非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词用法讲义第一部分: 非谓语动词用法详解一、不定式的用法1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：主动式被动式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing /完成进行式 to have been doing /1) 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。
如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。
如：It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
非谓语动词使用讲义
1。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式:出乎意料的结果
I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.
Please lend me a pen to write th。
②be+adj.+to do
The question is not easy to answer。
不定式与疑问代词连用时
School uniforms are not cool enough, so students don’t know what to expect.
To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语）
You should continue to learn as long as you live。 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings。 她晚上经常有很多会要开。（不定式短语作定语)
There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可。
如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式.
There is nothing for me to do today。
4。只接不定式作宾语的动词：hope,want，offer，long，fail，expect,wish，ask,decide，pretend,manage，agree,afford，determine，promise，happen
非谓语动词讲义 2023届高考英语二轮复习
非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。
一、不定式的定义及用法(to do)1.做主语动词不定式做主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，常用结构为：It + be + adj. (+for sb. / of sb) + to do sth.; It + takes/took + sb. + some time + to do sth1) It took us four hours to finish the work.2) It’s so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops.3) It is bad for us to become addicted to cigerattes.注意：形式主语结构中如果使用表示人的品质的形容词，如kind, nice, clever等时，应当使用of sb.的结构。
It is very nice of you to help me with the project.2.做宾语(1)有些动词后常跟不定式作宾语need to do sth需要做...decide to do sth决定做...agree to do sth赞同做...aim to do sth目的在于做...attempt to do sth试图做..tend to do sth倾向于做...pretend to do sth假装做...refuse to do sth拒绝做...expect to do sth期待做...还有determine, fail, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, seem, hope, wish等等；I tend to set a goal for every subject at the beginning of each term.I have a top 10 reading list and I try to keep it updated.When I set out to do something, I do my best to achieve it.(2)有些复合结构中，可用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语——不定式后置句型结构为：主语+ make, find, feel, believe, consider, think + it +adj/n. + to do sth.I believe it useless to agree with him.I feel it my duty to help others.I consider it important to keep learning.I think it interesting to surf the Internet.(3)“疑问词（how，when，where，what，who）+不定式”结构作动词或介词的宾语Tom taught me how to play football.Have you decided where to have the meeting？I do not know what to do next.I do not know whom to ask about it.Will you please tell me which bus to take？I doubt whether to buy a new watch.“疑问词+不定式”结构常用作下列动词的宾语：advise，decide，discuss，explain，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell，wonder，doubt3.做宾语补足语(1)动词+ 宾语+ 带to的动词不定式有这种用法的动词有：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, intend, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn等。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
[思维导图]2.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次这种动词形式不能做谓语。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
3.非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般式句子的主语。
4．（1）若提示词为动词，句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，就该填谓语动词，此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，有时还需考虑虚拟语气。
（2）若提示词为动词，句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，就该填非谓语动词，就要确定是v.－ing形式，v.－ed形式，还是不定式。
一般来说，v.－ing 形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
命题点一动词不定式不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。
不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
(一)不定式的用法1．作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：我们一致同意在校门口见面。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的三种形式：动词不定式（to + V）；动名词（Ving）;分词（即：现在分词—ing分词和过去分词—ed分词）1.1 不定式的形式（以do为例）1.2Ving的形式（以do为例）注：--ing分词的形式与之相同1.3过去分词表示“完成和被动”，所以—ed分词没有一般式和完成式之分，和主动态和被动态之分。
1.4 –ing分词和—ed分词的区别–ing分词作定语时和所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或是表示正在进行；—ed分词而则表示被动和完成意义。
2.非谓语动词的应用范围3. 非谓语动词充当主语3.1 inf表示具体的某一次动作；Ving表示泛指。
4.非谓语动词充当宾语4.1 只能接不定式的词语（作宾语）：agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, except, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, pretend，advise, refuse, persuade, count on, long for, wait for等4.2 只能接Ving的词语（作宾语）：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape,deny, delay, resist, risk, mind, miss等4.3 跟两种不同形式表达不同意思的一些常见词4.4 省略不定式符号to的情况4.4.1.在情态成语之后（would rather; would sooner; would as soon;would just as soon; can’t help/choose but【不得不…】；had better等）4.4.2“使役动词+宾语”之后（let, make have）4.4.3.“感觉动词+宾语”之后（see , observe, notice, watch, look at;hear, listen to; feel）即“五看两听一感觉”4.4.4.在介词except/but之后它们之前有实意动词“do”的某种形式，其后不带“to”的定式，否则要带“to”的不定式。
高三英语语法讲义之非谓语动词
高三英语语法讲义——非谓语动词1．定义: 即非限定性动词，在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分。
2．有三种形式：动词不定式、分词和动名词。
一、动词不定式【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：to do 或do，其否定形式为not to do. 不定式可以带宾语或者状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
基本用法：1、作主语：To build the bridge needs much money.一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。
