LISREL

LISREL 線性結構分析軟體
LISREL (Linear Structural Relations 線性結構關係)最新的特色包含對遺漏值的最大概似估計法、多元結構等式模型(multilevel structural equation modeling) 、以recursive modeling為基礎的正式推論、multiple imputation和非線性多元回歸模型以及各式各樣操作介面的改進，包括使用長的資料和檔案名稱。

由於LISREL在探討多變項因果關係上的強力優勢，使得LISREL在社會學研究上似乎有愈來愈受重視的趨勢，LISREL係屬於「結構等式模式(structural equation modeling，SEM)」家族的一員，因此LISREL的最大能耐亦在於探討多變項或單變項之間的因果關係。

SEM一族的成員包含「共變數結構分析(covariance structure analysis)」、「潛在變項分析(latent variable analysis)」、「驗證性因素分析(comfirmatory factor analysis)」、以及「LISREL 分析(LISREL analysis)」等等，SEM結合了多元迴歸與因素分析，可以同時分析一堆互為關連之依變項間的關係。

SEM之使用步驟如下：1.發展研究者之理論基礎模式。

2.建構變項間之因果關係的徑路圖。

3.將徑路圖轉化為一套結構等式，並指定其測量模式。

4.選擇輸入矩陣類型(相關矩陣或變異數－共變數矩陣)，並對研究者假設之理論模式進行測量與驗證。

New statistical features
•Structural Equation Modeling with incomplete data: Efficient Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) for incomplete data that are missing at random.
•Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling with complete and incomplete data.
•Nonlinear Multilevel Modeling: Two-level nonlinear regression models.
•Exploratory Data Analysis: Formal Inference-based Recursive Modeling (FIRM) for detecting complex statistical relationships among categorical and continuous
variables.
•Multiple Imputation: Expected Maximization (EM) or Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for imputing incomplete data that are missing at random under the
assumption of an underlying multivariate normal distribution.
•PRELIS System Files: LISREL 8.50 for Windows uses a PRELIS System File (*.psf) to store information such as number of observations, number of variables, variable
names, type of variable, category labels, missing value codes and the raw data. When opened the .PSF file is displayed in spreadsheet format and a PSF toolbar appears
which enables users to make graphic displays, define and compute variables and
analyze the data. A *.psf file can now also be specified as part of the LISREL or
SIMPLIS syntax. Use of a *.psf file greatly facilitates the ability to draw path diagrams and build syntax interactively.
•External Data Sources: Import data from numerous external data sources with no limitations on the number of observations and variables, except for those imposed by the computer resources.
•Additional Graphical Displays: Pie charts, Box-and-Whisker plots and matrix scatterplots.
•Windows Interface: A 32 bit Windows interface for Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000 and XP supporting long path and file names. Note that Windows 3.1+ is no longer
supported.
•Documentation: Revised online Help file covering all new features and a 500 page user's guide describing the LISREL user interface, new statistical features and syntax.。