高中英语中10种动词时态

英语中的动词有时态(Tense)要求。

所谓“时”,即动作发生的时间；“态”，
即动作的方式状态。

“时”有四种：现在时，过去时，将来时，过去将来时；“态”也有四种：一般式，进行式，完成式，完成进行式。

因此，英语中一共有16种时态。

二.新课讲解
1.一般过去时（the Past Simple）
(1)用法(uses)
表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状况。

如：
He worked in a bank all his life.
He discovered a desert island in the Pcific.
The safari was exciting but dangerous.
I knew what he meant.
They always interviewed new employees on Fridays.
(2)形式（form）
即动词的过去式，分两种状况，一种是在动词结尾加ed或ied，这种动词称为规则动词，另一种不能加，形式多样，称为不规则动词。

规则动词：
a.一般状况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如：
work-worked play-played want-wanted act-acted
b.以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如：
live-lived move-moved decide-decided decline-declined
hope-hoped judge-judged raise-raised wipe-wiped
c.以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：
study-studied try-tried copy-copied justify-justified cry-cried carry-carried embody-embodied empty-emptied
d.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed，如：stop-stopped beg-begged drag-dragged drop-dropped
plan-planned drip-dripped
不规则动词的过去式改变规律性不强，须多加记忆。

go - went make - made get - got buy - bought
come - came fly-flew
(3)一般过去时的时间状语Past Simple and Time Adverbials
下列时间状语常和一般过去时连用：
yesterday, last month, last Monday, two days ago, three years ago 等等。

即在句子中出现这样的词语时，要留意句子的谓语动词用一般过去时。

I finally passed the driving test last week.
（4）一般过去时的疑问式和否定式：
一般过去时的疑问句和否定句用did和didn’t + 动词原形。

如：
Did you see the match last night?
We didn’t see the beginning of the movie because we were late.
2.一般现在时（Present Simple）
(1)用法uses
a.表示反复发生的动作，日常活动，习惯等。

如：
I always take sugar in coffee.
I don’t smoke.
Mary wears a pony tail.
b. 表示一般的真理或永久性的状态。

如：
Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit.
We have a very good relationship with our parents.
He resembles his father.
c.表示将来的官方事务或不变的时辰表。

如：
The Chinese Spring Festival falls on a Friday next year.
The last film show begins at 9 p.m.
2.形式（Form）
a.陈述句中，除第三人称单数外，谓语动词都用原形。

如：
I live in Nanyang.
They usually watch TV programmes on Saturday evening.
b.陈述句中，主语为第三人称单数(third person singular)，谓语动词的结尾要加-s 或-es(以y 结尾的y变i加-es)。

什么是第三人称单数？要满意两个条件，第一是第三人称，如 she, he ,they, it, John, my father 等等；其次是单数，即表示一个人或物，比如he, she, it, John, my father 等等，而they 他们，是复数，多个人，不是单数。

如：
She hurries to work every morning.
He puts on special equipment when he dives.
c. 在疑问句，否定句或简略答语中，用do 或does。

如：
Does your mother travel a lot?
Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.
We don’t like extreme sports.
Mary doesn’t understand why risk is exciting.
d.一般现在时的时间状语（Present Simple and time adverbials）
句子中假如有以下词语（时间状语），谓语动词常要用一般现在时。

always, usually, regularly, every morning/day/night/week/year, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly ever, never.等等
I know that I do put people down occasionally.
He regularly swims and plays tennis.
Some people never go on adventure holidays.
From time to time, I dream about becoming a millionaire.
3.一般将来时（the Future Indefinite）
(1)用法uses
a.依据观点或信念揣测将来。

如：
She will make a good lawyer.
You will make great progress in English study if you follow my advice and take persistent efforts.
I think China will become a rich country one day.
Who do you think will win the match.
b. 表示说话时瞬间做出的确定，可能是提议或意图。

如：
All right, I will help you with the housework.
I think I won’t go to the party after all.
I think I will go for a walk. I have a slight headache.
c.表示意愿、承诺和提议。