It is right to give up smoking.【2012．江西.单选】It’s very nice ___ you ___my parents your best wishes.A. of; sendingB. of; to sendC. for; to sendD. for; sending [答案] B. 句型It is adj. + of sb to do sth和It is adj. + for sb to do sth 的区别:前者一般用来表示人的性格，品德，所用的形容词一般表示主观感情或态度，如good，kind，nice，clever等；后者常用于表示事物的特征、特点，所用的形容词一般表示客观形式，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting等。
2、作宾语：The child pretended to be sleeping / asleep when I cameback home.注意：当不定式短语作宾语，还带有宾语补足语时，往往常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。
We think it is possible to finish the work in a week.补充：有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语。
如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope，wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，manage等。
非谓语动词用法讲义
非谓语动词用法讲义非谓语动词是指在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但却有时态和语态的变化。
具体见下表：动词不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to ＋动词原形”，其中to 是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词。
动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
一、作主语：动词不定式作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语（动词不定式）放在句子的后面。
E.g. To be a doctor is hard. → (It is hard to be a doctor.)To learn English well is not easy. → It is not easy to learn English well. To say is to believe.如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for 引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。
若形容词修饰的是人，则需要由介词of 引导短语。
It’s good for us to read E nglish aloud in the morning. It is very kind of you to help me with my English study.二、作表语：在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。
从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分，所以表语也可以视为是主语的补足语。
His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。
To see is to believe.三、作宾语：动词不定式可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask 等。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词◆定义：非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括动词不定式（to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)、动名词(doing)，即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。
◆不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
（1）.动词不定式可担任主语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语，状语等。
（2.）动名词可担任主语，表语，宾语，定语等。
（3）.现在分词和过去分词可担任定语，表语，宾补，状语等。
◆非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有谓语动词2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，判断非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.1. ___ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.A. Don‟t knowB. not to knowC. not knowingD. not to be knowing2. The next morning she found the man __in bed, dead.A. lyingB. lieC. layying3. He had his leg __in the match yesterday.A. to breakB. brokenC. breakD. breaking4. Most of the people __ to the party were famous scientists.A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. inviting5. Do you know the boy ___under the tree?yB. lainC. layingD. lying6. ---Good morning. Can I help you?-----I …d like to have this package ___A. be weighedB. to be weighedC. to weighD. weighed7._____more attention, the trees could have grown better.A.GivenB.To giveC.GivingD. Having given8. The murderer was brought in, with his hand ___behind his back.A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied9. The secretary worked late into the night ,___a long speech for the president.A. to prepareB. preparingC. preparedD. was preparing10. S he‟s upstairs ____ a letter.A. writesB. is writingC. writeD. writing11. It was so cold that they kept the fire ___all night.A. to burnB. burnC. burningD. burned12. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn‟t make himself ___A. hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard13. _______ a reply, he decided to write again.A.Not receivingB.Receiving notC.Not having receivedD.Having not received14. The salesman scolded the girl caught ___ and let her off.A. to have stolenB. to be stealingC. to stealD. stealing15. “C an‟t you read ?” she said ____to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing16. The missing boys were seen ____near the river.A. playingB. to be playingC.playD. to play运用非谓语进行翻译1. 增加农民的收入是我们现在面临的主要问题之一。
高考英语非谓语动词精品讲义
高考英语非谓语动词讲义第一部分、非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。
例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
非谓语动词讲义(经典)
It’s no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing …
It’s kind/wise/clever/ stupid… of sb to do sth
It’s important/necessary/hard …for sb to do sth Theer is no doing 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语 Eg.It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. 写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。 It is no use your complaining; the company won’t do anything about it. 抱怨是没有用的，公司是不会管的。 It is useless speaking. 光说是没有用的。 There is no denying that she is very efficient. 她效率高是不容否认的。 There is no telling what he is going to do. 他要做什么一点消息都没有。
常用过去分词，表将来用不定式 , 表正在进行一般用现在分词 . 六、在句子中的作用 1、作主语（不定式、动名词） (1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is difficult. (2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：
主动语态 doing
英语高考复习 非谓语动词讲义
They had seen hergrow upfrom childhood.They knew her quite well.
