Automation is especially important for small teams in areas facing acute labor shortages, as it enables the few security experts on staff to focus on more value-added tasks.Security Solution Integration and Threat IntelligenceAnother characteristic of a well-designed security architecture is integration of the various solutions. Like any sizable organization, a typical bank runs an assortment of security products. Some protect the network. Others protect individual machines. No matter how sophisticated these solutions are in their own right, they will be more effective if they operate in an integrated manner.Within a tightly integrated security platform, products alert one another anytime they detect a threat to the network. Ideally, they can respond to the threat in an automated manner as well, which can provide coordinated threat response across the entire attack surface— from the data center to every individual ATM. Coordinated response is particularly important in combating multivector attacks, which target several potential security vulnerabilities simultaneously. As soon as one of the bank’s security solutions detects a known threat, all can work together to prevent entry to any point in the network.To protect against unknown threats, the security architecture should also incorporate threat intelligence. When security products integrate not only with one another but also with a reputable threat-intelligence service, they are equipped to respond in concert to zero-day threats as soon as the service recognizes the vulnerability.Compliance with GDPR, PCI DSS, and Local RegulationsA highly automated and tightly integrated security architecture supports compliance with banking and ATM security regulations around the world. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which took effect in May 2018, requires organizations to deploy state-of-the-art systems for securing personal data.³ While “state of the art” is open to interpretation, it would make sense for the EU to expect security solutions to share data and respond automatically, in a coordinated manner, to detected threatsThe Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) more specifically encourages organizations to take a comprehensive and integrated approach to IT security.4 Automation also supports PCI DSS compliance. Among other actions, the rules require financial institutions to ensure their ATMs’ security patches are always up to date.GDPR, PCI DSS, and countless other regulations in jurisdictions around the world are easier for banks to comply with when their security platform features automated threat detection and response, integration among security solutions, and incorporation of threat intelligence. Key Components of ATM Network Security SolutionT o adequately protect ATMs, branches, and its corporate network, a financial institution requires an automated and integrated security architecture that includes the following components:NGFWsSecure software-defined wide-area networking (SD-WAN)Endpoint protectionEncryptionSandboxingCentralized management and monitoringSecurity information and event management (SIEM)Perimeter and Host-Level NGFWsEvery bank needs business-grade NGFWs at the network perimeter to keep malware out. The NGFWs at the network edge should come with built-in intrusion prevention system (IPS) capabilities. IPS features should include not only signature matching but also analysis of contextual information, such as user behaviors and heuristics, and network and protocol anomaly detection. Banks selecting perimeter NGFWs should make sure the equipment has only a minimal impact on network performance.To protect individual ATMs and to prevent them from being used as a vector for attacks across the network, financial institutions needto also look for smaller, host-level NGFWs. The host-level NGFW attached to each ATM should offer zero-touch deployment and central management capabilities to optimize efficiency. Using the same vendor for all the bank’s NGFWs can further streamline configuration and ongoing management, as staff need to learn only one interface.Ensuring that all NGFWs on the corporate network integrate tightly with other elements of the security infrastructure is crucial. A bank’s NGFWs play a key role in collecting information about threats that are approaching the network and disseminating that information to the organization’s other security solutions. Moreover, NGFWs should tie in with the