【VIP专享】2010年中山大学翻译硕士MTI考研辅导班真题答案解析

基础英语·答案详解
Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary.
01. Unpopular as white has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.
句义：白色过去不受人欢迎，现在却成了婚纱的首选。

答案：B
考点：倒装
分析：
as相当于though的意思，使用时可倒装，e.g. Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open. A. Unpopular has as white been
B. Unpopular as white has been
C. Unpopular has been as white
D. White has been as unpopular
02. What the government should do urgently is to take actions to boost the economy.
句义：政府的当务之急是采取措施促进经济发展。

答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. brook容忍
B. blush因羞愧而脸红
C. brood焦虑，忧思
D. boost促进, 激励
03. Windstorms have recently established a record which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years to come.
句义：近来的暴风雪创造了一个新记录，而气象学家一直认为如此程度的暴风雪在多年之后才会到来。

答案：B
考点：语意分析
分析：
many years to come 意为“在未来的几年里” A. that will come
B. to come
C. that are coming
D. coming
04. We expect Mr. Smith will take over Class One when Miss White retires.
句义：我们希望珍妮小姐退休后，怀特先生能够接管一班。

答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. take to开始从事；开始沉湎于
B. take up开始采用；采取，承担
C. take off脱去；拿掉
D. take over接收，接管
05. Tom hardly seems middle-aged, let alone old.
句义：汤姆看上去都不像中年人，更别提老了。

答案：A
考点：固定搭配
分析：
let alone是固定用法，例句：The baby can’t even sit up yet, let alone walk! 这个婴儿连坐都不会呢，更不说走路了 A. let alone
B. less likely
C. much worse
D. all else
06. All was darkness besides an occasional glimmer in the distance.
句义：到处都漆黑无比，除了远处那若隐若现的微光。

答案：C
考点：词汇用法
分析：.
except for后面接名词,是除了……以外；besides虽也可以接名词，但是“除……还有”的意思 A. except
B. no more than
C. besides
D. except for
07. The prospect of increased prices has already provoked worries.
句义：物价上涨的趋势已经引起了人们的恐慌。

答案：B
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. irritated使发怒，使急躁
B. provoked引起；引发
C. inspired鼓励，鼓舞
D. hoisted把……吊起，升起
08. Her father is so deaf that he has to use a hearing aid.
句义：她父亲聋得很厉害，必须用助听器。

答案：A
考点：固定表达
分析：
hearing aids是助听器 A. aid
B. help
C. support
D. tool
09. From the cheers and shouts of encouragement, I guessed that she was winning the race.
句义：从欢呼和呐喊的鼓励声中，我猜她赢得了比赛。

答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. stimulus刺激
B. heartening令人振奋的
C. urging说服
D. encouragement鼓励
10. Although the model looks good on the surface; it will not bear close scrutiny. 句义：尽管这个模特外表很漂亮，但经不住从近处细看。

答案：B
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. temperament性格，性情，气质
B. scrutiny细看，细查；监视
C. contamination致污物
D. symmetry相似；相仿
11. It is the first book of this kind that I’ve ever read.
句义：这是我读过的第一本这个类型的书籍。

答案：B
考点：定语从句
分析：
定语从句的先行词有序数词，所以用关系词thatA. which
B. that
C. what
D. when
12. The kid is reaching for a bottle from the shelf when I came in.
句义：我进来时，孩子正在伸手去拿架上的瓶子。

答案：B
考点：固定搭配
分析：
当reach表示“伸手去够某物”时，介词搭配用“for” A. to
B. for
C. at
D. in
13. The police chief announced that the case would soon be inquired into. 句义：警察局长宣布不久将调查这个案件。

答案：A
考点：固定搭配
分析：
inquire about意为“询问”，而inquire into意为“调查”。

A. into
B. of
C. after
D. about
14. Her grandfather accidentally set fire to the house.
句义：她爷爷不小心放火烧着了房子。

答案：B
考点：固定搭配
分析：
set fire to 意为“点燃，使燃烧”A.put
B. set
C. took
D. got
15. Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction.
句义：没有人会不为科幻小说中的世界着迷。

