[数据库原理]【英文版】Chapter11

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米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 11 Banking Industry: Structure and Competition11.1 Historical Development of the Banking System1) The modern commercial banking system began in America when theA) Bank of United States was chartered in New York in 1801.B) Bank of North America was chartered in Philadelphia in 1782.C) Bank of United States was chartered in Philadelphia in 1801.D) Bank of North America was chartered in New York in 1782.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) A major controversy involving the banking industry in its early years wasA) whether banks should both accept deposits and make loans or whether these functions should be separated into different institutions.B) whether the federal government or the states should charter banks.C) what percent of deposits banks should hold as fractional reserves.D) whether banks should be allowed to issue their own bank notes.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The government institution that has responsibility for theamount of money and credit supplied in the economy as a whole is theA) central bank.B) commercial bank.C) bank of settlement.D) monetary fund.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Because of the abuses by state banks and the clear need for a central bank to help the federal government raise funds during the War of 1812, Congress created theA) Bank of United States in 1812.B) Bank of North America in 1814.C) Second Bank of the United States in 1816.D) Second Bank of North America in 1815.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) The Second Bank of the United States was denied a new charter byA) President Andrew Jackson.B) Vice President John Calhoun.C) President Benjamin Harrison.D) President John Q. Adams.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Currency circulated by banks that could be redeemed for gold was calledA) junk bonds.B) banknotes.C) gold bills.D) state money.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) To eliminate the abuses of the state-chartered banks, the ________ created a new banking system of federally chartered banks, supervised by the ________.A) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyB) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionD) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) The belief that bank failures were regularly caused by fraud or the lack of sufficient bank capital explains, in part, the passage ofA) the National Bank Charter Amendments of 1918.B) the Garn-St. Germain Act of 1982.C) the National Bank Act of 1863.D) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) Before 1863A) federally-chartered banks had regulatory advantages not granted to state-chartered banks.B) the number of federally-chartered banks grew at a much faster rate than at any other time since the end of the Civil War.C) banks acquired funds by issuing banknotes.D) banks were required to maintain 100% of their deposits asreserves.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Prior to 1863, all commercial banks in the United StatesA) were chartered by the U.S. Treasury Department.B) were chartered by the banking commission of the state in which they operated.C) were regulated by the Federal Reserve.D) were regulated by the central bank.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Although the National Bank Act of 1863 was designed to eliminate state-chartered banks by imposing a prohibitive tax on banknotes, state banks were able to stay in business byA) issuing credit cards.B) ignoring the regulations.C) acquiring funds through deposits.D) branching into other states.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) The National Bank Act of 1863, and subsequent amendments to itA) created a banking system of state-chartered banks.B) established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.C) broadened the regulatory powers of the Federal Reserve.D) created insurance on deposit accounts.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge13) Which regulatory body charters national banks?A) the Federal ReserveB) the FDICC) the Comptroller of the CurrencyD) the U.S. TreasuryAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) The regulatory system that has evolved in the United States whereby banks are regulated at the state level, the national level, or both, is known as aA) bilateral regulatory system.B) tiered regulatory system.C) two-tiered regulatory system.D) dual banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Today the United States has a dual banking system in which banks supervised by the________ and by the ________ operate side by side.A) federal government; municipalitiesB) state governments; municipalitiesC) federal government; statesD) municipalities; statesAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) The U.S. banking system is considered to be a dual system becauseA) banks offer both checking and savings accounts.B) it actually includes both banks and thrift institutions.C) it is regulated by both state and federal governments.D) it was established before the Civil War, requiring separate regulatory bodies for the North and South.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required thatA) state banks be subject to the same regulations as national banks.B) national banks establish branches in the cities containing Federal Reserve banks.C) national banks join the Federal Reserve System.D) state banks could not join the Federal Reserve System.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge18) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required all ________ banks to become members of the Federal Reserve System, while ________ banks could choose to become members of the system.A) state; nationalB) state; municipalC) national; stateD) national; municipalAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Probably the most significant factor explaining the drastic drop in the number of bank failures since the Great Depression has beenA) the creation of the FDIC.B) rapid economic growth since 1941.C) the employment of new procedures by the Federal Reserve.D) better bank management.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, member banks of the Federal Reserve System ________ to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks ________ to buy deposit insurance.A) could choose; were requiredB) could choose; were given the optionC) were required, could chooseD) were required; were requiredAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationA) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were given the option to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks were required to buy deposit insurance.B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks could choose to buy deposit insurance. C) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.D) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System could choose, but were not required, to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) The Glass-Steagall Act, before its repeal in 1999, prohibited commercial banks fromA) issuing equity to finance bank expansion.B) engaging in underwriting and dealing of corporate securities.C) selling new issues of government securities.D) purchasing any debt securities.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) The legislation that separated investment banking from commercial banking until its repeal in 1999 is known as theA) National Bank Act of 1863.B) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.C) Glass-Steagall Act.D) McFadden Act.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge24) Which of the following statements concerning bank regulation in the United States is TRUE?A) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has the primary responsibility for state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.B) The Federal Reserve and the state banking authorities jointly have responsibility for the state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.C) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has sole regulatory responsibility over bank holding companies.D) The state banking authorities have sole regulatory responsibility for all state banks. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) Which bank regulatory agency has the sole regulatory authority over bank holding companies?A) the FDICB) the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) the FHLBSD) the Federal Reserve SystemAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) State banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System are most likely to be examined by theA) Federal Reserve System.B) FDIC.C) FHLBS.D) Comptroller of the Currency.