unit 5 semantics

wrath：literature The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》
John Steinbeck 约翰· 斯坦贝克
• cliche judo
typhoon tea versus ginseng
• Sputnik mosquito
English is particularly rich in synonyms for the historical reason that its vocabulary has come from two different sources, from Anglo -Saxon on the one hand and from French, Latin and Greek on the other.
Wrath
rage
Anger
fury
indignation
“Anger, rage, fury, indignation
and wrath” are synonymous in denoting the emotional excitement induced by intense displeasure.
Sense 意义
Vs versus
Reference 所指
• Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. • Abstract • De-contextualized • Dictionary meaning • What does the word “dog” mean in your dictionary?
A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy student had gained • mark a of 100 in an important test.
A woman may be astounded to learn that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her.
Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. ( written ) You have got to pay fines for overdue books. ( spoken )
They made a decision to abandon the project. ( formal )
"Anger" , the most general term, describes merely the emotional reaction; the word itself suggests no definite degree of intensity, and carries no necessary implication of outward manifestation;
Dreams of Red Mansion
steed ( poetic ) horse ( general ) nag ( slang ) gee-gee ( baby talk )
C) words differing in emotive or
evaluative meaning
情感或评价同义词
"Indignation" denotes anger based on a moral condemnation of something felt to be wrong and unfair; e.g.
Abolitionists viewed the institution of slavery with indignation. Mary expressed her indignation at being unfairly dismissed.
Telephone booth operator
undershirt
vest
pavement petroleum
sidewalk gasoline
B) words differing in styles or registers 文体同义词 Words having the same cognitive meaning but having different stylistic meanings
"little" and "small" are synonyms. But if any emotion is associated with the designation, we must choose "little".
They decided to walk out on the project. ( informal )
to chide (literary ) to berate ( neutral ) to scold ( neutral ) to blame ( neutral ) to carpet ( colloquial, esp. BrE ) to tell off ( colloquial ) to bawl out ( AmE, slang )
• An animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work, hunting or guarding buildings
• Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. • The linguistic element real entity • sense reference • What the dog is doing? • Which dog? • This dog.
Lecture 5 Semantics 语义学
5.1 What is Semantics ?
Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.
5.2 Lexical Meaning Two Concepts to Understand
5.2.1 synonymy
Synonymy is used to mean “ sameness of meaning or close similarity of meaning”
“range, selection, choice,”
The showroom has a wide____of kitchen. Context plays an important part in deciding whether a set of lexical items is synonymous.
British English
coach garage
American English
bus Service station
parking lot
Car park
Lay-by tube
Rest area subway
British English
Call box telephonist
American English
man (neutral ) chap ( colloquial ) fellow ( colloquial ) bird ( colloquial ) What a queer bird! guy ( slang ) bozo ( slang )
Domicile ( very formal ) residence ( formal ) abode (poetic) home ( general ) [„dɔmisail] n. 住所, 住宅
n. 同义词, 同义词研究,
antonymy[ɑn'tɔnəmi]
n. 反义词组,mi]
n. (词义之间的)下义关系, 上下位关系,
polysemy[pɔ'lisi:mi]
n. 意义的分岐, 一词多义, homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]
n. 同音异义, 同形异义, 同名
antonymy[ɑn'tɔnəmi]
hyponymy[hai„pɔnimi]
polysemy[pɔ'lisi:mi] homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]
In fact, when we are talking of sense relations, we are talking of synonymy[si'nɔnimi]
" to conceal one's anger",
" Tom is easily aroused to anger."
"Rage" often implies a loss of self-control. " fury" , the strongest word in the group, suggests • rage so violent a that it may approach madness;
• A short pet dog with brown fur and dotted with white fur
Sense
Sense is concerned only with intralinguistic relations.语言内部的关系
Inter-linguistic 语际的
In fact, when we are talking of sense relations, we are talking of synonymy[si'nɔnimi]
The insolence of the waiters drove him into a rage, and he flung his plate to the floor and stalked out of the restaurant. Mad with fury, John pounded his fists on the wall and beat his breast.
Chauffeur Might
cordial driver
power hearty
Native word Answer homely might buy fiddle
Borrowed words
reply domestic
power
purchase
violin
Native word brotherly bodily
Range, breadth，scope. " His ___ of knowledge is enormous!"
Complete sameness?
Amaze and astound
But they differ in degrees of wonder or bewilderment. Amaze denotes difficulty of belief and astound extreme difficulty of belief.
ascend secure
native
belly holy
French
stomache
Latin
abdomen
consecrated
sacred
fire
fear ask
flame
terror question
conflagration
trepidation
interrogate
A) dialectal synonyms 方言同义词 Synonyms belonging to different dialects of the language
Borrowed words
fraternally corporal
mansion
house
hearty driver
cordial chauffeur
Triplets
Native kingly
French
Latin regal
epoch
royal
time
rise fast
age
mount firm