他们从小看着她长大，很了解她。
现在分词
说明宾语执行的动作正在进行。
I heard someonecallingmy name.
我们房子后面有个大的游泳池。
三、现在分词
功能
说明
作定语
单个分词作定语一般前置，分词短语作定语一般后置。
Thesleepingbaby is my sister's son.
那个正在睡觉的婴儿是我姐姐的儿子。
表示主动、进行意义或与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
The menworkinghere are all from therural areas.
2.不定式的句法功能
功能
用法
作主语
常用形式主语it代替，而将不定式置于句尾。
To learn a foreign language wellis not easy.(＝It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.)学好一门外语不容易。
作宾语
可作动词的宾语；“疑问词＋不定式”也可以作介词的宾语。
她无法想象在那样的一种地方生活。
有些动词
跟动名词、
不定式皆
可且意义
相差不大
like，hate，begin，start，prefer，continue
Ilikedplaying/to play table tennis when I was a middle school student.
我上中学时喜欢打乒乓球。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词一．非谓语动词：动词的某种特殊形式，在句子中做除谓语外的其他成分。
分类：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词。
二．动词不定式：构成：to do。
否定形式：not to do .发生。
eg: I plan to live a busy life in high school.She seems to be unhappy.The computer needs to be repaired.完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.The house seems to have been broken into.进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
eg: She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.He happened to be searching my bag when I came in.2.句法功能：(1)做主语：To see is to believe. 眼见为实/百闻不如一见。
It is adj for/of sb to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事是It is impossible for me to live alone in Beijing.It is not easy to find your way around the town.(2)做宾语：afford, agree, aim, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, want, wish, promise, happeneg: She has determined to be a leader.注: 如果不定式做宾语，且后面有宾补时，把不定式后置，用it来做形式宾语。
高一英语讲义-非谓语动词 讲义
高考英语非谓语动词定义：在句中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着谓语动词的其他特点，可以充当宾语、定语、主语、状语、补语等 一、非谓语动词基本形式1. 动词不定式：to do否定形式：not to do 2. 动名词：doing 否定形式：not doing 现在分词：doing not doing 1. 分词过去分词：done not done 二、非谓语动词的时态语态变化 1. 动词不定式 2. 动名词 3. 分词* 现在分词表主动和进行，过去分词表被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的句法功能1. 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词）作主语 （1）二者作主语的差别：动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为； 不定式作主语多表示具体的动作，尤指是某一次的动作。
EG.Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。
（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
（指一次具体的动作） （2）下列句型常用动名词作主语 EG.It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。
（3）下列句型中常用不定式作主语 It + be + 名词 + to do sth.② It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.③ It + be + difficult/easy/hard/important/impossible/necessary… + for sb. to do sth.④It + be + careless/clever/good/foolish/honest/kind/lazy/silly/wise… + of sb. to do sth.EG.It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour. 我们难以在一小时内完成这篇作文。
非谓语动词讲义
高考英语语法系列之---非谓语动词非谓语动词：to do,doing,done1to do的用法归类❖❖❖❖❖❖作主语To see is to believe.sth important to do,the first/last/only person to do,be considered to be，被认为是作定语作补语疑问词+to do介词不能省I wonder how to do it/what to doI need a pen to write with.He doesn`t have a house to live in. but(只能)前有do后无to We can do nothing but wait.We have no option but to move on.➢➢➢动词接to do短语接to do句型接to dointend to do tend to do mean to do pretend to dobe supposed to do,sb be to blame,require sb to do only to doIt suddenly occurred to sb that.....某人突然明白It is+形容词+to doIt takes+人+时间+to do sth◆to do表目的，将来-----to be done想要被-----to have done已经e.g.To win the Oscar Award,the actor is supposed to have outstanding acting skills.e.g.To be admitted to the world-class universities,students are expected to present excellentschool performance.e.g.The designer seems to have known the truth.2doing用法归类❖❖❖❖作主语 e.g.Swimming benefits your body a lot.e.g.One of the most effective exercise is jogging.e.g.We benefit from reading.作宾语介词后动名词所有格 e.g.I really appreciate your coming from so far to assist us.➢➢动词接doing短语接doingconsider doing,avoid doing,include doing,escape doing,can`t help doing,feel like doing,devote...to doing sth,can`t stand doingget down to doing,be committed to doing sth,be accustomed to doing,be worth doing,end up doing,spend time doing,while doing,have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth,look forward to doing,➢句型接doing It is useless/no use/no good/pointless doing sthWhen it comes to doing sth,There is a note on the door saying when the shop will open again. 