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) State banking authorities have sole jurisdiction over state banksA) without FDIC insurance.B) that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.C) operating as bank holding companies.D) chartered in the 21st century.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge11.2 Financial Innovation and the Growth of the "Shadow Banking System"1) Financial innovations occur because of financial institutions search forA) profits.B) fame.C) stability.D) recognition.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) ________ is the process of researching and developing profitable new products and services by financial institutions.A) Financial engineeringB) Financial manipulationC) Customer manipulationD) Customer engineeringAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) The most significant change in the economic environment that changed the demand for financial products in recent years has beenA) the aging of the baby-boomer generation.B) the dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) the dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.D) the deregulation of financial institutions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) In the 1950s the interest rate on three-month Treasury bills fluctuated between 1 percent and3.5 percent; in the 1980s it fluctuated between ________ percent and ________ percent.A) 5; 15B) 4; 11.5C) 4; 18D) 5; 10Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) Uncertainty about interest-rate movements and returns iscalledA) market potential.B) interest-rate irregularities.C) interest-rate risk.D) financial creativity.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Rising interest-rate riskA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) protect households against higher mortgage payments when interest rates rise.B) keep financial institutions' earnings high even when interest rates are falling.C) benefit homeowners when interest rates are falling.D) generally have higher initial interest rates than on conventional fixed-rate mortgages. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) reduce the interest-rate risk for financial institutions.B) benefit homeowners when interest rates rise.C) generally have higher initial interest rates than conventional fixed-rate mortgages.D) allow borrowers to avoid paying interest on portions of their mortgage loans.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The agreement to provide a standardized commodity to a buyer on a specific date at a specific future price isA) a put option.B) a call option.C) a futures contract.D) a mortgage-backed security.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) An instrument developed to help investors and institutions hedge interest-rate risk isA) a debit card.B) a credit card.C) a financial derivative.D) a junk bond.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Financial instruments whose payoffs are linked to previously issued securities are calledA) grandfathered bonds.B) financial derivatives.C) hedge securities.D) reversible bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) Both ________ and ________ were financial innovations that occurred because of interest rate volatility.A) adjustable-rate mortgages; commercial paperB) adjustable-rate mortgages; financial derivativesC) sweep accounts; financial derivativesD) sweep accounts; commercial paperAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) The most important source of the changes in supply conditions that stimulate financial innovation has been theA) deregulation of financial institutions.B) dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) improvement in information technology.D) dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) New computer technology hasA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology15) Credit cards date back toA) prior to the second World War.B) just after the second World War.C) the early 1950s.D) the late 1950s.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) A firm issuing credit cards earns income fromA) loans it makes to credit card holders.B) subsidies from the local governments.C) payments made to it by manufacturers of the productssold in stores on credit card purchases.D) sales of the card in foreign countries.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The entry of AT&T and GM into the credit card business is an indication ofA) government's efforts to deregulate the provision of financial services.B) the rising profitability of credit card operations.C) the reduction in costs of credit card operations since 1990.D) the sale of unprofitable operations by Bank of America and Citicorp.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) A debit card differs from a credit card in thatA) a debit card is a loan while for a credit card purchase, payment is made immediately.B) a debit card is a long-term loan while a credit card is a short-term loan.C) a credit card is a loan while for a debit card purchase, payment is made immediately.D) a credit card is a long-term loan while a debit card is a short-term loan.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Automated teller machinesA) are more costly to use than human tellers, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.B) cost about the same to use as human tellers in banks, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.C) cost less than human tellers, so banks may encourage their use by charging less for using ATMs.D) cost nothing to use, so banks provide their services free of charge.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) The declining cost of computer technology has made ________ a reality.A) brick and mortar bankingB) commercial bankingC) virtual bankingD) investment bankingAnswer: CAACSB: Information Technology21) Bank customers perceive Internet-only banks as beingA) more secure than physical bank branches.B) a better method for the purchase of long-term savings products.C) better at keeping customer information private.D) prone to many more technical problems.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology22) A disadvantage of virtual banks (clicks) is thatA) their hours are more limited than physical banks.B) they are less convenient than physical banks.C) they are more costly to operate than physical banks.D) customers worry about the security of on-line transactions.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology23) So-called fallen angels differ from junk bonds in thatA) junk bonds refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings, whereas fallen angels refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa.B) junk bonds refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa, whereas fallen angels refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings.C) junk bonds have ratings below Baa, whereas fallen angels have ratings below C.D) fallen angels have ratings below Baa, whereas junk bonds have ratings below C.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Newly-issued high-yield bonds rated below investment grade by the bond-rating agencies are frequently referred to asA) municipal bonds.B) Yankee bonds.C) "fallen angels."D) junk bonds.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge25) In 1977, he pioneered the concept of selling new public issues of junk bonds for companies that had not yet achieved investment-grade status.A) Michael MilkenB) Roger MillikenC) Ivan BoeskyD) Carl IcahnAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) One factor contributing to the rapid growth of the commercial paper market since 1970 isA) the fact that commercial paper has no default risk.B) improved information technology making it easier to screen credit risks.C) government regulation.D) FDIC insurance for commercial paper.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking27) The development of money market mutual funds contributed to the growth of ________ since the money market mutual funds need to hold liquid, high-quality, short-terms assets.A) the commercial paper marketB) the municipal bond marketC) the corporate bond marketD) the junk bond marketAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) The process of transforming otherwise illiquid financial assets into marketable capital market instruments is known asA) securitization.B) internationalization.C) arbitrage.D) program trading.