职称英语卫生类ABC级综合试卷-47_真题-无答案

职称英语卫生类A、B、C级综合试卷-47
(总分100,考试时间90分钟)
第4部分：阅读理解
Early or Later Day Care
The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone — far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
1. Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?
A. Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.
B. Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
C. The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
D. Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
2. Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?
A. Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.
B. Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.
C. A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.
D. Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's personality.
3. It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______.
A. the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies
B. a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies
C. mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies
D. children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years
4. Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?
A. Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.
B. The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.
C. The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.
D. Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?
A. Children under three should stay with their parents.
B. Early day care has positive effects on children's development.
C. The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
D. The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
Egypt Felled by Famine
Even ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilisation around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometres to the south was ultimately to blame — and the same or worse could happen today.
The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.
Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablise the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.
The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analysing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.
Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago,
immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom.
The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. "Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies, " says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.
Similar events today could be even more devastating, says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. "Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically. \
6. Why does the author mention "pyramid builders" ?
A. Because they once worked miracles.
B. Because they were well-built.
C. Because they were actually very weak.
D. Because even they were unable to rescue their civilisation.
7. Which of the following factors was ultimately responsible for the fall of the civilisation of ancient Egypt?
A. Change of climate.
B. Famine.
C. Flood.
D. Population growth.
8. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The White Nile is the trunk of the River Nile.
B. The White Nile is the trunk of the Blue Nile.
C. The White Nile is a branch of the Blue Nile.
D. The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.
9. According to Krom, Egypt's Old Kingdom fell ______.
A. immediately after a period of drought
B. immediately after a period of flood
C. just before a drought struck
D. just before a flood struck
10. The word " devastating" in the last paragraph could be best replaced by ______.
A. "frustrating"
B. "damaging"
C. "defeating"
D. "worrying\
After-birth Depression Blamed for Woman's Suicide
A. new mother apparently suffering from postpartum mental illness fell to her death from a narrow 12th-floor ledge of a Chicago hotel, eluding the lunging grasp of firemen called to help.
The Chicago Tribune reported Tuesday that the mother of a 3-month-old daughter, Melanie Stokes, 41, was said to be suffering from a severe form of after-birth depression called postpartum psychosis, an extremely rare biological response to rapidly changing hormonal levels that can result in hallucinations, delusions, severe insomnia and a drastic departure from reality.
"That was a monster in my daughter's brain, " said Stokes' mother, Carol Blocker. "The medicine took no effect at all, while her grief was so strong that nothing could make up for it. I'm just glad she didn't take her daughter with her. "
Virtually all new mothers get postpartum blues, also called the "baby blues". which are brief episodes of irritability, moodiness and weepiness. About 20 per cent of birthing women experience
postpartum depression, which can be triggered by hormonal changes, sleeplessness and the pressures of being a new mother. It is often temporary and highly treatable.
But The Tribune said what scientists suspect Stokes was battling, postpartum psychosis, is even more extreme and is considered a psychiatric emergency. During postpartum psychosis — a very real disorder that affects less than I percent of women, according to the National Institute of Mental Health — a mother might hear voices, have visions, feel extremely agitated and be at risk of harming the child or herself.
Often the consequences are tragic. In 1987, Sheryl Masip of California told a judge that postpartum psychosis made her drive a V olvo over her 6-week-old son. Latrena Pixley of Washington, D. C. , said the disorder was why she smothered her 6-week-old daughter in 1992. And last year, Judy Kirby, a 31-year-old Indianapolis mother allegedly suffering from postpartum psychosis, sped into oncoming traffic and plowed into a minivan, killing seven youngsters. including three of her own.
11. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of postpartum psychosis?
A. Visions.
B. Delusions.
C. Inflamed breast.
D. Serious sleeplessness.
12. It was considered fortunate by Stokes' mother in the miserable event ______.
A. that Stokes had died in a Chicago hotel
B. that firemen had been called to help Stokes
C. that Stokes had been taking the prescribed medicines
D. that Stokes had not taken her daughter with her
13. A patient suffering from "baby blues" may present briefly one or more of the following symptoms EXCEPT ______.
A. having an intention of suicide
B. readily becoming impatient or angry
C. easily changing her moods
D. tending to experience weeping and sadness
14. How many bearing women have experiences of after-birth depression?
A. Virtually all of them.
B. About one fifth of them.
C. Less than one percent of them.
D. Not mentioned exactly in the passage.
15. Who induced the most serious consequence among the postpartum depression patients mentioned in the passage?
A. Melanie Stokes of Chicago.
B. Sheryl Masip of California.
C. Latrena Pixley of Washington,
D. C.
D. Judy Kirby of Indianapolis.
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A. second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
"Our study suggests that this impairment may contribute to the memory deficits that occur as people age, " Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition. " Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
16. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence "To sleep. Perchance to file? "
A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?
B. Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?
C. Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?
D. Does brain work on files in sleep?
17. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?
A. The electrical activity is emanating from thesomatosensory neocortex.
B. Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.
C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.
D. Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation.
18. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?
A. People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.
B. People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.
C. Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.
D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.
19. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?
A. There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.
B. The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.
C. The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one's memory.
D. The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.
20. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?
A. To prevent hippocampus shrinkage.
B. To control weight.
C. To exercise.
D. To control glucose levels.
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901. The last female winner was U. S. researcher Linda Buck in 2004, who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual, the **mittee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace. The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine **mittee, said the 10 million kronor (US $1.3 million) prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
"Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work," Jornvall told The Associated Press. "They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions. "
In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.
21. Who is NOT a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine?
A. Elizabeth Blackburn.
B. Carol Greider.
C. Linda Buck.
D. Picrre Chambon.
22. Which is NOT true of Alfred Nobel?
A. He was from Sweden.
B. He was the inventor of dynamite.
C. He established the prizes in his will.
D. He gave clear instructions on how to select winners.
23. Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes?
A. The medicine prize.
B. The literature prize.
C. The peace prize.
D. The economics prize.
24. The word "kicks" in line 6 from the bottom probably means ______.
A. excitement
B. income
C. motivation
D. knowledge
25. The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role of ______.
A. money in medical research
B. proteins in cancer treatment
C. hormones in the functioning of life
D. telomerase in the growth of cancer cells
Obesity: the Scourge of the Western World
Obesity is rapidly becoming a new scourge of the western world, delegates agreed at the 11th European Conference on the issue in Vienna Wednesday to Saturday. According to statements before the opening of the conference — of 2,000 specialists from more than 50 countries — 1.2 billion people worldwide are overweight, and 250 million are obese.
Professor Bernhard Ludvik of Vienna General Hospital said, "Obesity is a chronic illness. In Germany, 20 percent of the people are already affected, but in Japan only one percent. " But he said that there was hope for sufferers thanks to the new scientific discoveries and medication.
Professor Friedrich Hopichler of Salzberg said, "We are living in the new age (but) with the metabolism of a stone-age man." "I have just been to the United States. It is really terrible. A pizza shop is springing up on **er. We have been overrun by fast food and Coca-Cola-ization. "
Many of the experts stressed that obesity was a potential killer. Hopichler said, "Eighty percent of all diabetics are obese, also fifty percent of all patients with high blood pressure and fifty percent with adipose **plaints. " "Ten percent more weight means thirteen percent more risk of heart disease. Reducing one's weight by ten percent leads to thirteen percent lower blood pressure. "
Another expert Hermann Toplak said that the state health services should improve their financing of preventive programs. "Though the health insurance pays for surgery (such as reducing the size of the stomach) when the body-mass index is more than 40. That is equivalent to a weight of 116 kilograms for a height of 1.70 meters. One should start earlier. "
Ludvik said that prevention should begin in school. "Child obesity (fat deposits) correlates with the time which children spend in front of TV sets. "
The consequences were only apparent later on. No more than fifteen per cent of obese people
lived to the average life expectancy for their population group.
26. It is estimated that there are ______ people suffering from obesity in the world.
A. 250,000,000
B. 1,200,000,000
C. 1,450,000,000
D. 950,000,000
27. It seems that the ______ people are least affected by obesity among the developed countries and areas mentioned in the passage.
A. European
B. German
C. American
D. Japanese
28. Which of the following is most often accompanied by obesity?
A. High blood pressure.
B. Fatty **plaints.
C. Diabetes.
D. Stomach-ache.
29. What is the correlation between body weight and heart disease and blood pressure?
A. Ten percent less body weight means ten per cent less risk of heart disease and high blood pressure.
B. Thirteen percent more body weight means ten percent more risk of heart disease and high blood pressure.
C. The more body weight one gains, the more risk of heart disease and high blood pressure he has.
D. The less body weight one gains, the more risk of heart disease and the less risk of high blood pressure he has.
30. From the last paragraph we may infer that one of the effective measures suggested by Ludnik to prevent children from being obese would be ______.
