高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)含解析

高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)含解析
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests
in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in
by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone (臭氧) levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-
off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
"We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere." Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
（1）According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may ________.
A. result in a warming climate
B. cause the forest fires to occur more frequently
C. lead to a longer fire season
D. protect the forests and the environment there
（2）The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT ________.
A. large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere
B. the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase
C. snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space
D. ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun
（3）Earlier studies about northern forest fires ________.
A. analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate
B. indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere
C. suggest that people should take measures to protect the environment
D. suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming
（4）The underlined phrase "soak up" in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. released
B. absorbed
C. created
D. distributed
（5）From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may ________.
A. warm the climate as the supposition goes
B. allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate
C. destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice
D. help to gain more energy rather than release more energy
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）D
（4）B
（5）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了阿拉斯加、加拿大和西伯利亚的森林大火使气候变暖，科学家们已经发现，在燃烧的树木允许更多的雪将更多的阳光反射到太空的地区可能会发生冷却。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions”这样的措施最终导致了北部地区的气候变暖。

故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第四段中的“The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.”可知地上的雪反射阳光这是大火的间接的影响，是在第二年春天的时候发生的事情，并不是immediate effects。

故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“Ea rlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.”可知早期关于北方森林火灾的研究建议大火将加速气候变暖，故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的““0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space.”可知该词与send back该词相反的意思，故应该指吸收，因为send back指反射。

故选B。

（5）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.”可知从这个研究中得到的结论是B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

When hospital staff are in full scrubs (手术衣), their faces are almost completely covered by their caps and face masks, and we can only see their eyes and eyebrows. In order to solve the problem, a doctor in Sydney, Australia, called Rob Hackett launched a campaign named "Theatre (手术室) Cap Challenge"-encourage hospital staffs to write their' names and roles on their caps. At first, his colleagues didn't take it seriously. However, with time going on, it has been adopted around the world with studies from the US and UK reporting how this simple idea can decrease human errors in healthcare.
"I went to a theatre where there were about 20 doctors and nurses in the room," Dr. Rob Hackett said. "I struggled to even ask to be passed some gloves because the person I was pointing to thought I was pointing to the person behind them, because I don't know their names." said Rob. As we all know, doctors are a stressful profession. When faced with life and death, they need to save the patient's life for a second. At the moment, effective communications are important.
"The 'Theatre Cap Challenge' is in response to concerns about how easily avoidable mistakes and poor communication are contributing to rising harmful events for our patients." said Rob. "We need to develop systems which reduce mistakes and misunderstanding without causing harm. For this to happen, we need to let everyone know we're human." he added On the other hand, from the patients' viewpoint, caps with names on them can make patients more unworried. When everyone appears the same, it is extremely difficult to distinguish who is who. Knowing them relaxed.
（1）What can we learn from paragraph 1?
A. Hospital staff are asked to cover their faces in hospitals.
B. Rob is in favor of writing names and roles on caps.
C. Rob wanted to be a professional doctor.
D. Rob's idea can increase human errors in healthcare.
（2）What can we know about the "Theatre Cap Challenge" from the text?
A. It can make the caps more fashionable.
B. It is strongly opposed to by all the doctors and nurses.
C. It aims to avoid mistakes and poor communication.
D. It can help people pass some gloves in a theatre.
（3）Which of the following best explains "were human" underlined in paragraph3?
A. We're generous.
B. We're negative.
C. We're satisfied.
D. We're kind.（4）What's the patients' attitude towards the campaign?
A. Supportive
B. Disapproving
C. Doubtful
D. Uncaring
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在手术室里，医生和护士都戴着手术帽和口罩，只露出眼睛和眉毛，这让周围的人认不出他们，导致在交流过程中产生误会。

于是，一位澳大利亚的医生Rob提出在手术帽上写上名字和职位，这一想法逐渐得到了全世界很多国家的认可。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“In order to solve the problem, a doctor in Sydney, Australia, called Rob Hackett launched a campaign name‘"Theatre (手术室) Cap Challenge’-encourage hospital staffs to write their' names and roles on their caps.”Rob提出在手术帽上写上名字和职位，由此可知他是支持这一想法的。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的例子和第三段中的"The 'Theatre Cap Challenge' is in response to concerns about how easily avoidable mistakes and poor communication are contributing to rising harmful events for our patients. "可知，Theatre Cap challenge活动是为了应对不断增加的病患相关不良事件，而这些事件常是由一些很容易避免的错误和沟通障碍引起的。