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge29) ________ is creating a marketable capital market instrument by bundling a portfolio of mortgage or auto loans.A) DiversificationB) ArbitrageC) ComputerizationD) SecuritizationAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge30) The driving force behind the securitization of mortgages and automobile loans has beenA) the rising regulatory constraints on substitute financial instruments.B) the desire of mortgage and auto lenders to exit this field of lending.C) the improvement in information technology.D) the relaxation of regulatory restrictions on credit card operations.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology31) Securitization is a process of asset transformation that involves a number of different financial institutions working together. These financial institutions are known collectively as theA) transformers.B) amalgamation.C) movers and shakers.D) shadow banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge32) Which of the following is NOT part of the shadow banking system?A) the transformerB) the servicerC) the bundlerD) the distributorAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge33) Because of securitization, a new class of residential mortgages offered to borrowers with less-than-stellar credit records developed. These mortgages are known asA) risk-enhanced mortgages.B) subprime mortgages.C) bundled mortgages.D) adjustable-rate mortgages.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge34) According to Edward Kane, because the banking industry is one of the most ________ industries in America, it is an industry in which ________ is especially likely to occur.A) competitive; loophole miningB) competitive; innovationC) regulated; loophole miningD) regulated; innovationAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge35) Loophole mining refers to financial innovation designed toA) hide transactions from the IRS.B) conceal transactions from the SEC.C) get around regulations.D) conceal transactions from the Treasury Department.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge36) Prior to 2008, bank managers looked on reserverequirementsA) as a tax on deposits.B) as a subsidy on deposits.C) as a subsidy on loans.D) as a tax on loans.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge37) Prior to 2008, the bank's cost of holding reserves equaledA) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of reserves.B) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of deposits.C) the interest earned on loans times the amount of loans.D) the interest earned on loans times the amount on reserves.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking38) Prior to 1980, the Fed set an interest rate ________, a maximum limit, on the interest rate that could be paid on time deposits.A) floorB) ceilingC) wallD) windowAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge39) The process in which people seeking higher yielding securities take their funds out of the banking system thus restricting the amount of funds banks can lend is calledA) capital mobility.B) loophole mining.C) disintermediation.D) deposit jumping.AACSB: Application of Knowledge40) Money market mutual fundsA) function as interest-earning checking accounts.B) are legally deposits.C) are subject to reserve requirements.D) have an interest-rate ceiling.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge41) In September 2008, the Reserve Primary Fund, a money market mutual fund, found itself in the situation know as "breaking the buck." This means thatA) they could no longer afford to redeem shares at the par value of $1.B) they required shareholders to contribute a dollar more in fees each month.C) shareholders were able to redeem shares for more than a $1.D) shares earned more than a dollar in interest.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge42) In this type of arrangement, any balances above a certain amount in a corporation's checking account at the end of the business day are "removed" and invested in overnight securities that pay the corporation interest. This innovation is referred to as aA) sweep account.B) share draft account.C) removed-repo account.D) stockman account.AACSB: Application of Knowledge43) Sweep accounts which were created to avoid reserve requirements became possible because of a change inA) deposit ceilings.B) technology.C) government rules.D) bank mergers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking44) Sweep accountsA) have made reserve requirements nonbinding for many banks.B) sweep funds out of deposit accounts into long-term securities.C) enable banks to avoid paying interest to corporate customers.D) reduce banks' assets.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking45) Since 1974, commercial banks importance as a source of funds for nonfinancial borrowersA) has shrunk dramatically, from around 40 percent of total credit advanced to around 25 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk dramatically, from around 70 percent of total credit advanced to below 50 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 50 percent of total credit advanced to above 70 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 30 percent of total credit advanced to above 50 percent by 2014.AACSB: Reflective Thinking46) Thrift institutions importance as a source of funds for borrowersA) has shrunk from around 40 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to below 30 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk from over 20 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to around 3 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 25 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 30 percent by 2014.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking47) Since 1980A) banks have decreased risk taking to offset the decline in profits.B) banks have offset the decline in profits from traditional activities with increased income from off-balance-sheet activities.C) banks have offset the decline in profits from off-balance-sheet activities with increased income from traditional activities.D) bank profits have grown rapidly due to deregulation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking48) Financial innovation has causedA) banks to suffer declines in their cost advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in income advantages.B) banks to suffer a simultaneous decline of cost and income advantages.C) banks to suffer declines in their income advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in cost advantages.D) banks to achieve competitive advantages in both costs and income.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking49) Disintermediation resulted fromA) interest rate ceilings combined with inflation-driven increases in interest rates.B) elimination of Regulation Q (the regulation imposing interest rate ceilings on bank deposits).C) increases in federal income taxes.D) reserve requirements.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking50) The experience of disintermediation in the banking industry illustrates thatA) more regulation of financial markets may avoid such problems in the future.B) banks are unable to remain competitive with other financial intermediaries.C) consumers no longer desire the services that banks provide.D) markets invent alternatives to costly regulations.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking51) Banks responded to disintermediation byA) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, enabling them to better compete for funds.B) opposing the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would increase their cost of funds.C) demanding that interest rate regulations be imposed on money market mutual funds.D) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would reduce their cost of funds.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking52) One factor contributing to the decline in cost advantages that banks once had is theA) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to 2 percent today.B) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to under 15 percent today.C) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to15 percent today.D) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to under 20 percent today.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking53) The most important developments that reduced banks cost advantages includeA) the growth of the junk bond market.B) the competition from money market mutual funds.C) the growth of securitization.D) the growth in the commercial paper market.Answer: B。