financial institution’s threat-intelligence service. Real-time intelligence sharing across the network facilitates rapid response to all threats, both known and unknown.Finally, financial institutions should consider using NGFWs to segment their corporate network. In the event of an attack, isolating any infected ATMs or other systems through internal network segmentation can effectively contain the attack and the damage.Securing SD-WAN ConnectionsMany banks use SD-WAN technologies to connect ATMs to the corporate network. These high-performance edge devices significantly improve WAN utilization. They enable banks to leverage lower-cost connectivity options, such as cable or DSL, and support wireless technologies such as LTE, WiMAX, and satellite communications. SD-WAN solutions enable a bank to inexpensively achieve redundancy in the connections between its widespread ATMs and the corporate data center. Moreover, SD-WAN technologies can bridge multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) and metro Ethernet tiers, directing traffic to the best connections as determined by speed of service and business rules for traffic prioritization. Having the ability to use multiple delivery channels also reduces cost.The downside to SD-WAN is that it allows WAN traffic to bypass the corporate data center, forfeiting the benefits of the enterprise firewalls and other security processes that operate there. Realizing this, some SD-WAN technology vendors advocate adding NGFWs at the network edge or at various points along the WAN. For networking teams, this adds more complexity and ultimately increases the total cost of ownership (TCO).A more efficient approach is to leverage high-performance SD-WAN functionality within NGFWs. Essentially, financial institutions can us their NGFWs to provide a secure, integrated environment in which to deploy SD-WAN as needed and manage it efficiently.Endpoint Protection To Enhance ATM SecurityIn addition to protecting edges of the network and deploying internal network segmentation, banks need to have an endpoint protection solution guarding each ATM. The product should be designed specifically to detect malware and automatically mitigate threats at the level of the endpoint.Many vendors offer endpoint protection solutions built to perform these functions, but they have a critical weakness: they are entirely standalone and reside in silos. Thus, they do not share threat information with the network’s other security products, nor do they incorporate externally gathered threat intelligence. In contrast, integrating endpoint protection with the network’s other security products strengthens a bank’s overall security posture.A sophisticated endpoint protection solution automates threat detection and response and integrates into a network-wide security platform. Running such a solution in each ATM helps the ATM server respond effectively if malware were to get past the host-level NGFW.Encryption Protects Network TrafficBecause hackers are always innovating, even the most robust security environment will likely experience breaches. For added protection in case a hacker does access its data in motion, a bank can encrypt communications. The endpoint protection solution that secures ATMs should encrypt traffic between the ATM server and the host-level NGFW. Then, the ATM-level NGFW should use IPsec virtual private network (VPN) security to send encrypted communications to the bank’s data center. This two-level encryption helps prevent connection sniffing, which reduces the chance that a bank will fall victim to card fraud.To help ensure that encryption does not affect ATM throughput, which would frustrate customers, financial institutions can run multiple VPN connections from each ATM to the data center, thus enabling link load balancing. When doing so, the institution must secure each connection using an IPsec VPN solution.Sandboxing Isolates Possible ThreatsWhen a bank’s perimeter NGFW, ATM-level NGFW, or endpoint protection solution detects questionable code, the security platform needs to determine the risk posed by the prospective threat. Sandboxing technologies providea safe environment for executing code that might be malware. They can automatically test flagged code for advanced and unknown threats, without exposing the rest of the bank network. Further, a sandboxing solution can automatically destroy any code that turns out to be a real threat. As a result, it never has a