所以这项活动目的是尽量避免错误和交流中的误解。

故选C。

（3）考查词义猜测。

根据第三段中的“ We need to develop systems which reduce mistakes and misunderstanding without causing harm.”可知,他们想建立一种在不造成伤害的情况下尽可能减少错误和误解的系统，而要达到这个目的，首先要让每个人知道医生是人类，是有人情味的。

只有病人也感觉到医生的善良，才能减少病患之间的误解。

故选D。

（4）考查观点态度。

全文最后三句是站在患者角度阐述这个活动的意义。

从其中的"unworried（不担心的，不着急的）"和"relaxed（松懈的，放松的）"两个词可以知道，这个活动能让病人心情放松，病人对这一做法是很支持的。

故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解
Researchers have found bees can do basic mathematics, in a discovery that deepens our understanding of the relationship between brain size and brain power. Recently, A study conducted by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).
Solving math problems requires a complex level of involving the mental management of numbers, long-term rules and short-term working memory. The finding that even the tiny brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has a possible effect on the future development of Artificial Intelligence, particularly in improving rapid learning.
RMIT's Professor Adrian Dyer said numerical (数字的) operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing. “You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while mentally using skillfully a set of given numbers in your short-term memory,” Dyer said. “On top of this, our bees also used their
short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognize plus or minus as abstract concepts.”
The findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition (认知) may be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals than previously suspected.
“If math doesn't require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,” said Dyer.
Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.
Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.（1）What have the researchers from RMIT University discovered?
A. The relationship between brain size and brain power.
B. Long-term rules and short term working memory.
C. Bees can perform complex arithmetic operations.
D. Bees can do basic mathematics.
（2）According to Adrian Dyer, bees' numerical cognition ________.
A. requires addition and subtraction two complex processing
B. has a possible effect on the future development of AI
C. only involves their short-term working memory
D. calls for a lot of maths knowledge
（3）What does the finding of the new research suggest?
A. Bees can recogize the exact number.
B. Arithmetic operations exist in human and bees.
C. Numerical cognition has been found in many more species.
D. Some primates, birds and even spiders can add and substract.
（4）What can be the best title for the text?
A. A Discovery About the Tiny Brain of Bees
B. New Findings About Bees Having Numerical Cogintion
C. Numerical Cognition Requires a Complex Level of Processing
D. The Relationship Between Brain Size and Brain Power
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。

此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。

发表在《科学进展》(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).”澳大利亚证明蜜蜂可以做加法和减法等算术
运算。

”可知，RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。

故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第五段中的“If math doesn't require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve ra pid AI learning of new problems,”如果数学不需要一个巨大的大脑，那么在设计中，我们也可能有新的方法来包括长期规则和工作记忆的互动，从而提高人工智能对新问题的快速学习，可知，Adrian Dyer认为，蜜蜂的数字认知对人工智能的未来发展可能有影响。

故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据倒数第二段中的“Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.”许多物种都能理解数量之间的差异，并以此来寻找食物、做出决定和解决问题。

但是数字认知，比如精确的数字和算术运算，需要更复杂的处理。

可知，新研究的发现说明了在更多的物种中发现了数字认知。

故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。

根据最后一段中的“Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.”此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。

发表在《科学进展》(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。

”故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解
A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are "striking" and should encourage research efforts.
Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.
Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice – one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an inactive (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.
Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine. There are
many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA-based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last.
（1）If the tests in humans go smoothly, .
A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.
B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.
C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.
D. The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months.
（2）Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.
B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.
C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.
D. It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective.
（3）Which can be the best title for the passage?
A. Zika vaccine 'works very well' in mice
B. Zika vaccine still has a long way to go
C. International researches into Zika have paid off
D. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的"But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away"可知，但是，即使这些进展顺利，一种广泛用于保护高危人群的授权疫苗仍需数年时间，也就是说如果人体试验进展顺利的话，短期内仍无法获得授权疫苗，故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的"US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice"可知，美国科学家在白鼠身上只测试了两种而不是两种以上的寨卡病毒，故选B。