数据库系统原理英文111

Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 3
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS(cont.)
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient for store and retrieve information definition of structures for storage of information data manipulation mechanisms data safety mechanisms
Recordk
block1
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Recordi
Block n
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Physical File on disk Physical address： platter/track /sector
block1
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Recordm
blockk
OS：file system and I/O subsystem
Database system (DBS) having the same definition as DBMS in the textbook the term DBS and DBMS are used interchangeably in the textbook
February 2011
February 2011
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 2
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
Definitions in the textbook Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB

北邮-数据库系统原理(英文)-11-15

内部传输速率
disk drive
track
on-board cache: set of blocks Fig. 11.11.0 on-board in device controller
Operating System Concepts - Chapter11 File System Implementation 11

Database System Concepts - Chapter 11 Storage and File Structures - 7
11-I-2 Magnetic Disk
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seeking
rotation
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Database System Concepts - Chapter 11 Storage and File Structures - 17
11-II Storage Access (cont.)

Application programs call on the buffer manager when they need a block to read or write from disk if the block is already in the buffer, the requesting program is given the address of the block in the buffer if the block is not in the buffer, the buffer manager allocates space in the buffer for the block, replacing (throwing out) some other block, if required, to make spare space for the new block the block that is thrown out is written back to disk only if it was modified since the most recent time that it was written to/fetched from the disk

数据库系统原理(英文)syllabusfordatabasesystemprinciples

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT)School of Computer Science and Technology Syllabus for Database System Principles 1. OverviewsCourse No.:323?04105Course Title:Database System Principles Course Credit: 3 Credits, required courseSemester and Year: Spring 2007Class: 04411—04415Teaching hours:Class teaching: 51 hoursAfter-class experiments: 17 hoursCourse design, or p rofessional practice for this course:（数据库系统综合课程设计）, 30 hours, 1 credits,conducted in the 3rd semester.Prerequisites:Data StructuresDiscrete MathematicsOperating SystemsAlgorithms Design and Analysis2. Lecture MeetingsTime: Tuseday AM: 8:00 – 10:00Friday AM: 8:00 – 10:00, only odd weeksLocation: Room 539, 3th Teaching Building3. FacultyInstructorName: Dr. Wen YE (叶文)Office: Room 918, 3rd Teaching BuildingOffice Hours: Wednesday 3:00 to 4:30 PM,I am also available by appointment at a time more convenientfor you, especially at the end of this semesterPhone: 86-10-62282633 (O)E-mail: gryew@, yewen@Experiments Directors:Name: ???Responsibility: directing experimentsOffice: Room 913, Main BuildingOffice Hours: Friday 14:00 to 17:00 PM, or by appointmentGraduate Teaching Assistant:Name: ?? ( )Responsibility: checking homeworkOffice: Room 918, 3rd Teaching BuildingOffice Hours: Wednesday 13:30 to 15:00 PM, or by appointment E-mail:4. Text Book1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F.Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts(Forth Edition, Fifth Edition), Higher Education Press and McGraw-Hill Companies, Beijing, May, 2002.References1.中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002研究组，中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002，清华大学出版社，北京，2002年8月。