chance to gain access to the broader network.Financial institutions should look for a sandboxing solution that addresses multiple security functions (e.g., endpoint, web, mail, and file shares). They also need to find a solution that tightly integrates with the other products in their security platform. The sandboxing software should automatically notify other elements of the security infrastructure, in real time, anytime it discovers a new threat. This can prevent multivector attacks approaching an ATM from successfully breaching any other area of the bank’s network, and vice versa.Centralization of Management and MonitoringVisibility and centralized control of corporate security processes are key to threat detection and response. To ensure that they are taking the right actions to mitigate threats, security teams need a high-level view into vulnerabilities and attempted attacks networkwide. Thus, ongoing management and monitoring of the security platform are key considerations in the selection of security solutions to protect an ATM network.Some providers of firewalls, endpoint protection, and other security products also offer tools that centralize management and monitoring of the entire security infrastructure. In addition to providing the requisite visibility, these tools minimize the time required to deploy security on each new ATM. Automated configuration of ATM security, with zero-touch ongoing security management, can shrink deployment time and reduce the chance of errors. Such capabilities are important for a bank that must efficiently, but effectively, manage security across dispersed ATM locations. This is especially crucial when managing hundreds, or even thousands, of ATMs spread across a country or throughout the world.Siem for File Integrity MonitoringA SIEM solution facilitates the collection, storage, correlation, and analysis of information from endpoints throughout the corporate network, including ATMs, and from the NGFWs on the network edge. This enables a bank’s security staff to oversee an appropriate and coordinated response anytime a threat is detected.SIEM solutions that offer file integrity monitoring further enhance threat response for a bank. That is because if malware reaches an ATM, the first action the bank’s network administrator will take will be to verify the integrity of the files on the ATM server. Automating file integrity monitoring across a set of tightly integrated security products streamlines response to any threat. This requires a unified security platform across ATMs, servers, and clients across the entire network.Copyright © 2019 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet , FortiGate , FortiCare and FortiGuard , and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be April 18, 2019 12:08 AM The visibility that some security management tools provide, combined with SIEM capabilities, can greatly enhance a bank’s ability to comply with regulations focused on data protection. Collecting and storing security information in one place accelerates response to regulatory bodies and streamlines routine compliance audits.ConclusionEvery ATM represents a potential point of vulnerability for the customer cards it processes, for the cash it stores, and for the corporatenetwork as a whole. A bank’s security architecture must incorporate best-of-breed solutions for enterprise firewalls, host-level firewalls, ATM clients, and security management tools. It also must ensure that these solutions integrate tightly.Integration and automation reduce the TCO of an ATM network by minimizing manual effort across corporate security processes. When a financial institution can leverage NGFWs and other network security solutions it already has in place, cost savings grow.At the same time, an automated and integrated security platform reduces risk. By building an infrastructure in which geographically dispersed machines automatically receive the latest security updates and respond to threats in a coordinated fashion, a bank prepares its ATM network for the known and unknown threats of the future.1Charles Henderson, “Dangerous New ATM Fraud Scheme Attacks Dual Fronts Simultaneously,” Security Intelligence, August 15, 2018. 2“India’s Cosmos bank suffers global ATM cash-out attack,” EAST., August 14, 2018.3“Art. 32 GDPR | Security of processing,” Intersoft Consulting.4 “PCI Compliance & Certification for ATMs | Overview and Best Practices,” PCI Policy Portal, April 18, 2016.。

