英语语法入门笔记（崔荣容）

英语语法⼊门笔记（崔荣容）
英语语法⼊门崔荣容
第⼀讲语序和五种基本句式
He learns English every day.
他每天学习英语。

（中英语序不同）
英语五种基本句式
⼀、主+谓
⼆、主+系+表
系动词：起到联系作⽤的动词，连接主语与表语。

表语：描述主语的⾝份、性质、特征、状态
三、主+谓+宾
主语：动作发出者
谓语：作出的动作
宾语：动作的对象
四、主+谓+间宾+直宾
间宾：通常是⼈
直宾：通常是物
五、主+谓+宾+宾补
宾补：对宾语的补充说明
⼀、主+谓
The universe remains.
宇宙长存
中英⽂语序⼀致
⼆、主+系+表
The food is delicious.
这个⾷物很好吃
中英⽂语序⼀致
三、主+谓+宾
He took his bag and left.（left是第⼆个谓语）
他拿着他的包离开了
中英⽂语序⼀致
四、主+谓+间宾+直宾
Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth（双宾语）
她爸爸给她买了⼀本词典（her与a dictionary，两个宾语，⼀个是⼈、⼀个是物）
中英⽂语序⼀致
五、主+谓+宾+宾补
We made him our monitor.
我们选他当班长
（him与our monitor，都是指同⼀个⼈，our monitor是对him的补充说明）中英⽂语序⼀致
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!
有志者事竟成！
第⼆讲 be动词的形式和⽤法
⼀、be动词的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been
1、The man is back.
2、They are back.
3、He was back.
4、They were back.
5、They have been back.
6、I’ll be back.
上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。

⼆、be动词的⽤法：起到联系前后的作⽤(⼀般翻译为“是”，或⽆实意⽽不作翻译)，多⽤于主系表结构。

后⾯接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补⾜语成分。

1、The man is a teacher. a teacher是名词
2、Mary’s new dresses are colorful. colorful是形容词
3、My mother was in the kitchen. in the kitchen是地点副词。

4、I am 20. 数词也可做表语
5、It’s me. 代词也可做表语
三、be动词的练习
1、他们是⽼师
They are teachers.
2、他曾是⼀名⽼师
He was a teacher before.
3、他已经当了3年的⽼师
He has been a teacher for 3 years.
第三讲 be动词的否定/提问/回答
⼀、be动词的否定
在am、is、are、was、were后⾯加not
缩略式am not，isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t
1、The man isn’t back.
2、I am not back.
3、They aren’t back.
4、He wasn’t back.
5、They weren’t back.
⼆、使⽤be动词提问和回答
Is he a teacher？
Yes,he is./No,he isn’t.
Are you a teacher?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
Were they teachers?
Yes,they were./No,they weren’t.
三、be动词的练习：
1、他是医⽣吗？
Is he a doctor?
不，他不是
No,he isn’t.
2、他们昨天在教室吗？
Were they in the classroom yesterday? Yes,they were./No,they weren’t.
3、他们昨天不在教室
They weren’t in the classroom yesterday.第四讲代词的主格和宾格
主格代词：I he she it you we they
1、I am a teacher.
2、He is a teacher.
3、You are teachers.
宾格代词：me him her it you us them
1、He likes me.
2、We like her.
3、I like them.
练习
1、我喜欢它
I like it.
2、他们认识他
They know him.
第五讲名词性/形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词：（后接名词）
单数形式：my your his/her/its one’s
复数形式：our your their
1、This is my book.
2、We love our motherland.
3、Those are your socks.
名词性物主代词：
单数形式：mine yours his/hers/its one’s 复数形式：ours yours theirs
1、The book is ours.
2、The apple is hers.
练习
1、我的⽼师是中国⼈
My teacher is Chinese.
2、这个电脑是他们的
This computer is theirs.
3、我们的书在书架上
第六讲反⾝代词
单数myself yourself himself herself itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
反⾝代词的⽤法：（指某⼈⾃⼰，通常是主语的“⾃⼰”）
1、Please help yourself to some fish.请随便吃些鱼吧
yourself在动词help后作宾语。

2、We enjoyed ourselves last night.我们昨晚玩得很开⼼
ourselves在动词enjoyed后作宾语。

3、The thing itself is not important.这件事本⾝不重要
反⾝代词itself在名词The thing后作同位语，起到解释、说明名词的作⽤。