3done的用法归类❖❖❖➢➢被动语态be done be permitted,be admitted,be exposed to,have/get sth done have the house painted,get the tooth pulled,have the hair cut,作形容词“...的”the hidden treasure,the broken cup,the lost pet dog,短语接remain to be done有待于被...句型接It is reported/said/estimated that....4 大综合类❖ forget to doforget doingremember to do remember doing regret to do regret doing sth stop to do stop doing ❖ find sb/sth doingfind sb/sth donefind sth to be done 发现某人正在做 find the machine running find the machine stolen find him to be dishonest 发现某事已经... 发现某事... ❖ leave sth/sb doingleave sth doneleave sb to do使某人处于某种状态（主动进行） leave sb waiting 使某事未做 让某人去做 留下某事要做 leave the issue unsettled leave sb to complete the project leave the secret to be discovered leave sth to be done❖ ❖ 3 看(watch, see, observe)2 听(listen to, hear)1 注意(notice) +doing (动作正在进行）I heard someone singing in the park. sb +do (动作的过程） + done(被动） I often hear someone sing in the park. I heard a pop song sung. 3 个小使役（make, let, have +sb/sth +动词原形）使某人做某事e.g. Laws make him obey the rules and regulations.物+need/want/require + doing = to be done某物需要.... e.g. The floor needs cleaning/ to be cleaned.❖ ❖ ❖When+doing...,When +done..., When knowing the outcome, he was speechless. When offered advice, he was willing to take it. doing 主动进行, done 被动完成, to do 表目的/将来 Doing .....,整句.Walking down the street, he heard someone calling him. ✓ ✓ Done ......,整句. Seen from the mountain top, the village is amazing.Faced w ith the dilemma, he hesitated. Having checked a ll the lights were off, he entered the bedroom.位于 ✓ ✓ Having done...,整句. “已经...之后，又...” 句首 Having been done..., 整句. Having been told several times, he still repeated the“已经被...之后，又...” same mistake.✓ 整句，doing....前后句同一个主语--主动 表示伴随--主动 e.g.Thousands of people stayed up last night, waiting for the annual Singles` Day online shopping carnival. e.g. There are various aspects, including reading, writingand listening.位于 句尾 ✓ 整句，done.... e,g. He walked in the park, followed by his pet dog. People living in the southern part are wealthy. The meeting being held now is of great importance. The meeting held yesterday was important....名词+doing.... 主动关系 被动关系 位于 ...名词+being done.... 句中 ...名词+ done.... ...名词+ to be done.... 将来/目的 The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. ● 历年真题并熟练翻译1. 【2014 全国 2】One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about _____(be) late for school.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused _______(stop). Still, the boy kept _______(ride).。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词宏观概念：（1）to do :将要做、未做、待做（2）doing:正在做、伴随状态,表示主动关系（3）Done:已经做完，表示被动关系不定式的功能（除了谓语都能做）1.不定式做主语：2.不定式做宾语：3.不定式做表语：.4.不定式做定语：.5.不定式做状语：6.不定式做宾语补足语：7.动名词的功能（因为名贵，所以干的都是主要功能）1.doing做主语：2.doing做宾语：3.doing做表语：4.doing做定语：5.doing做状语：（一个主语发出两个动作，主要动作用谓语，次要动作用非谓语，主动用doing、被动用done）6.doing做宾语补足语：7.现在分词的否定：8.现在分词的独立成分：9.现在分词的独立主格结构：（两个主语发出两个动作，主要主语做的事情用谓语，次要主语做的事情用非谓语，把次要主要摆在前面，和后面的动词如果是主动关系用doing,被动关系用done）Xiao ming beaten ,I cried.(独立主格，被动)Xiao ming beating a girl , I cried.(独立主格，主动)Beaten,I cried.(不是独立主格。
一个人做了两件事，次要动作用非谓语，被动)10.现在分词的主动表被动：过去分词的功能（因为是分身，所以干杂活）1.过去分词做表语：（一种表示被动一种表示状态或者感受）Seat 及物动词，所以有被动sb be seated (可以说是被动，也可以说是一种状态) Sit 不及物动词，所以没有被动sb is sitting.Dress 是及物动词，dress sb =sb be dressed(可以表示被动，可以表示状态)He is dressing himself（及物动词，必须挂着一个宾语）He is dressed up （被动，be dressed ,up 是副词，表示起来；be dressed up 可以看做一个词组，表示状态，化妆）2.过去分词做定语：（表示被动）3.过去分词做状语：（要么被动，要么状态）4.过去分词做宾语补足语：Have 的用法让某人做某事让某人一直做某事让别人人做某事，某事被做。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。
往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用for.2、作宾语（1）动词+不定式。
如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help,decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。
如：I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。
非谓语动词复习讲义
非谓语动词复习讲义一非谓语动词在句中的作用二翻译以下的句子，理解句中的非谓语动词的作用1．和他谈话是件非常愉快的事情。
（主语）2．我们的计划是三周内完成这项工作。
（表语）3．她有很多事情要做。
她没有上学的机会。
（定语）4．一个现代化的游泳池将在这里建成。
（定语）5．他们跑过去看那边发生什么事情。
（状语）6．他俩都不喜欢集邮。
我决定明天多买八枚邮票。
（宾语）7．王教授的讲座非常有趣，且感动人。
（表语）8．所有的观众对那场激动人心的排球赛感到很激动。
（定语、表语）9．往窗外看，我看到他们向我家跑来。
（状语、宾语补足语）10．我注意到他拿走了你的日记。
（宾语补足语）11．我看到他们正在跟孩子们玩游戏。
（宾语补足语）12．加热以后，水可以变成蒸汽。
（状语）13．昨天她在这个店里修表。
（宾语补足语）三各非谓语动词用法对比1．不定式/ 动名词作主语：不定式作主语常表示某次具体的行为，而动名词作主语则往往表示普遍、一般的行为。