社交链白皮书(官方版 )

社交链白皮书(官方版 )
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social network coin
刀歌整理 优质项目 币圈交流 微信www7-7www
社交链(SNC)开发团队旨在打造全球优秀竞争区块链资产,以及后期国内外应用开发,提升币种自身价值。SNC设计了 主节点系统,任何持币超过10万SNC即可建设主节点参与挖矿(详细请看官网教程),发行总量2亿预挖1.2亿 区块高度小于301000每分钟所有主节点竞争产出的40个SNC的32个,剩余8个将作为普通POS利息 区块高度小于601000每分钟所有主节点竞争产出的20个SNC的16个,剩余4个将作为普通POS利息 区块高度小于901000每分钟所有主节点竞争产出的10个SNC的8 个,剩余2个将作为普通POS利息 区块高度大于901000每分钟所有主节点竞争产出的5 个SNC的4 个,剩余1个将作为普通POS利息 社交链(SNC)后期规划中,含有APP应用研发以及登录其它交易平台的计划,请参照官网信息及其发布的白皮书
social network coin
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刀歌整理 优质项目 币圈交流 微信www7-7www
social network coin
社交链(SNC)
社交链(social network coin, 简称SNC)是2017年6月2日创世,社交链(SNC)创新的采用了达世币的主节点计划,并改进了POW挖矿纳税给主节点 机制,采用更加安全的POS挖矿,推出POW+POS挖矿。主节点机制为后期开发匿名功能提供了强有力的保障。社交链(SNC)开发团队旨在打造全球 优秀竞争区块链资产,以及后期国内外应用开发,提升币种自身价值。社交链(SNC)设计了主节点系统,任何持币超过10万即可建设主节点参与挖矿( 详细请看官网教程) 社交链(SNC)把网络社交推进了一步,从单纯的点对点交流的成本降低,推进到了点对面交流成本的降低。即时通信(IM)和博客(Blog)更像是前 面两个社交工具的升级版本,前者提高了即时效果(传输速度)和同时交流能力(并行处理);后者则开始体现社会学和心理学的理论——信息发布 节点开始体现越来越强的个体意识,因为在时间维度上的分散信息开始可以被聚合,进而成为信息发布节点的“形象”和“性格”。比如从RSS、flickr到 最近的YouTube、Digg、Mini-feed、Twitter、Fetion、Video-Mail都解决或改进了单一功能,是丰富网络社交的工具。 社交链(social network coin, 简称SNC)开创了新的匿名方式。基于11种加密算法(blake, bmw, groestl, jh, keccak, skein, luffa, cubehash, shavite, simd, echo)超级安全哈希运算。同时他也集成了黑币pos机制,并且对其进行了优化和改造, 基于比特币协议,融合了scrypt+SHA256的优质算法经过官方团队二次开发。 POW+POS+POSV2【POS2.0】 创新模式:POS+POSV2模式使得浪费几乎没有,打开钱包就能获得利息 POSV2【pos2.0】:拒绝51%攻击使得钱包更加安全! 现有的网络基础并不安全 个人信息 隐私往往容易被盗取 社交链基于互联网利用区块链加密技术优化整体的社交网络 点对点的通讯模式 保护您的 个人隐私,我们希望以社交链的区块的加密方式为所有的即时通讯商提供整体的区块链解决方案 取名社交链,主要原因是我们所从事的即时通讯领域,以及我们对腾讯和阿里两大巨头在该领域所做出的变革性创新的高度认可与崇敬。我们希望 以他们作为我们成长的目标,在该领域内有所创新解决社交网络安全问题. 以上,就是社交链的使命,也是我们正在做的事。 社交链(SNC)用节点分布式的区块链来重构通讯行业基础,建立标准 完整 透明的通讯信息基础平台链 链接各大通讯平台公用一条公链,例:在一条公 链上 微信 淘宝 陌陌 MSN SKYPE facebook 维特(twitter) ...... 等各种社交通讯软件都可以通过该公链进行自由通讯 交流 全球 只有要网络的地方 都可 以通过社交链通讯 通讯自由 无网关限制 可用于 包含 通讯 支付 医疗 购物 以及私密交易 等领域 后期为企业提供 可定制的智能合约通讯系统 基于区块链密码技术 搭建企业内部的通讯交流系统 保证企业通讯 资料安全 杜绝商业间谍.