练习
1、Take good care of（yourself ）照顾好……
2、She gained control of (herself ) 控制住了……
第七讲实意动词的特征
实意动词come go read watch play fly
1、He comes from Shenyang.
实意动词comes作谓语，后接介词短语from Shenyang作宾语动词come 有⼀般现在时“单三”的变化
2、She is reading story books.
实意动词reading作谓语，后接动词story books作宾语
动词read有现在进⾏时的变化
3、They went to America yesterday.
动词go 有⼀般过去时“went”的变化
4、We have watched the game for three times.
动词watch 有现在完成时“watched”的变化
现在完成时：动作已经发⽣或对现在造成影响
5、My mother will fly back to China next month.
⼀般将来时：will+动词原形
总结：实意动词有时态与数量（三单）上的变化
练习：
1、他昨天来上海了
He came to ShangHai yesterday.
2、我们正在写作业
We are writing homework.
3、他们读这本书已经读3遍了
They have read this book three times.
第⼋讲实意动词的否定/提问/回答
(⼀般现在时与⼀般过去时)
使⽤助动词进⾏否定
在助动词do does did后⾯加not
do not/don’t
does not/doesn’t
did not/didn’t
例句：
1.I don’t go to school by bus.
2.She doesn’t watch TV everyday.
3.They didn’t swim last night.
使⽤助动词进⾏提问
1.He often plays golf.
Does he often play golf?
Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.
2.They go to school by bus.
Do they go to school by bus?
Yes they do./No,they don’t.
3.Sam had breakfast yesterday.
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?
Yes,he did./No,he didn’t.
练习：
1.他每天都学英语吗？
Does he learn English everyday?
是的，他每天都学英语
Yes,he does.
2.Tom昨天没吃早饭
Tom didn’t have breakfast yesterday.
第九讲使⽤疑问词进⾏提问和回答（1）(⼀般现在时与⼀般过去时)
使⽤疑问词进⾏提问
when,where,who,what,how
时间、地点、⼈物、⼲什么、怎样
例句
He bought three books yesterday.
1 2 3
1.Who bought three books yesterday?
对主语提问，原语序不变
2.What did he buy yesterday?
对宾语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。

3.When did he buy three books?
对状语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。

They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.
1 2 3
1.Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air?
2.Where did they want to go by air?
3.How did they want to go to ShangHai?
第⼗讲使⽤疑问词进⾏提问和回答（2）
使⽤疑问词进⾏提问
how long, how far, how often, why
多长时间，多远，多长时间⼀次，为什么
1.They have been in China for three years.
How long have they been in China? 对时间状语提问
2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an.
How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an?
3.They come to visit me once a week.
How often do they come to visit me?
4.She came late, because she missed the bus.
Why did she come late?
练习：
1.他们学汉语多长时间了？
How long have they learned Chinese?
2.你多长时间看⼀次电影？
How often do you watch movies?
3.你的家离学校多远？
How far is it from your house to your school?
第⼗⼀讲名词
代表事物的词，包括具体和抽象的事物
名词分两类：
1．可数名词：是指数得过来的概念。

如apple\pencil\student 可数名词有单数和复数之分apple-apples
pencil-pencils
tomato-tomatoes
2．不可数名词：⽆法计算的数量或抽象概念。

如salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)
不可数名词⽆复数，只⽤单数表⽰
salt-salt
coffee-coffee
water-water
3．可数名词变复数规则：
（1）⼀般末尾加后缀-s，friend-friends
（2）以s\z\x\ch\sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加后缀-es，bus-buses （3）辅⾳字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i,再加es，candy-candies
(除a e i o u以外的字母为辅⾳字母)
（4）以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es.
tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos缩写
(从⾮英语国家引进的词汇为外来词，如madam是从法国引进的
外来词)
3、可数名词前可加a(an)或量词，有复数变化
以元⾳开头的名词前加an，以辅⾳开头的名词前加a，表⽰⼀个。

apple——an apple——apples
——a box of apples 量词
Tomato——a tomato——tomatoes
——a bag of tomatoes 量词
4、不可数名词前不可加a(an)，没有复数，但前⾯可以加量词。

Coffee——a cup of coffee
练习：
He bought me (a box of chocolate )⼀盒巧克⼒
(a bike) ⼀辆⾃⾏车
第⼗⼆讲代词：指⽰代词和不定代词
指⽰代词（特指）：标识⼈或事物的代词，⽤来代替前⾯已提到的名词。