To be here is a great pleasure. Collecting information about children’s health is her job.※不定式作主语时常用做It形式主语：It is a great pleasure to be here.※常用不定式做主语的句型有:a.It is difficult / hard / important/ impossible / unnecessary /easy … for sb. to do sth.b.It is kind / good / friendly /polite / careless / clever /foolish / rude …of sb. to dosth..※常用动名词做主语的句型有：a．It is fun / no good / useless/ no use … doing sth..b．It is a waste of timedoing sth.c．There is no doing sth.但是There is no need to dosth.2. 不定式、动名词作表语:参照“作主语”His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability.Her part-time job is cleaning Mr. Wang’s house.3.不定式、动名词作宾语: 有以下几种情况:a.They want to see the boss at once.b.T hey enjoyed listening to lectures.c.She remembered posting theletter.to post the letter.d.T hey liked to fish. Theybegan to laugh.fishing.laughing.※指出以下动词那些带不定式做宾语(用A表示), 那些带动名词做宾语( 用B表示)offer, admit,advise,plan, want, decide,avoid,allow, permit,would/should like/love, feellike,appreciate, consider, wish, hope. pretend, dislike,delay, deny，happen, finish, tend, long, mind, refuse, fail, miss, practise,agree, afford, risk, escape,beg, manage, enjoy, promise, imagine, can’t stand, suggest, face, fancy,can’t help, can’t resist, put off, give up, insist on, need/want/require,like/love/hate/prefer, start /begin /continue, How/What about, Why not …?, allow / permit /forbid / advise sb. ……※指出以下动词接不定式和动名词时. 含义有何不同:a. rememberb. forgetc. regretd. go one. stopf. meang. tryh. can’t helpi. be used toj. be afraid to do / of doing4不定式作宾补:※常用不定式作宾补的动词主要有:ask, tell, beg, allow, permit, forbid, want, (would / should) like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, warn,order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, wish, expect, depend on, prepare for, etc.※不定式作以下动词的宾补时,不带tofeel, see, watch, notice, observe, sense, look at, hear, overhear, listen to但当转成被动语态时, 作为主语补足语的不定式必须带toI saw a boy fall down from the tree.A boy was seen to fall down from the tree.※不定式作以下的使役动词的宾补时,不带tomake, let, have※但作以下动词的宾补, 要带to get, want, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, wish, force, tell,order…※对于的宾补不定式, 可带或不带to, 通常认为help的行为主体如有参与宾补不定式表示的动作时, 不带to, 否则,要带to:He will help you carry the coalupstairs.This book helps me to see thetruth.※以下动词的宾补不定式常是to be，也可省略think，consider，suppose，feel，believe，imagine，prove，find，etc.We all think / consider him (tobe ) a wise leader.5. 不定式作定语通常表示未发生的行为或将发生的行为, 不定式作定语不仅与结构有关,而且与某些名词有关, 不定式作定语位于被修饰名词或代词的后面.※在there be 结构中: There willbe an important problem todiscuss.※在sb. have / has sth. to do 中:We have an important problemto discuss.※在表语为名词的系表结构中，常用不定式作表语名词的定语a.be + 名词+ 不定式: He isnot a man to bow beforedifficulties.This is a comfortable house to live in.b.be + the + 序数词+ 名词+不定式:China was the first country to invent the compass.He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.c.be + the last / only / next + 名词+ 不定式:He will be the only one to win the prize.d.be + the + 最高级形容词+名词+ 不定式:He is the best man to talk with. ※在某些动宾结构中,常用不定式作宾语的定语:have / want / buy / find, etc. + 宾语+ 不定式:At last, we found a place to stay. ※某些名词要求用不定式做定语:a.要求用不定式做宾语的动词转化成名词时, 常见的有:attempt, agreement, decision,desire, determination, failure,hope, intention, need, plan,promise, refusal, wish, etc.b.要求不定式作状语的形容词转化为名词时, 常见的有:anxiety, curiosity, eagerness,impatience, willingness, etc.c.其他的名词: pain, chance,courage, efforts, method, way,power, reason, time, right,opportunity, etc.6.动名词作定语:通常表示所名词的用途,材料或名称. (注意与现在分词作定语的不同: 分词做定语则表明所修饰的名词与分词有逻辑上的主胃关系.) a swimming pool : a pool for swimminga swimming boy: a boy who is swimming7. 不定式作状语:a.目的(= in order to,句末的so asto) (on purpose to, with intent to)To make himself heard, he raisedhis voice.b.原因(通常是sb. be +表心理状态的形容词+ to do sth.)All of us are surprised to see hisrapid progress.c. 结果.(通常是意想不到的结果, 前可加only,即only todo sth., 注意根据题意理解是表目的还是结果)He hurried home (only ) to find his keys lost※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※对于现在分词与过去分词的用法, 首先必须掌握:a.现在分词常表示主动的、在进行的动作: a man standing in the sunb.过去分词常表示被动的、已完成的动作: a man killed in a battle 8. 现在分词、过去分词作表语：现在分词：表示主语的特征，是主动的过去分词：表示主语的状态，是被动的The dog was so frightening that every child would cry at the sight of it.The child was so frightened to see the dog that he kept crying for 2 hours.surprised, surprising / excited,exciting / interested, interesting /moved, moving / touched,touching / astonished,astonishing / tired, tiring /terrified, terrifying …9. 