bnb白皮书范文

bnb白皮书范文

bnb白皮书范文
百度百科白皮书(Baidu Whitepaper)是百度公司发表的一份详细介绍其技术、产品或服务的文献。

本篇白皮书将具体介绍百度百科的背景、特点、发展历程以及未来发展方向。

一、背景
二、特点
2.大数据支持:百度百科由百度拥有的大量数据资源支持,用户通过百度可以轻松找到百科词条,在传播度和受众范围上具有巨大优势。

3.与引擎关联:百度百科与百度引擎关联紧密,提供更准确的知识结果,并且有助于更好地满足用户需求。

三、发展历程
1.创立与上线:百度百科由百度创始人李彦宏提议,2024年成立,并于同年5月20日上线试运行。

初期,百度百科主要依靠百度的推广,逐渐吸引了大量用户的参与。

3.知识付费模式:为了更好地保证百科内容的质量,百度百科于2024年推出了知识付费模式,诚邀专业人士提供优质的知识内容,并采用知识付费的方式进行激励和分配。

四、未来发展方向
1.打造权威知识库:百度百科将进一步提高词条审核和内容质量的管理,加强对专业知识的聚集和输出,建立权威的中文知识库。

2.加强大数据应用:百度百科将进一步整合百度公司的大数据资源,提供更准确和个性化的知识推荐和结果。

3.拓展国际化发展:百度百科将积极推动国际化发展,在全球范围内提供中文知识的服务和传播,为更多的用户提供中文知识的文化窗口。

总结:。

usdt中文白皮书

usdt中文白皮书

usdt中文白皮书
引言概述:
USDT(Tether)是一种加密货币,其价值与美元等价,被广泛应用于数字货币交易市场。

本文将详细介绍USDT中文白皮书的内容,包括其背景、技术架构、应用场景、发展前景以及风险控制等方面。

正文内容:
1. 背景
1.1 USDT的起源与发展
1.2 USDT与其他加密货币的区别
1.3 USDT的市场地位与应用范围
2. 技术架构
2.1 USDT的基本原理
2.2 USDT的安全性与去中心化特点
2.3 USDT的发行与销毁机制
3. 应用场景
3.1 USDT在数字货币交易市场的作用
3.2 USDT在跨境支付中的应用
3.3 USDT在金融领域的潜在价值
4. 发展前景
4.1 USDT的发展趋势与前景展望
4.2 USDT在全球范围内的推广与应用
4.3 USDT与央行数字货币的关系与发展
5. 风险控制
5.1 USDT的风险与挑战
5.2 USDT的监管与合规性问题
5.3 USDT的技术风险与安全隐患
总结:
综上所述,USDT中文白皮书详细介绍了USDT的背景、技术架构、应用场景、发展前景以及风险控制等方面。

USDT作为一种与美元等价的加密货币,具有安全性、去中心化、快速支付等特点,广泛应用于数字货币交易市场。

然而,USDT也面临着监管合规性、技术风险以及与央行数字货币的关系等挑战。

未来,USDT有望在全球范围内推广应用,并与其他数字货币共同发展,为金融领域带来更多的创新与机遇。

uniswap白皮书

uniswap白皮书

uniswap白皮书Uniswap是一种在以太坊上运行的去中心化交易协议,允许用户直接在智能合约中交换ERC20代币。

该协议于2018年由Hayden Adams开发,并于2020年发布了第二版。

Uniswap通过创造一对资产的交易对来实现交易。

这对交易对包括两种ERC-20代币,它们通过一个自动化的流动性协议自动地对冲比例进行交换。

以太坊区块链上的任何人都可以提供资金给这两种代币的流动池,并可以获得流动性提供者费用作为回报。

Uniswap的交易是按照一个固定的运算公式进行的。

该公式称为“常量乘积”。

它基于流动性提供者存入的资金量来计算交易价格。

当有人在交易对中下单时,该订单会导致交易对中的代币比例发生变化,以确保交易价格遵循常量乘积公式。

Uniswap的去中心化特点使得其具有高度安全性和透明性。

由于没有中心化的交易所或中间人,用户可以直接管理和控制自己的资金。

而且,与中心化交易所相比,Uniswap的交易流动性更高,订单簿更深。

Uniswap的白皮书提到了一些新的功能和改进。

其中包括动态手续费模型,自动市场制造商和闪电贷。

动态手续费模型允许流动性提供者设置交易费用以获得更高的回报。

自动市场制造商通过引入权益代币和协议代币来激励流动性提供者,并为用户提供更好的交易体验。

闪电贷是一种无需抵押品的借贷机制,允许用户在交易过程中借贷资金。

总的来说,Uniswap通过使用自动化的流动性协议和分散的交易模型,为用户提供了一种安全、透明、高流动性的交易方式。

它具有广泛的用例,可以用于在以太坊和ERC20代币之间进行直接的去中心化交易。

随着白皮书中提到的新功能和改进的不断推出,Uniswap有望在去中心化交易领域继续发挥重要的作用。

NPS支付系统外币卡支付合作协议

NPS支付系统外币卡支付合作协议

NPS支付系统外币卡支付合作协议甲方:______________________(支付系统公司)地址:_________________________法定代表人:___________________联系电话:_____________________电子邮箱:_____________________乙方:______________________(合作外币卡公司)地址:_________________________法定代表人:___________________联系电话:_____________________电子邮箱:_____________________鉴于甲乙双方同意建立基于NPS支付系统的外币卡支付合作,共同推动跨境支付业务的便捷化、安全化进程,经过友好协商,双方依据《中华人民共和国合同法》等法律法规的相关规定,达成如下协议条款:第一条合作事项及内容1. 甲乙双方同意依托NPS支付系统,共同开展外币卡支付业务。