（3）考查主旨大意。

根据第一段中的"A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus,"可知，一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是寨卡病毒疫苗对小白鼠非常有效，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．犇犇阅读理解
While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some elementary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the world's first kids to be
"taught" by a digital teacher. Before you start imagining a human-like robot walking around the classroom, Will is just an avatar that appears on the student's desktop, or smartphone screen, when ordered to come.
The autonomous animation platform has been modeled after the human brain and nervous system, allowing it to show human-like behavior. The digital teacher is assigned to teach Vector's "Be sustainable with energy" — a free program for Auckland elementary schools.
Just like the humans it replaced, Will is able to instantly react to the students' responses to the topic. Thanks to a webcam and microphone, the avatar not only responds to questions the kids may have, but also picks up non-verbal cues. For instance, if a student smiles at Will, he responds by smiling back. This two-way interaction not only helps attract the students' attention, but also allows the program's developers to monitor their engagement, and make changes if needed.
Nikhil Ravishankar believes that Will-like avatars could be a novel way to catch the attention of the next generation. He says, “I have a lot of hope in this technology as a means to del iver cost-effective, rich, educational experience in the future.”
The program, in place since August 2018, has been a great success thus far. Ravishankar says, " What was fascinating to me was the reaction of the children to Will. The way they look at the world is so creative and different, and Will really captured their attention." However, regardless of how popular it becomes, Will is unlikely to replace human educators any time soon.
（1）What was special for some elementary school students in Auckland?
A. A digital teacher taught them.
B. They first saw something digital.
C. This was the start of a new school year.
D. They could get close to smartphone screen.（2）What is the benefit of this two-way interaction?
A. It can smile back.
B. It can use microphone.
C. It can talk any topic for free.
D. It can change if necessary.
（3）What's Ravishankar's attitude to Will's replacing Human educators soon?
A. Optimistic.
B. Doubtful.
C. Unclear.
D. Disapproving.
（4）What might be the best title for the passage?
A. New High-tech Contributes to Education
B. The World's First Digital Teacher Appears in Classroom.
C. The World's First Digital Teacher, a Help to Students
D. New Zealand Will Replace Teachers in Classrooms
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）D
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款智能机器人走进小学课堂，为孩子们讲授能源可持续发展。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“They became the world's first kids to be “taught” by a digital teacher”可知，他们成为世界上第一批由智能机器人老师“教”的孩子。

由此可知，特殊之处在于机器人老师教他们。

故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“This two-way interaction not only helps attract the
students' attention, but also allows the program's developers to monitor their engagement, and make changes if needed.”即“ 这种双向互动不仅有助于吸引学生的注意力，还允许程序的开发人员监视他们的参与度，并在需要时做出更改”，由此可得出，其优势在于需要时，可以做出变化。

故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“However, regardless of how popular it becomes, Will is unlikely to replace human educator s any time soon.”可知，Ravishankar认为它不会在短期内代替人类教育工作者。

故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。

根据第一段中的“While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some elementary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the world's first kids t o be “taught” by a digital teacher”可知，从新学年开始，新西兰奥克兰的小学生将成为世界上第一批被机器人老师教的孩子。

之后文章就此展开，由此可推断出he World's First Digital Teacher Appears in Classroom最符合本文的标题。

故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．犇犇阅读理解
Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose. By the age of one, they can recognise the significant noises around them and group them into a language. When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormously difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker. It all sounds Greek to us. This is because the range of possible sounds that humans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises－the phonemes (音素) of a language－each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.
But where do these phonemes come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet. This is unexpected. We'd rather think of language as product of our thought rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.
Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals (唇齿音)－those such as f and v－that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth. Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example. But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (辅音) are much more common. The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers. Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth. So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods. It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f come to take the place of p. Romans said "pater" but English speakers (unless they're Rees－Moggs) say "father".
Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning can't exist or be transmitted without a real object. But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear. The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws in turn shape the sounds of our language. The ease with which we eat probably shapes our thought too, as anyone who has suffered toothache could testify. What we eat may have shaped the sounds of our language, but how we eat changes how we feel and what we use language to express. A family meal is very different from a sandwich at the office desk, even if the calorie is the same. Food has purposes and meanings far beyond keeping us alive and pleasing the Palate (味觉).
（1）Compared with adults, babies could more easily .
A. create significant noises
B. classify the forms of noises
C. understand the Greek language
D. distinguish meaningful sounds
（2）According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language?
A. Lips and teeth.
B. Jobs and habits.
C. Age and regions.
D. Food and thinking.
（3）The reason for farmers' making sounds of "f" and "v" is .
A. enjoying more cooked foods
B. biting more with front teeth
C. constantly chewing harder foods
D. growing up with lager lower jaws
（4）By writing this passage, the author intends to reveal .
A. jaws help shape our thought
B. food determines our thought
C. diet has some influence on language
D. language consists of sound and meaning
【答案】（1）D
（2）D
（3）A
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，人们一直以来认为语言是思想的产物，但是有新的研究表明饮食对于语言也会产生一些影响。