ch1-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)

Difficulty in accessing data

Data isolation — multintegrity problems

Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become ―buried‖ in program code rather than being stated explicitly Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data Database Languages Relational Databases
Database Design
Object-based and semistructured databases Data Storage and Querying Transaction Management Database Architecture Database Users and Administrators Overall Structure History of Database Systems

Data redundancy and inconsistency

Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the

数据库原理(双语)-Chapter03

D1
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m1 m m2 m1 denoted as : The Cartesian product of n sets (D1,nD2, . . ., Dn) is× m2 ×… mn elements elements n={(d1, d2, . . . , dn) | d1D1, d2elementsdnDn} elements D1×D2× . . .×D D2, . . . , or Component(分量) n in D2(D2中任意一个元素) An element in Dn1(Dn1中任意一个元素) An element An element in D (D 中任意一个元素) n-tuples( nDn} the number 2of .elements in1,ad2D2,Cardinality ×D = {(d1, d , . . , dn) | d1D set: . . . , dn元组,简称元组) i=1 i
1. Relational Data Structure

Relation(关系) is a table with columns and rows (二维表). – Only applies to logical structure of the database, not the physical structure (只是逻辑结构而非物理结构). Attribute (属性) is a named column of a relation(关系的列). Domain(域) is the set of allowable values for attributes
Domain Name
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[数据库原理]【英文版】Chapter03

2
Chapter 3
The Relational Model
Relational Model Terminology
A relation is a table with columns and rows. – Two-dimensional table
» Rows: individual records » Columns: attributes
Foreign Key
– Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation.
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Integrity Constraints
7 8
Mathematical Definition of Relation
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Dn .
» {A1: D1, A2: D2, …, An: Dn} is a relation schema » A relation R defined by a relation schema S is a set of mappings from the attribute names to their corresponding domains. » {A1: d1, A2: d2, …, An: dn} such that d1 ∈D1, d2 ∈D2, . . . , dn∈Dn

数据库原理英文

数据库原理英文Database PrinciplesIntroduction:Database principles are fundamental concepts that govern the design, management, and use of databases. A database is a structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a manner that allows for efficient retrieval, manipulation, and analysis.Data Models:Data models are used to represent how data is organized and structured within a database. These models determine the relationships between data elements and define the rules for how data is stored and manipulated. Common data models include hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented.Relational Model:The relational model is the most widely used data model in modern databases. It organizes data into relations, which are tables with rows and columns. Each row represents a record, and each column represents a characteristic or attribute of that record. Relationships between tables are established through primary keys and foreign keys.Normalization:Normalization is the process of designing database tables to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down large tables into smaller ones and creating relationships between them. The goal is to eliminate data anomalies and ensure that eachpiece of data is stored in one place only.Query Languages:Query languages allow users to retrieve, manipulate, and update data in a database. The most common query language is Structured Query Language (SQL), which is used to interact with relational databases. SQL provides a set of commands and functions that enable users to perform operations such as data retrieval, insertion, deletion, and modification.Indexing and Query Optimization:Indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations. They provide a way to locate data quickly based on specific criteria. Query optimization involves analyzing and rearranging queries to execute them in the most efficient way possible. Techniques such as storing intermediate results, using parallel processing, and selecting appropriate indexing strategies are commonly employed.Transaction Management:A transaction is a unit of work that consists of one or more operations performed on a database. Transaction management ensures the atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of database operations. Transactions are usually managed by a database management system (DBMS) through the use of transaction logs and concurrency control mechanisms. Concurrency Control:Concurrency control prevents conflicts when multiple users try to access or modify the same data simultaneously. Techniques suchas locking, timestamping, and optimistic concurrency control are used to manage concurrent access and ensure data consistency. Backup and Recovery:Backup and recovery involve creating copies of a database to protect against data loss and ensuring that data can be restored in the event of a failure. Backups can be performed at different levels (database, table, or file) and can be either full or incremental. Recovery mechanisms restore the database to a consistent state after a failure, using backup copies and transaction logs. Conclusion:Understanding database principles is essential for designing efficient and robust databases. Data modeling, normalization, query languages, indexing, transaction management, concurrency control, and backup and recovery are key concepts that form the foundation of database systems. By applying these principles, database professionals can optimize data storage, retrieval, and manipulation, leading to better performance and data integrity.。

ch11-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)

moderately fast access time

Байду номын сангаас
also called on-line storage E.g. flash memory, magnetic disks
tertiary storage: lowest level in hierarchy, non-volatile, slow