现在分词、过去分词作定语: 试比较an excited man / an exciting filmThe man standing there is myfriend.The computer being used ismade in Japan.A tall tree broken by the strongwind is lying across the road.凡用分词作定语都可改写成定语从句.注意分词作定语的位置.现在分词的完成式(having done)和完成被动式(having been done)通常不作定语.10 .现在分词、过去分词、不定式作宾语补足语.a.不定式作宾补(参照三4, 注意哪些带to,哪些不带to)b.现在分词作宾补:※用在see, watch, notice,observe, look at, hear, listen to,overhear, feel, smell 等感觉动词后.※用在catch, keep, leave, get, set,start, send, find等致使动词后面.※用在have后(注意后面介绍的have sb. do sth 与have sb.doing sth.,的区别)c. 过去分词作宾补:※用在see, watch, notice,observe, look at, hear, listen to,overhear, feel,smell 等感觉动词后.※用在have, keep, make, get 等致使动词后面以及want,wish, expect,like 等表希望、愿望的动词后.§§不定式.分词作宾补的不同意义.不定式: 表示的动作是主动的, 强调动作的全过程现在分词: 表示的动作是主动的, 正在发生或进行过去分词: 表示的动作是被动的, 已完成试比较: Did you notice anyone enter the hall?standing at the gate?injured in the accident?§§have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth.a.have sb. do sth. 结构表示一个人叫另一人做某事He wanted a job. So I had himpaint the kitchen.c.have sb. doing sth.有如下的用法:※表达预期的目标,常与表一段时间的状语连用:I’ll have you speaking English insix months.※与can’t或won’t连用, 表达不可容忍的情况:I won’t have him saying that toMother.※表达不愿意引起的后果:Don’t shout! You’ll have theneighbours complaining!※表达说话人无法控制的事情:We have salesmen callingeveryday.11. 现在分词、过去分词作状语:※通常表示时间.原因.条件.伴随.让步.方式等※根据分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致的原则,来确定用现在分词还是过去分词: 对于句子主语来说是主动的,用现在分词;如果是被动的则用过去分词.试比较:Playing all day, you’ll fall behindothers.(When) heated, ice will changeinto water.Having taken our seats, theplayers began the game. (wrong)We having taken our seats, theplayers began the game. (right)(称为独立主格结构)※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※12 非谓语动词的时态和语态:a.Thousands of young people arelearning to skate.b.I hate to be lying in bed whileothers are having class.c.I intended to have done thatearlier. (expected, meant, hoped,wanted, planned, wished,thought, desired, were, was,etc.)= I intended to do I earlier, butI didn’t do it in fact.= I had intended to do it earlier.You are lucky to have won thegirl’s heart.She seems to have danced verywell.There appears to have beensome misunderstandingbetween them.I should / would like / love tohave gone with them..=I should / would have liked /loved to go with them.d.H e was happy to have been staying with his uncle.e.The host asked him to paint the dining-room.f.The host asked the dining-roomto be cleaned.g.H e wanted the house to have been cleaned.h.I am thinking of getting a new car. She is proud of being beautiful. i.Imagine having traveled around the world. He never talked to me about his /him having been in Paris.( remember / forget / regret doing sth. = remember / forget / regret having done sth.)j.He doesn’t like being watched. k.I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.l.Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.m.Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam.n.T he questions being discussed areof great importance.o.H aving been warned abouttyphoon, the fishermen sailed forthe nearest harbour.13. 非谓语动词的否定形式:直接在其前加not , 即not to do, not doing, not done, not having done, not being done, etc.14 不定式的语态:a.He asked me to clean the room.She asked the room to be cleaned.She felt a bit puzzled to be asked such a question.b.S he has a child to look after.She has a child to be looked after.You have given me much to think about.c.This food is not fit to eat.d.T he box is too heavy to carry / tobe carried.This book is cheap enough to buy / to be bought.※There is a lot of work to do / to be done.※There is nothing to do / to be done. (different)※There is nothing to see / to be seen. (different)※There is only one thing to do / to be done. (different)e.You are not to blame for whathappened.These small houses are to let at a low rental.A better way is yet to seek.A lot remains to do.f.need / want / require / demanddoing= need / want / require / demand to be donebe worth doingbe worthy to be done = be worthy of being15. 