且以f和v的发音为例，揭示了农民们发"f"和"v"音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。

同时这也强调了人类特有的一切都是物质和精神的结合:语言必须把声音和意义结合起来，没有真实的物体，意义就不可能存在或传播。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“By the age of one, they can recognize the significant noises around them and group them into a language.”可知一岁的婴儿和成人相比更能识别出周围的重要声音，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet.”可知某些声音
在世界范围内的任意分布，部分可以用饮食来解释。

本段提到sound和diet是有关系的,也就是food食物；另外也和思考有关the product of thought,本段最后说到和两者都有关系。

故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“The argument goes that famers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherer s.”可知农民比狩猎采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品，即农民们发"f"和"v"音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。

故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。

根据第二段中的“We'd rather think of language as product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.”可知任何一种语言的诞生都必须同时具备思想和饮食这两种因素的影响。

以及文章内容可知叙述的都是日常饮食和发音对语言的影响，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．犇犇阅读理解
Environmental experts warn that our planet is drowning in plastic.
The world's cities produce 2 billion tons of trash every year. By the year 2050 that number is expected to rise to 3 billion tons. The World Bank estimates that the largest amount of trash today, about 44 percent, is plastic. But we often have to buy packaged goods. And often that packaging is made of plastic.
Now, that may be changing. A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was recently launched at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. This shopping model, called Loop, aims to replace throwaway containers with reusable ones.
Loop is the idea of Terra Cycle, an American-based recycling company. Its chief, Tom Szaky told the Associated Press (AP) that "removing plastics from the ocean is not enough." He said the point is to get away from single-use packages. Szaky said that Loop is the future of shopping. But it comes from an idea of the past.
He compared it to the "milkman model" of the 1950s in the United States. Back then, someone brought milk to your doorstep in glass bottles and then left with empty bottles. These could be cleaned and used again. The result is zero-waste.
Jennifer Morgan from the environmental non-profit organization Greenpeace also joined in the discussion about Loop at Davos. She said that "Greenpeace welcomes the aim of the Loop Alliance to move away from throwaway culture and disposability." But Morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models.
Loop is set to launch later this year in three eastern U.S. states, and also in Paris, France and some of the surrounding area. Then Loop plans to expand to the U.S. West Coast, Toronto, Canada and Britain by the end of this year or 2020.
（1）What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 2?
A. Provide background information.
B. Advocate zero-waste lifestyle.
C. Explain the reason for trash.
D. Introduce a new topic.
（2）Where does the idea "Loop" come from?
A. The World Economic Forum.
B. Demand of some companies.
C. Zero-waste model.
D. The milkman model.
（3）Which countries is Loop expected to expand to by 2020?
A. United States and Switzerland.
B. Switzerland and Britain.
C. Canada and Britain.
D. France and Canada.
（4）What is the text mainly about?
A. A new shopping model.
B. The development of future city.
C. The world's environmental issue.
D. The concerns of future shopping.
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍美国一家公司推出一种新的"零浪费"购物模式。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第二段“The world's cities produce 2 billion tons of trash every year. By the year 2050 that number is expected to rise to 3 billion tons. The World Bank estimates that the largest amount of trash today, about 44 percent, is plastic. But we often have to buy packaged goods. And often that packaging is made of plastic.”可知，世界上的城市每年产生大量的垃圾，并且其中最大的垃圾量是塑料，结合下文可知，作者写本段目的是为下文提出新的购物模式提供背景信息。

故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第四段中的“Szaky said that Loop is the future of shopping. But it comes from an idea of the past.”和第五段“He compared it to the "milkman model" of the 1950s in the United States. Back then, someone brought milk to your doorstep in glass bottles and then left with empty bottles. These could be cleaned and used again. The result is zero-waste.”可知，Loop购物模式的想法来自于过去"送奶工模式"，是一种可以杜绝零浪费的模式。

故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段“Loop is set to launch later this year in three eastern U.S. states, and also in Paris, France and some of the surrounding area. Then Loop plans to expand to the U.S. West Coast, Toronto, Canada and Britain by the end of this year or 2020.”可知，Loop计划在2020年前将业务扩大到加拿大和法国。

故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。

根据第三段中的“A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was recently launched at the Wor ld Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍美国一家公司推出一种新的"零浪费"购物模式。

故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

8．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
Studies show that older people tend to remember the positive things in life rather than the negative things, while younger people remember the positive and negative equally well. The dominant psychological theory to explain this is that older people are aware of their limited time。