如：
I will always be your friend.
She will bring back your bicycle tomorrow.
d.表示恳求、邀请。

如：
Will you come with me?
Will you wait for me?
Will you come to my party on Sunday evening?
e. 依据现在看到的迹象对将来事务做出推断。

如：
Look at the clouds; it’s going to rain.
He is going to win the match.
f.表示要做某事的主观意图。

如：
I am going to change my lifestyle completely.
I am going to study medicine/law/fine arts.
My parents are going to move to the countryside.
(2)形式（Form）
will+动词原形(a,b,c,d);
be going to +动词原形（e,f）.
be to +动词原形。

如：
They are to be married in June.
The Prime Minister is to visit China next month.
The bridge is to be open to traffic on Oct.1.
4.过去进行时（Past Continuous）
(1)用法（uses）
a.过去一段时间内的持续动作。

如：
I was planning to go on a trip to Greece.
The robbers were waiting at the bus stop.
He was reading from morning till night yesterday.
b.描述故事发生的背景或状态。

如：
He was sleeping under a tree when the storm began.
We were talking quietly at the bar when a fight broke out.
过去进行时和一般过去时用于同一个句子时，过去进行时描述故事发生的背景，过去时说明该事务。

如：
In the end, I was standing there in a state of shock when a policeman asked me for my name and address.
He was having lunch when the earthquake was reported on TV.
(2)形式（Form）
was/were+ 动词-ing.如：
He was working in the garden although it was raining hard.
The trapeze artist was preparing her act.
Was the trapeze artist preparing her act?
The trapeze artist wasn’t preparing her act.
5.现在进行时（Present Continuous）
(1)用法uses
a. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。

如：
Excuse me, you are sitting in my seat.
My agent is waiting for me, I have to go.
We are studying English now.
b.表示确定时间段内常常进行的动作（短暂的日常活动或习惯）。

如：
We are eating a lot of seafood here in Spain.
We are struggling with backwardness and poverty.
c.已经确定或支配好的将来活动。

如：
We are flying to Paris tomorrow morning.
I am leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.
I am writing to her tonight.
Will you post this letter for me if you are passing a post box?
(2).形式form
am,is, are + 动词-ing.
I am staying at a luxurious hotel by the sea.
Grandpa is forgetting things nowadays.
Are they planning to spend their holidays in Corsica?
(3).现在进行时的时间状语（Present Continuous and time adverbials）
常见的有： just, now, at the moment, at present.这些时间状语可放在be 和v-ing 之间，可以放在句尾，也可以放在句首。

I am just driving to work.
We are having a meeting at the moment/now/at present.
At present, many scientists are looking for intelligent forms of life outside the Earth.
(4)动词-ing的拼法规则
a.一般状况下干脆加ing,如：
think---thinking sleep---sleeping speak---speaking
b.动词词尾是辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾的，去掉字母e，再加ing
wake---waking make---making come---coming
take---taking leave---leaving have---having
c.以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing 。

begin，cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, put, travel 等。

d.以 y 结尾的动词,干脆加 ing
carry—— carrying enjoy—— enjoying study--studying
e.以ie结尾的动词，把ie改为y ，再加ing
die---dying lie---lying
6.将来进行时（Future Continuous）
will/be going to + be + 动词-ing.
This time tomorrow, we will be crossing the Atlantic.
We’d better move the dining table into the kitchen. We will be eating there during the winter.
7.过去完成时（the Past Perfect）
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作.
它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”.
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她最终收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
12岁时,爱迪生就起先自己谋生.
过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样.不同的是,过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关.
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作.
这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句.
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来.
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我们到达电影院时,电影已经起先了.
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.
他告知我他以前参观过长城.
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.
竞赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球.
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了.
（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前起先,始终持续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能接着下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用.
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到惊讶.工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了.
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.
到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了.
He said he had made great progress since he came here.
他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步.
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或在as if从句中表示与过去事实相反。