Can differentiate storage into:

Contents persist even when power is switched off. Includes secondary and tertiary storage, as well as batterbacked up main-memory.
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Oct 23, 2005.
11.5
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Physical Storage Media (Cont.)
Magnetic-disk

Data is stored on spinning disk, and read/written magnetically
access time

also called off-line storage E.g. magnetic tape, optical storage
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Oct 23, 2005.
11.10
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan

数据库系统原理(英文)-0--courseintroduction-16讲义.

Body of Knowledge in Computer Science
包括如下14个知识领域： CS-AR计算机体系结构与组织 CS-AL算法与复杂性 CS-HC人机交互 CS-OS 操作系统 CS-PF程序设计基础 CS-SP社会与职业问题 CS-SE软件工程 CS-DS离散结构 CS-NC以网络为中心的计算 CS-PL程序设计语言
Body of Knowledge in Computer Science(cont.) —— Knowledge Topics in CS-IM信息管理
IM2数据库系统（核心）知识点：数据库系统简介数据库系统的组件 DBMS功能数据库的体系结构和数据完整性数据库查询语言概述
Body of Knowledge in Computer Science(cont.) —— Knowledge Topics in CS-IM信息管理
Body of Knowledge in Computer Engineering
包括如下18个知识领域： CE-ALG 算法与复杂度 CE-CAO 计算机体系结构和组织 CE-CSE 计算机系统工程 CE-CSG 电路和信号 CE-DBS 数据库系统 CE-DIG 数字逻辑 CE-DSP 数字信号处理 CE-ELE 电子学 CE-ESY 嵌入式系统 CE-HCI 人机交互
AreContents of Class Teaching Basic Experiments on SQL Server, DB2 and Sybase Course Design Some Issues to Be Emphasized
Teaching contents principles and implementation/development techniques of DBS taking SQL Server as case studies in in-class teaching, after-class experiments, and course design

数据库原理与应用的英文

Database Principles and Applications IntroductionThe purpose of this document is to provide an overview of database principles and their applications. The document will discuss the fundamental concepts of databases, including data models, relational databases, and various database management systems. It will also explore the practical applications of databases in different industries and highlight their significance in modern data-driven environments.Table of Contents1.Data Models2.Relational Databases3.Database Management Systems4.Database Applications5.Conclusion1. Data ModelsData models serve as the foundation for organizing and representing data in a structured manner. They define the structure, relationships, and constraints of the data. There are several types of data models, including:•Hierarchical Model: Represents data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships.•Network Model: Represents data using a graph structure, allowing more complex relationships.•Relational Model: Represents data as tables or relations, with rows and columns.•Object-Oriented Model: Represents data as objects, with attributes and methods.•Entity-Relationship Model: Represents data using entities, attributes, and relationships.2. Relational DatabasesRelational databases are based on the relational model, which organizes data into tables, each with its own columns and rows. The relationships between tables are defined using primary and foreign keys. Key concepts in relational databases include:•Tables: Organized collections of data, with each column representinga specific attribute and each row representing a record.•Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.•Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two.•Normalization: The process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.•SQL: Structured Query Language used for managing and querying relational databases.3. Database Management SystemsA Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage, and manipulate databases. It provides an interface to interact with the underlying database and includes features such as:•Data Definition Language (DDL): Allows users to create, modify, and delete database structures, tables, and constraints.•Data Manipulation Language (DML): Enables users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from a database.•Transaction Management: Ensures the integrity and consistency of database operations.•Security: Provides mechanisms for authentication, authorization, and access control.•Query Optimization: Automatically optimizes queries for better performance.Some popular DBMSs include Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.4. Database ApplicationsDatabases have various applications across industries, playing a crucial role in managing and analyzing large amounts of data. Here are a few examples of database applications:•E-commerce: Databases are used to store product information, customer data, and manage orders.•Healthcare: Databases store patient records, medical history, and facilitate efficient healthcare management.•Finance: Databases are used for storing financial transactions, managing accounts, and processing payments.•Education: Databases manage student records, course information, and enable online learning platforms.•Logistics: Databases help in tracking inventory, managing supply chains, and optimizing logistics operations.The applications of databases are diverse and extend to almost every industry that deals with data management and analysis.ConclusionDatabase principles and applications are essential in modern data-driven environments. Understanding data models, relational databases, and database management systems is crucial for effective data organization and retrieval. The practical applications of databases span across industries and demonstrate their significance in today’s digital world. By leveraging databases, organizations can efficiently manage and analyze vast amounts of data, enabling informed decision-making and improving overall efficiency.。