2. 乙方负责提供外币卡服务,包括但不限于发卡、收款、结算等。

甲方负责提供支付系统技术支持和跨境支付相关服务。

3. 双方合作推广境外消费应用场景,提升外币卡的使用场景和用户体验。

第二条合作期限及终止方式1. 本协议自双方签署之日起生效,有效期为X年。

2. 协议的提前终止需提前X个月书面通知对方并协商解决。

到期续签根据双方协商确定。

第三条双方权利义务一、甲方的权利义务:1. 提供稳定、高效的NPS支付系统技术支持。

2. 协助乙方推广外币卡支付业务,共享客户资源。

3. 对乙方的交易数据进行保密,除法律法规另有规定外,未经乙方同意不得泄露。

二、乙方的权利义务:1. 提供合法、合规的外币卡服务,确保数据真实性。

2. 配合甲方进行技术对接和系统集成。

3. 及时向甲方反馈合作过程中出现的问题和建议。

第四条业务操作流程及规则1. 双方确定具体业务操作流程,包括用户注册、发卡、交易、结算等环节。

达世币白皮书(中文翻译)

达世币白皮书(中文翻译)

达世币白皮书一个专注于保护隐私的数字货币摘要:这是一款以中本聪所开发的比特币为基础,改进并添加了诸如双层奖励制网络—也称为主节点网络,等多项新功能的加密数字货币。

其中还包含为提高可互换性的匿名支付(Darksend),和在不依赖中心权威下实现即时交易确认的即时支付功能(InstantX)。

1. 介绍2009年,中本聪提出比特币的概念,自那以后,比特币已迅速在主流应用和商业用途中传播开来,成为首个吸引大量用户的数字货币,是数字货币史上的里程碑。

不过从完成交易的角度来看比特币接收的情形,我们可以发现一个重要问题,就是比特币区块确认交易的时间过长,而传统的支付公司已找出使买卖双方实现比特币交易零确认的解决方案,但这一解决方案通常是要在协议之外采用可信赖的第三方完成交易。

比特币提供假名交易,实现发送者和接受者之间一对一交易的关系,并能永远记录全网发生过的交易。

比特币只提供低层次的隐私保护,这点在学术界众所周知,尽管有此不足,许多人仍然相信区块链记录的转账历史。

基于中本聪成果,DASH(达世币)是首个以保护隐私为要旨的加密数字货币。

我们在比特币概念的基础上进行了一系列的改进,由此诞生出一个去中心化的和具备良好匿名性的加密数字货币,它支持防篡改的即时交易,又有能为达世币网络提供服务奖励制的点对点次级网络。

2. 主节点网络全节点是运行在 p2p 网络上的服务器,让小节点使用它们来接受来自全网的动态变化。

这些全节点需要显著的流量和要消耗大量成本的其它资源,由此在一段时间内会观察到比特币网络上的这些节点数量呈现稳步下降的趋势,使区块广播的时间需要额外增加40秒。

为解决这问题,提出了许多方案,例如引入微软研究的新奖励计划和 Bitnodes 激励计划。

表1: 2014年春的全节点这些节点对网络的健康而言十分重要,它们能让客户端同步和通过全网快速广播信息。

我们提议增加次级网络,名为达世主节点网络。

这些节点将具有高可用性,而且在为网络提供符合一定要求的服务后能够得到主节点服务奖励。

以太零–通用智能合约开发平台

以太零–通用智能合约开发平台

IX X
24 团队 .................................................................................................................... 26 总结 ........................................................................................................................
VIII
8.1 8.2
22 应用场景和市场预期 .......................................................................................
通用应用 ........................................................................................................... 22 行业落地 ........................................................................................................... 22
V
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
16 技术与经济参数 ....................................................................................................
技术架构 ........................................................................................................... 16 共识参数 ........................................................................................................... 17 区块参数 ........................................................................................................... 17 主节点参数 ....................................................................................................... 17
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黑币POS协议2.0版白皮书
Pavel Vasin
www.blackcoin.co
摘要—目前的PoS协议存在一些潜在的安全问题:币龄(coin age)可能会被恶意的节点滥用以获得更高的网络权重并成功实施双花(double spend)。