如：
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.
假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了.
He described the scene as if he had been there.
他描绘的景色犹如他去过那里一样.
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.
假如我知道你要这本书,我会送来的.
8.现在完成时（the Present Perfect）
(1)发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。

如：
I have lost my keys. (I can’t open the door)I lost my keys.丢钥匙的动作发生在过去，即钥匙已经丢了。

Her last book has been a great success.(she is a well-known person now.)
I have walked across the Amazon jungle.(It doesn’t matter when exactly I did that.)
Have you ever eaten sweet potatoes?
I have often dreamt about going to the South Pole.
（2）表示到现在为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态。

常和always,since,for, all my life 等时间状语连用。

如：
I have been offered a scholarship at a university in Canada for my further education.
Mr.Wang has left Beijing for New York.
Her father has recovered from his illness.
I have always loved travel.
How long have you been a travel writer?
I have known him since 2008.
(2)形式（form）
have/has + 动词过去分词
He has had this cough for a long time.
Have you finished your homework?
Hasn’t he decided what to do?
They haven’t seen each other for ten years.
规则动词的过去分词形式和过去式形式一样，不规则动词的过去分词和过去式有些略有区分。

（3）现在完成时及其时间状语（Present Perfect and time adverbials）
a. before, ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often,usually,just 通常放在has/have 之后，有时也放在句尾。

如：
Have you ever thought about becoming an architect?
We’ve never heard the story of Rip Van Winkle before?
I have often tried to study violin, always with unsuccessful results.
b. already 通常用于确定句have/has之后，yet通常用于疑问句和否定句的句尾。

如：
I have already repaired my bike.
Have you finished your homework yet?
I haven’t finished my lunch yet.
c. for, since, all my life.
for 表示动作持续的时间。

如：
I have lived in this town for 17 years.
I haven’t seen her for ages.
since 表示动作起先的时间点。

如：
We have known each other since we were at primary school.
9.将来完成时（the Future Perfect）
shall/will +have done
(1)表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响.
Pick me up at 8 o'clock, I will have had breakfast by then.
早上8点钟你来接我,到时我已经吃完早饭了.
We will have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍.
We shall have finished the repairs to your car by tomorrow morning. It will be ready for you at 11 o’clock.
By tomorrow morning, the weather will have cleared up.
(2)表示推想,相当于"must have done"结构.
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了.
I am sure he will have got the information.
我信任他确定会得到这个信息.
They were husband and wife for five years. She won’t have forgotten him. The boy is very smart. By the time he is 18 years old, he will have learned advanced mathematics all by himself.
(3)表示某种状态始终持续到说话人所提及的时间.
We will have been married a year on June 25th.
到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了.
10.过去将来时
过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作，也可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作.
was/were（not）going to +动词原形；
would （not） +动词原形;
与一般过去时的构成相同，只需把助动词shall,will,或be 改为相应的过去式should，would, was/were即可。

(1)"would+动词原形"构成过去将来时,常表示依据支配或支配即将发生的事.如：
He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我.
He told me he would go to Beijing.他告知我他将去北京.
（2）"was /were+going to+动词原形"也可表示依据支配或支配即将发生的事.
She said she was going to start at once.她说她将马上动身.
I was told that he was going to return home.有人告知我他准备回家. （3）"was /were+going to+动词原形"还可表示依据当时状况推断有可能但不确定会发生某事. 如：
It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来似乎要下雨.
11.现在完成时与一般过去时的区分
（1）句子中有确定的过去时间的状语，应当用一般过去时。

如：
I have seen the film.
We saw the film last week.
I have been all over Europe.
I went all over Europe in 2006.
(2)现在完成时通过完成了的过去的动作强调对现在状况的影响。

表示动作对现在的影响是这一时态的重要特点。

一般现在时只单单说明过去某时发生的某动作，不示意与现在的联系。

如：
I have lost my key.
I lost my key yesterday.
He has injured his ankle.
He injured his ankle this morning.
(3)现在完成时的时间视未完成的或者说话时刚刚完了的一段时间，包括说话时间在内。