数据库原理英文版

电价整治工作总结
近年来，我国电力行业发展迅猛，但也面临着一些问题，其中之一就是电价的不合理性。

为了解决这一问题，我国电力部门积极开展电价整治工作，通过一系列的措施和政策，取得了一定的成效。

首先，电价整治工作明确了目标和方向。

电力部门明确了电价整治的目标是要合理调整电价结构，推动电力市场化改革，提高电力市场竞争力，加强电力市场监管，保障电力市场的公平竞争。

同时，电力部门也明确了电价整治的方向是要推动电价市场化改革，建立健全的电价形成机制，促进电力市场竞争，提高电价市场透明度和公平性。

其次，电价整治工作加强了政策支持和监管力度。

电力部门出台了一系列的政策文件，明确了电价整治的相关政策措施，包括电价形成机制改革、电价调整机制改革、电价监管机制改革等。

同时，电力部门也加强了对电价市场的监管力度，建立了健全的电价监管体系，加强了对电价市场的监督和管理。

再次，电价整治工作加强了市场竞争和价格透明。

电力部门推动电力市场化改革，加强了市场竞争，促进了电价的合理形成。

同时，电力部门也加强了电价市场的价格透明度，建立了健全的电价信息公开制度，加强了电价市场的监督和管理。

最后，电价整治工作取得了一定的成效。

通过一系列的政策措施和监管措施，我国电价整治工作取得了一定的成效，电价市场化改革取得了一定的进展，电价市场的竞争力得到了提高，电价市场的价格透明度和公平性也得到了改善。

综上所述，电价整治工作是我国电力行业发展的重要内容，通过一系列的政策措施和监管措施，电价整治工作取得了一定的成效，但也还存在一些问题和挑战，需要继续加强政策支持和监管力度，推动电价市场化改革，促进电价市场的公平竞争，提高电价市场的透明度和公平性。

数据库原理第11-2章DataBase

两段锁协议（续） “两段”锁的含义两段”
事务分为两个阶段第一阶段是获得封锁，也称为扩展阶段；第一阶段是获得封锁，也称为扩展阶段；第二阶段是释放封锁，也称为收缩阶段。第二阶段是释放封锁，也称为收缩阶段。
An Introduction to Database System
两段锁协议（续）
例：事务1的封锁序列的封锁序列：事务的封锁序列：
An Introduction to Database System
小结（续）
数据库的并发控制以事务为单位数据库的并发控制通常使用封锁机制两类最常用的封锁不同级别的封锁协议提供不同的数据一致性保证，不同级别的封锁协议提供不同的数据一致性保证，提供不同的数据共享度。提供不同的数据共享度。三级封锁协议
A=Y+1 写回A=3 写回 Unlock B Unlock A
Slock A 等待等待等待等待等待 Slock A 读A=3 Y=A Xlock B B=Y+1 写回B=4 写回 Unlock B Unlock A
A=Y+1 写回A=3 写回 Unlock A
Xlock B 等待 Xlock B B=X+1 写回B=3 写回 Unlock B
事务1遵守两段锁协议，而事务不遵守两段协议不遵守两段协议。事务遵守两段锁协议，而事务2不遵守两段协议。遵守两段锁协议
An Introduction to Database System
两段锁协议（续）
并行执行的所有事务均遵守两段锁协议，并行执行的所有事务均遵守两段锁协议，则对这些事务的所有并行调度策略都是可串行化的。些事务的所有并行调度策略都是可串行化的。所有遵守两段锁协议的事务，其并行执行的结果所有遵守两段锁协议的事务，一定是正确的事务遵守两段锁协议是可串行化调度的充分条件，事务遵守两段锁协议是可串行化调度的充分条件，充分条件而不是必要条件可串行化的调度中，可串行化的调度中，不一定所有事务都必须符合两段锁协议。两段锁协议。