常⽤的：this\these\that\those
This is his book.
Those apples were his.
不定代词（泛指）：指代不确定的⼈或事物。

常⽤的：one\the other\some\any\something\nothing
例：
No one knows where he is. 没⼈知道他在哪⼉
Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xi’an. ⼀些男孩想去上海，其他⼈想去西安
Each of the students has got a book. 每个学⽣都有⼀本书。

练习
1.（These）teachers are from China.
这些教师都是中国来的。

2.I know(nothing )about this person.
我对这个⼈⼀⽆所知
3.I have (something)to tell you.
我有事要告诉你
第⼗三讲形容词
1、形容词通常形容⼈或事物的状态、性质、⼤⼩等，通常⽤在名词前，be 动词后
beautiful-beautiful girl
The girl is beautiful.
2、The+形容词=复数名词（表⽰⼀类），作主语时，后⾯的动词使⽤复数的相应格式。

old-the old ⽼的—⽼年⼈（⼀类⼈、复数名词）
young-the young 年轻的—年轻⼈（⼀类⼈、复数名词）
The old need more care than the young.
The old是复数名词，后⾯的动词need不能⽤三单的格式。

3、练习：
（1）She is a ( good )student.
她是⼀个好学⽣。

(2)This bike is ( expensive )
这辆⾃⾏车很贵
（3）（ The rich ）sometimes complain their empty life.
富⼈有时抱怨他们空虚的⽣活
第⼗四讲副词
1、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构。

⼀般表程度。

He runs fast.
She is very beautiful. very修饰形容词beautiful
They work very hard.
副词的位置
（1）根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后
（2）形容词之前，其它副词之前或之后
（3）多个助动词时，副词⼀般放在第⼀个助动词后
He speaks very fast.
fast在实意动词speak之后,在其它副词very之后。

They have already left.
already在助动词have后
They have already been repaired.
already在第⼀个助动词have后
2、常⽤的频度副词
（always\usually\often\sometimes\never……）的位置通常放在实意动词前⾯，be动词后⾯，助动词和实意动词之间。

They always come early.
Sam often writes homework at 7:00.
练习：
1、Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢地)
2、They (sometimes)come here. (有时)
3、The tree is ( very )tall.(⾮常)
第⼗五讲不定量表达法（1）
不确定数量的表达法，⽤不确定的数量词来限定名词
Some any most every all
1．some,any都表⽰“⼀些”，后⾯接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。

some 主要⽤于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可⽤在疑问句中。

any主要⽤在否定和疑问句中。

I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there weren’t any for me.
2.most作形容词时表⽰“⼤部分的”，后⾯接复数名词
Most people here are from China.
3.every表⽰“每⼀个、所有”，后⾯接单数名词。

Every one likes the film.
4.all表⽰“所有”，后⾯接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。

All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
All the coffee is served on time.
练习：
1.Some boys went camping yesterday.(⼀些)
2.All the children like to play football.(所有的)
3.Most teachers want to work here.（⼤多数）
第⼗六讲不定量表达法（2）
1.both表⽰“两者都”，可作形容词、代词和副词，either是“两者之⼀”，
neither是“两者都不”。

Both his eyes were severely burned.
There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither answer is correct.
2.many修饰可数名词，表⽰“许多”；much修饰不可数名词，表⽰“许
多”。

a lot of(lots of)、plenty of均可修饰可数与不可数名词。

many books much water
a lot of/lots of books/water
练习：
1.Both the hands are washed.(两个都)
2.Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night.(很多)
第⼗七讲不定量表达法（3）
1.a few,为肯定含义“⼏个”；few，为否定含义“没⼏个”，以上两个词均和可数名词复数连⽤。

A few books are put into the box.
Few books are put onto the box.
2.a little为肯定含义“⼀点⼉”，little为否定含义“没多点”，以上两个词均可和不可数名词连⽤。

There is a little water in the bottle.
There is little water in the bottle.
3.none和no one的意思相同，主要作代词，翻译为“⼀个也不，⼀点也
不”，⽤法稍有区别。

none可以接of短语，动词可⽤单数也可⽤复数。

no one不能接of短语，动词只能⽤单数。

No one knows the answer.
None of us have(has)arrived.
练习：
A few books are put into the box. (⼏本)
There is a little water in the bottle. (⼀点⼉)
None of us have(has) arrived. (没有⼀个)。