识别是否用非谓语形式：例如(1) The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.a. designedb. was designedc. had been designed(2) European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sports in the world.a. makingb. makesc. maded. to make(3) _____ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.a. Givingb. Givec. Givend. To give(4) _____ at the door before entering , please.a. Knockedb. To knockc. Knockingd. Knock(5) _____ some of this juice ----- perhaps you’ll like it.a. Tryingb. Tryc. To tryd. Have tried(6) -----Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?-----_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.a. Getb. Gettingc. To getd. To be getting(7) She set out soon after dark _____ home an hour later.a. arrivingb. to arrivec. having arrivedd. and arrived分析句子结构时, 要特别注意标点符号(, . ; : ---) 或连接词(and, or, but, 从属连词等)。
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[B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。 如：They could not find a place to live in. 他们找不到住的地方。 Please give me a chair to sit on. 请给我一张椅子坐坐 。 He has got a writing brush to write with. 他找到了写字的毛笔。 ⑥ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况： [A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait 等词)的后面。 如：He came to see her yesterday. 他昨天来看望她 。(表示来的目的) I stopped to have a rest. 我停下来休息一会儿。 (表示停下来的目的) [B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”“谓语+宾语+补语”“动词+表语”后)。 、 、 如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it. 我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩。 I opened the window to see more clearly. 我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿。 [C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。 如：To arrive there on time ,I got up one hour earlier than usual.为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时。(表 示早起的目的) [注意] stop to do 与 stop doing 的不同。 如：They stopped to have a look.他们停下来看看。(不定式作“停下来”的目的语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher. 他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课。(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) ⑦ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。 如：My job is to keep the goal. 我的工作就是守住球门。 ⑧ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +sb. / sth. +不定式 (作宾语补足语) +to (do)
中小学 1 对 1 课外讲义编号：____________
学员编号： 学员姓名： 课 题 年 级： 辅导科目： 初中英语之非谓语动词 课时数： 学科教师：王明
授课日期及时段 教学目的 教学内容
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中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家 动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。 (1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在 词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。 (2)动词不定式： ① 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号 to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式 要在“to” 前面加上“not” 。它的疑问形式是： “wh-疑问词+to+动词原形” 。*它 被动形式： “to be +过去分词” 。*它的完成形式： “to have +过去分词” 。 ② 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语 状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟 语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。 ③ 动词不定式可以放在谓语前作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短 放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用 for sb 表示不定式的逻辑主语)。 如：To help animals is helping people. 帮助动物就是帮助人。 It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well. 对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难。 It took me half an hour to work out this problem. 解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间。 ④ 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。 [A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式： 谓语动词(vt.) want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学 会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未 能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) help(帮助) begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) +不定式 (作宾语) (无) [说 明]
+ to (do) to 可以省略 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大
如：I would like to have a rest at the moment .我现在想休息一下。 They began to search the room for the thief. 他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷。 He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house. 他喜爱在靠家的水塘里泳。 When did you learn to speak English? 你什么时候开始学英语的？ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave. 你离开时别忘了关门。 [比较] He forgot to turn off the light. 他忘了关灯。 (没关) He forgot turning off the light. 他忘记关过灯。 (关了) Please remember to ring me up. 记得给我打电话。(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot. 我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了。(打过电话) [B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 谓语动词(vt.) tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨) 如：He does not know which one to take. +wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语) what where how who which …… [说明] 不定式疑问 形式还可以 作句子的主 语、表语等。