而一般过去时是已经终结了的成为过去的时间，与现在无关。

如：
He has lived in Shanghai since he left school.
He lived in Shanghai until he was 16.
I have seen him three times this morning.
I saw him three times this morning.
典型例题
1.The house belongs to my aunt but she ____here any more.
A. hasn’t lived
B. didn’t live
C. hadn’t lived
D. doesn’t live
【解析】本题考查动词的时态。

其句意为“这所房子是我阿姨的，但她（现在）不住这儿了。

”指的是现在的居住状况，故D项符合。

【命题立意】时态题要依据句中出现的动词的时态或时间状语来推断。

2.－__________leave at the end of this month.
－I don’t think you should do that until ____ another job.
A. I’m going to; you’d found
B. I’m going to; you’ve found
C. I’ll; you’ll find
D. I’ll; you’d find
【解析】 be going to 按支配，准备将要做某事。

此句意为“我准备在这个月末离开。

”“我认为在你没有找到另一份工作之前你不应当离开。

”【答案】B
【命题立意】本题是对时态基本用法的考查。

3.－Where did you put the car keys?
－Oh, I____ put them on the chair because the phone rang as I___in.
A.remembered; come
B.remembered; was coming
C.remember; came
D.remember; was coming
【解析】 remember是说话者说话时的思维活动，应用一般现在时。

remember宾语从句的内容发生在以前，故用过去时态。

【答案】C
【命题立意】本题考查时态的基本用法，做题时要将自己融入题目，身临其境。

4.The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.
She____before.
A. hadn’t flown
B. didn’t fly
C. hadn’t flown
D. wasn’t flying
【解析】动作发生在was nervous之前【答案】C
【命题立意】本题考查过去完成时态。

5.—— ______my glasses?
——Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A.Do you see
B.Had you seen
C.Would you see
D.Have you seen
【解析】现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果，问话人以这样的时态发问可作现着急的心情。

故答案为D。

6.You don’t need to describe her. I______her several times.
A.had met
B.have met
C.met
D.meet
7.——Do you know our town at all?
——No,this is the first time I______here.
A.was
B.have been
C.came
D.am going
【解析】依据this/it is the first/second/…time sb.has done sth.句型，可定答案为B。

又如：This is the second time he has visited the Great Wall.
动词的时态精选练习题
1.—What would you do if it________tomorrow ?
—We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .
A. rain
B. rains
C. will rain
D. is raining
2.The hero’s story ______differently in the newspapers.
A. was reported
B. was reporting
C. reports
D. reported
3.Although medical science ________control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.
A. achieved
B. has achieved
C. will achieve
D. had achieved
4.If we _________ now to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.
A. hadn’t acted
B. haven’t acted
C. don’t act
D. won’t act
5.When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I ________ my mind.
A. have changed
B. change
C. had changed
D. would change
6.I felt very tired when I got home, and I ______ straight to bed.
A. go
B. went
C. had gone
D. have gone
7.—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? —Well, the media ________ it in a variety of forms.
A．cover B．will cover C．have covered D．covered
8.Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we________. A．will expect B．are expecting C．expect D．had expected
9.They made up their mind that they________ a new house once Larry changed jobs. A．bought B．would buy C．have bought D．had bought
10.She ________ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.
A. phoned
B. had phoned
C. was phoning
D. has phoned
11.We won't start the work until all the preparations ________．
A. are being made
B. will be made
C. have been made
D. had been made
12.You'd better write down her phone number before you ________ it.
A. forget
B. are forgetting
C. forgot
D. will forget
13.Blues ____as the music of African slaves brought to the United States.
A. starts off
B. started off
C. has started off
D. have started off
14.Most of the greatest performers of classical music_____in Carnegie Hall since
the time the hall was built.
A. has performed
B. performed
C. have performed
D. had performed
15.Ballet___in Italy and France during the 15th century and is still an important art form in Western culture.
A. began
B. begun
C. had begun
D. has begun。