数据库系统原理(英文)-Syllabus for Database System Principles

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT)School of Computer Science and Technology Syllabus for Database System Principles 1. OverviewsCourse No.:323•04105Course Title:Database System Principles Course Credit: 3 Credits, required courseSemester and Year: Spring 2007Class: 04411—04415Teaching hours:●Class teaching: 51 hours●After-class experiments: 17 hours●Course design, or professional practice for this course:（数据库系统综合课程设计）, 30 hours, 1 credits,conducted in the 3rd semester.Prerequisites:●Data Structures●Discrete Mathematics●Operating Systems●Algorithms Design and Analysis2. Lecture MeetingsTime: Tuseday AM: 8:00 – 10:00Friday AM: 8:00 – 10:00, only odd weeksLocation: Room 539, 3th Teaching Building3. FacultyInstructor●Name: Dr. Wen YE (叶文)●Office: Room 918, 3rd Teaching Building●Office Hours: Wednesday 3:00 to 4:30 PM,I am also available by appointment at a time more convenientfor you, especially at the end of this semester●Phone: 86-10-62282633 (O)●E-mail: gryew@, yewen@Experiments Directors:●Name: ???●Responsibility: directing experiments●Office: Room 913, Main Building●Office Hours: Friday 14:00 to 17:00 PM, or by appointmentGraduate Teaching Assistant:●Name: ?? ( )●Responsibility: checking homework●Office: Room 918, 3rd Teaching Building●Office Hours: Wednesday 13:30 to 15:00 PM, or by appointment●E-mail:4. Text Book1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F.Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts(Forth Edition, Fifth Edition), Higher Education Press and McGraw-Hill Companies, Beijing, May, 2002. References1.中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002研究组，中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002，清华大学出版社，北京，2002年8月。

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Diagrammatic technique for displaying ER model using Unified Modeling Language (UML). How to identify and resolve problems with ER models called connection traps. How to build an ER model from a requirements specification.
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Attributes
Single-valued Attribute – Attribute that holds a single value for each occurrence of an entity type. Multi-valued Attribute – Attribute that holds multiple values for each occurrence of an entity type. Derived Attribute – Attribute that represents a value that is derivable from value of a related attribute, or set of attributes, not necessarily in the same entity type.
Semantic Net of Staff Manages Branch Relationship Type
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Multiplicity of Staff Manages Branch (1:1) Relationship Type
Semantic Net of Staff Oversees PropertyForRent Relationship Type
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ER Diagram of Branch View of DreamHome
Concepts of the ER Model
Entity types Relationship types Attributes
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1
Entity Type
Entity type
– Group of objects with same properties, identified by enterprise as having an independent existence.
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Entities associated through two distinct Relationships with Role Names
Attributes
Attribute – Property of an entity or a relationship type. Attribute Domain – Set of allowable values for one or more attributes. Simple Attribute – Attribute composed of a single component with an independent existence. Composite Attribute – Attribute composed of multiple components, each with an independent existence.
Degree of a Relationship – Number of participating entities in relationship. Relationship of degree: – two is binary; – three is ternary; – four is quaternary. Binary relationship called POwns Ternary relationship called Registers Quaternary relationship called Arranges
– Describes maximum number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type.
Multiplicity as Cardinality and Participation Constraints
Chapter 11 - Objectives
How to use Entity–Relationship (ER) modeling in database design. Basic concepts associated with ER model.
Chapter 11
Entity-Relationship Modeling
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4
Structural Constraints
The most common degree for relationships is binary. Binary relationships are generally referred to as being: – one-to-one (1:1) – one-to-many (1:*) – many-to-many (*:*) Multiplicity for Complex Relationships – Number (or range) of possible occurrences of an entity type in an n-ary relationship when other (n-1) values are fixed.
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Relationship Types
Recursive Relationship – Relationship type where same entity type participates more than once in different roles. Relationships may be given role names to indicate purpose that each participating entity type plays in a relationship. Recursive relationship called Supervises with role names
5 6
Entity occurrence
– Uniquely identifiable object of an entity type. Examples of entity types ER diagram of Staff and Branch entity types
Relationship Types
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3
ER Diagram of Staff and Branch Entities and their Attributes
Strong Entity Type and Weak Entity Type
Strong Entity Type – Entity type that is not existence-dependent on some other entity type. Weak Entity Type – Entity type that is existence-dependent on some other entity type. Strong Entity Type called Client and Weak Entity Type called Preference
Relationship Types
Relationship type – Set of meaningful associations among entity types. Relationship occurrence – Uniquely identifiable association, which includes one occurrence from each participating entity type. Semantic Net of “Has” relationship type ER Diagram of Branch Has Staff relationship
Multiplicity of Newspaper Advertises PropertyForRent (*:*) Relationship
Semantic Net of Ternary Registers Relationship with Values for Staff and Branch Entities Fixed
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Multiplicity of Ternary Registers Relationship
Summary of Multiplicity Constraints
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Structural Constraints (Cont.)
Multiplicity is made up of two types of restrictions on relationships: cardinality and participation. Cardinality
Participation
– Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship.
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Exercise 11.10
Problems with ER Models
Problems may arise when designing a conceptual data model called connection traps. Often due to a misinterpretation of the meaning of certain relationships. Two main types of connection traps are called fan traps and chasm traps. – Fan Trap » Where a model represents a relationship between entity types, but pathway between certain entity occurrences is ambiguous. – Chasm Trap » Where a model suggests the existence of a relationship between entity types, but pathway does not exist between certain entity occurrences.