ask(请) / tell(告诉) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like( 想 要 ) / get( 让 ) / help( 帮 ) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel( 感 觉 ) / watch( 观 看 )/ have( 使 得 ) / help(帮助)
+
+ to (do)
他不知道该选哪个。
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中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家 Tell me how to get to the station. 告诉我怎么样去火车站。 She asked me what to do for today’s homework. 她问我今天家庭作业做什么。 Can you teach me how to search the internet? 你能教我怎样上网吗？ [C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用 it 代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。 如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike. 我发现学骑车不很容易。 ⑤ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。 [A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 a key a box give her a book Is there any (+名词/代词) It’s time Do you have any work I’d like something I have nothing Would you like something + 不定式(作后置定语) to lock the door to hold these things to read to (do)? to go. to do? to eat. to say. to drink? 汉 语 意 思 锁门的钥匙 装这些东西的箱子 给她一本书读 有…要(做的)吗? 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 你有工作要做吗? 我要点儿吃的。 我没有话要说。 你要点儿喝的吗？
+sb. / sth.
+ (do)
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。 I would like you to see my parents. 我想要你见见我的父母。
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中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家 The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day. 老板常让工人们一天工作 14 小时 。 Now let me hear you play the violin. 现在让我来听你拉小提琴。 [注意] help 之后作宾补的不定式符号 to 可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch 之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含 义不同,需特别注意。 试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past. 我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. 我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程) (3)动名词 ① 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特 征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。 ② 动名词可以作主语。 如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy. ③ 动名词可以作宾语。 [A] want / need/require 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。 如： Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。 )(被 修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) 注意：此处 doing 也可以用 to be done 替换。 [B] remember / forge / stop / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。 如：I forgot to write a letter to him. 我忘了给他写封信。(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him. 我忘了给他写过信。(写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back. 他们停下来向后看。(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back. 他们停止向后看。(不向后看了) [C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等词一般用动名词作宾语。 如：Do you mind my closing the door? 把门关上你介意吗？ She hates travelling by air. 她讨厌坐飞机旅行。 They went swimming every afternoon. 他们每天下午去游泳。 I enjoy walking around the town. 我喜欢在镇上转悠。 [D] like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。 如：We began to study English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。 = We began studying English when we were at primary school. ④ 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事 情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) ．． ⑤ 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主 语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补) (4)分词： 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点) ① 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词 被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 ② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。 [A] 作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose. 我流鼻涕。 The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!” 跟着小偷追的妇女大喊：捉小偷！ Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black. 昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人。