另外,由于币龄的问题,诚实的节点可以通过定期开启钱包进行权益累积(staking)而滥用这一系统。

这样就不能确保黑币网络的安全。

最后,在当前的系统当中,所有权益证明的组件都是可以充分预测的,这样就可以对将来的权益证明进行提前计算。

在本白皮书中提出了一套系统以解决上述问题。

I.介绍
目前虚拟币社区普遍认为PoS系统还没有充分证明其安全性、经济价值以及长期的总体能源效率。

黑币本来是为了证明PoS的概念是有效的这一目的而被创造出来的,并坚持让它在未来的虚拟货币当中具有现实世界的用途。

在过去的120天里,黑币以它1500万~2000万美元的市值证明了这个系统是安全的。

由于我们预计黑币生态系统在未来将会持续增长,我们希望确保PoS系统能够尽可能的安全。

这就是为什么我们将要引入PoS协议2.0版(或者简称为PoS2.0)的原因。

未来我们将会持续扩展和加强这个新系统,以确保各种攻击途径在被恶意的滥用之前就被关闭。

本白皮书的结构如下:第II章会对PoS的概念进行解释;第III章将会对现有系统的缺陷进行描述;第IV章将会讲述哪些地方将要做出改变;最后在第V章进行总结。

II.股权证明机制(P O S)
类似于比特币[1]这样的去中心化数字货币的获得方式是:通过来解决艰巨的计算任务来获得整个网络的认可,从而产生区块,其中包含了各个区块分别是由哪个节点所生成的证据。

然而不幸的是,基于PoW(工作量证明机制)的系统最终将倾向于自我毁灭[2]。

PoS的目标是取代这种在分配体系中达成一致的方式。

PoW的机制是,在一定数额的币被整个网络接受以前,各个节点通过生成区块的方式来证明自己对这些币的所有权。

生成一个区块的过程包含把这部分的币发送给自己,以证明所有权。

所需要的币数(也叫做目标)是由网络通过类似于PoW的难度调节机制来规定的,以此来确保大致恒定不变的出块时间。

与PoW机制一样,在PoS中生成区块的过程将会得到转账费用的奖励,此外还有一个通过底层协议所定义的供应模型,也就是通常所说的利率。

虚拟币的初始分配通常是在一个叫做PoW挖矿的时间段进行的。

A.相关工作
第一个基于PoS的虚拟币是点点币(PPC)[3],目前仍然在PoW挖矿阶段。

基于对点点币的PoS协议的进一步开发又产生了新星币(NVC)[4],它使用一种混合的PoW/PoS系统。

黑币是第一个采用基于上述项目发展而来的纯粹PoS协议的虚拟货币。

III.P O S的安全问题
除了PoS对于PoW在整个网络上建立共识的方法上所具有的明显优势,PoS也亟须解决一些问题,从而极大地提高其网络安全性。

A.币龄
在点点币的协议当中区块的生成是基于币龄的,这是一个随着时间的流逝而线性的增加未花费的币的权重的因子,其证明必须与一个新区块一起提供,并满足以下条件:
proofhash<币数·币的年龄
币龄
·目标(1)
proofhash对应于一个取决于权重修正因子、未花费的产出和当前时间的模糊和的哈希值。

通过这个系统,攻击者可以把足够的币龄积攒起来,从而成为网络上拥有最高权重的节点。

如果攻击是恶意的,攻击者可以对区块链进行分叉并达成双花。

但是,此次攻击过后,攻击者必须重新积攒币龄才能再次发起攻击,因为当区块生成后权益累积就会归零。

值得一提的是,这种情况发生的可能性很低,攻击者也没有足够的动机(积攒足够的币龄以成为网络中权重最高的节点,为实现这一目标,需要花费大量时间,或者拥有大量黑币——换言之即大量金钱。