A. not to permit them to watch TV at all
B. to tell them to spend less time watching TV
C. to turn off TV when they are in front of TV sets
D. to calculate accurately the time that a child spends watching TV
New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS Virus
A. high-profile attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus in a few patients continues to show promise.
But researchers won't know for a year or more whether it will work, scientist David Ho told journalists here Wednesday for the Fourth Conference in Viruses and Infections.
"This is a study that's in progress, " says Ho, head of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center. New York.
The study involves 20 people who **binations of anti-HIV drugs very early in the course of the disease, within 90 days of their infections. They've been treated for up to 18 months. Four others have dropped out because of side effects or **plying with the exacting drug system.
The drugs have knocked the AIDS virus down to undetectable levels in the blood of all remaining patients. And, in the latest development, scientists have now tested lymph nodes and semen from a few patients and found no virus reproducing there, Ho says. "Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal absent, " Ho says.
Ho has calculated that the drugs should be able to wipe out remaining viruses — at least from known reservoirs throughout the body —in two to three years. But the only way to prove eradication would be to stop the drugs and see if the **es back. On Wednesday, Ho said he wouldn't ask any patient to consider that step before years of treatment.
And he emphasized that he is not urging widespread adoption of such early. aggressive treatment outside of trials. No one knows the long-term risks.
But other scientists are looking at similar experiments. A federally funded study will put 300 patients on triple-drug treatments and then see if some responding well after six months can continue to suppress the virus on just one or two drugs, says researcher Douglas Richman of the University of California, San Diego. Some patients in that study also may be offered the chance to stop therapy after 18 months or more, he says.
31. According to the passage, the attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus ______.
A. continues to be hopeful
B. will be successful in a year
C. will be successful in future
D. will stop being hopeful
32. Which is NOT true about the study?
A. There are 20 patients involved in the study.
B. The patients have used several anti-HIV drugs.
C. The patients have been treated for up to 18 months.
D. 16 patients did not go through the whole study.
33. What do Ho's words "Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal absent" mean?
A. AIDS virus can exist in the blood without being detected.
B. AIDS virus is undetectable in the blood.
C. No AIDS virus can be detected in the blood.
D. No virus found in the blood means no AIDS.
34. How could we prove that the drugs have wiped out the remaining viruses?
A. By using up all the drugs at once.
B. By waiting for the virus to die slowly.
C. By asking the patients' feeling about the disease.
D. By stopping the drugs to see if the **es back.
35. Other scientists are looking at experiments that are similar in that they are ______.
A. costly
B. economical
C. traditional
D. bold
Diseases of Agricultural Plants
Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds. It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plants; forty are known to attack corn, and about as many attack wheat. The results of unchecked plant disease are all too obvious m countries which have marginal food supplies. The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate. Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products there could soon be critical food shortages. It is easy to imagine the consequences of some disastrous attack on one of the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political upheavals disastrous to the order of the world.
Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions
change. A blight may be but a local infection easily controlled; on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation. An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut tree in North America. Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century. As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related ailments.
Plant pathologists have made remarkable strides in identifying the pathogens of the various diseases. Bacteria may invade a plant through an infestation of insect parasites carrying the pathogen. A plant can also be inoculated by man. Other diseases might be caused by fungus which attacks the plant in the form of a mold or smut or rust. Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so that a secondary infection may result from its lack of tolerance. The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection.
36. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A. Around 30,000.
B. Around 140.
C. Around 29,960.
D. Around 40.
37. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if left unchecked?
A. A world war.
B. Border conflicts.
C. Rations of grain and meat.
D. Social upheavals.
38. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them.
B. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change.
C. A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North America.
D. A blight may be a national infection.
39. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by ______.
A. killing parasites
B. inoculation
C. killing insects
D. improving growing conditions
40. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Some plant diseases may be caused by bacteria.
B. Some plant diseases may be caused by pathogens.
C. Some plant diseases may be caused by fungus.
D. Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.
"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3.500 adults who had never had cancer.
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, **pared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 50 percent the。