其次,发动这样的攻击很可能使得整个黑币系统的价值降低,长期来看难以从中获利)。

另一种情况是这些币龄属于贪婪但却诚实的节点。

有一些节点并没有恶意,但是他们的钱包平时都是离线的,只是偶尔进行同步以获得利息。

当前的系统事实上鼓励了这些节点滥用这一机制,他们平时保持离线,只在累积了可观的币龄以后才连线以获得利息,然后再次关闭。

B.区块链提前计算和长距离攻击
在本文撰写之际,对于如何在一个巨大的分布式网络当中确保时间戳的安全性,还没有已知的解决方案。

当前的区块时间戳规则给了攻击者一定程度的自由来选择公式1当中提到的proofhash,并因此提高了让过去几个区块成功分叉的可能性。

此外,目前的权重修正因子没有对哈希功能进行足够的模糊处理以防止攻击者提前计算出未来的权益累积证明。

因此恶意的攻击者将能够计算出权益累积证明的解答的下一次间隔,从而能够连续生成多个区块并实施能够危害到整个网络的恶意攻击。

IV.协议中的变化
下面我们来描述一下黑币协议的变化,这些变化能处理前面几节当中提到的问题。

A.将币龄从等式中拿掉
运行一套PoS系统最安全的方法是将尽可能多的节点纳入网络,越多节点在线进行权利累积,系统遭受安全问题(例如51%攻击)的可能性就越低,通过节点确认的交易确认速度也越快。

因此,拿掉币龄就需要所有节点必须更多的保持在线以进行权益累积。

积攒币龄的方法在新系统里将不再可能,新系统采用以下公式计算权益累积的机会:
proofhash<币数·目标(2)需要注意的是公式2的系统不会改变实际的权益奖励值B.改变权益修正因子
为了降低预先计算攻击的可能性,权重修正因子在每一次修正因子间歇时都会改变,以便对将要用来下一个权益累积证明的时间戳的计算结果进行更好的模糊处理。

C.时间戳规则
我们对区块时间戳做了适当的改变,使其在PoS机制下更有效的工作。

预计区块时间将在原本的60秒的基础上有所增加,以匹配粒度。

需要注意,假设节点有外部时间来源,并且节点的内部时间与全网整体时间之间的差异太大,则此节点产生的区块将很可能成为孤块。

对区块时间戳规则的修改建议概要如下。

比特币
以前的限制前11个区块时间的中间值
未来的限制+2小时
粒度1秒
预计的区块时间10分钟
黑币(新规则)
以前的限制上一个区块时间
未来的限制+15秒
粒度16秒
预计的区块时间64秒
D.哈希功能
新星币的原始协议使用Scrypt[5]算法来进行工作量证明,同时也用来进行区块哈希。

但前期实施的时候这里有一些问题。

使用Scrypt算法对于PoS来说没有什么实际好处,而且相对于其他算法来说也慢很多。

因为黑币已经结束了PoW阶段,所以唯一需要做的主要改变是确定区块哈希的算法。

因此区块哈希算法已经被改回到SHA256d。

对应的区块版本已经升级到第7版。

V.总结
以上的修改提议应该会提高黑币PoS协议的安全性,并进行了优化。

新的协议能够将攻击途径减少到最低限度,并且能够显著提高网络当中保持运行的节点数量。

这将会使黑币和PoS在继续扩大应用范围的同时封堵和缓解潜在的风险。

VI.鸣谢
非常感谢Rob‘Soepkip’Schins、Maarten‘maarx’Visser、Steven‘McKie’McKie和Patrick Doetsch帮助编写了V2版协议。

翻译:James、kikoxxxbc(黑币中文社区)
校对:BCDolphin、SyllaBear
参考文献
[1]中本聪.《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》,2008.
[2]Nicolas T.Courtois.《最长链规则与虚拟币的程式化自我毁灭》,
2014.
[3]Sunny King和Scott Nadal.《点点币:采用PoS机制的点对点的虚
拟货币》,2013.
[4]新星币/en/novacoin.
[5]Scrypt工作量证明.https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/scrypt proof of work.。

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