答案：D
考点：句意理解
分析：
A. Anybody任何人
B. Everybody每个人，人人
C. Somebody有些人
D. Nobody没人
16. The likely outcome of contest varies from moment to moment.
句义：比赛结果每分钟都可能变化。

答案：B
考点：句意理解
分析：
A. apt当的；适当的
B. likely有可能的
C. liable负责任的
D. prone易于……的；很可能……的
17. Anyone going into a bar, whether they arouse suspicion or not, will be asked to take a test, which highlights any drug use.
句义：无论是不是可疑人物，去酒吧的每个人都得接受毒品检查。

答案：D
考点：及物不及物动词考察
分析：
arouse是及物动词，后面直接加名词表示“引起……”，如arouse
interest/expectations. A. arise
B. rise
C. raise
D. arouse
18. His accent is peculiar to people in that small town.
句义：他的口音对这个小村庄的人们来说很特别。

答案：B
考点：词义辨别
分析：
A. typical典型的
B. peculiar特别的
C. characteristic个性的
D. special特殊的
19. Stealing a book or a toy is a minor crime which, if left uncorrected, will get worse.
句义：偷一本书或一件玩具是很轻微的罪行，但如果不及时纠正，会愈演愈烈。

答案：C
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. offense侵犯
B. guilt内疚，悔恨
C. crime罪行
D. sin原罪
20. This book comes as a revelation to him who learns a lot from it.
句义：对他来说这本书像一本启示录，他从中学到了许多东西。

答案：A
考点：句意理解
分析：
A. revelation揭露
B. replacement替代
C. resolution解决，决心
D. revolution革命
21. He managed to save what little time he could to tend the homeless boy.
句义：他竭尽所能挤出时间来照顾这个无家可归的小男孩。

答案：A
考点：固定搭配
分析：
What little加名词表示“所仅有的……”A. what little time
B. so little time
C. such little time
D. how little time
22. After reviewing the troops, the visiting general commented that he had finally seen the kind of soldier that the nation needs.
句义：检阅完部队后，来访的将军说他终于看到了国家需要的战士。

答案：C
考点：冠词
分析：
general不是任何一个将军，而是检阅部队的那个，所以前面加the，the kind of 后不加冠词 A. a.a
B. a.the
C. the. /
D. the.the
23. I never think of fall but I think of the hardships I have experienced when I was a child.
句义：我从来不去想自己的失败，但会想起小时候经历过的艰难。

答案：C
考点：句意理解
分析：
根据句义，此处所缺连词应表转折 A. that
B. when
C. but
D. and
24. Within decades, PAN-type research will transform the Internet into the Life Net, a comprehensive sensory environment for human habitation.
句义：数十年内，盘式研究会把个人因特网转变为生活网：一个全知的人类居住环境。

答案：A
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. sensory知觉的，感觉的
B. sensible明智的，合情理的
C. sensitive敏感的，脆弱的
D. sensational轰动的
25. Outside people were cheering and awaiting the arrival of the New Year while inside Harry was lying severely ill in bed feeling thoroughly wretched.
句义：人们在屋外欢呼着等待新年的到来，可怜的哈利却卧病在床。

答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. ignoble卑鄙
B. compassionate富于同情心的
C. unconscious无意识
D. wretched可怜
26. For most companies and factories, the fewer the injury declarations, the better their workman’s insurance rate.
句义：对大多数的公司和工厂来说，工伤申报越少，他们员工的保险率就越高。

答案：C
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. proclamations宣布，声明，公告
B. confirms确认
C. declarations申报（单）
D. claims声称
27. I am exceedingly grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.
句义：我真的非常感谢你对我儿子的关照。

答案：D
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. excessively过多地，过分地
B. much非常
C. certainly无疑地，一定
D. exceedingly非常，极其
28. It was requested that all of the equipment be erected in the agreed time.
句义：要求这些器械在规定的时间内设置好。

答案：B
考点：虚拟语气
分析：
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，Request从句的谓语动词都用should + do，should可以省略 A. erected
B. be erected
C. would be erected
D. will be erected
29. We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours works miracle.
句义：除非你的新经济计划创造奇迹，否则今年我们会赔钱。

答案：B
考点：状语从句
分析：
unless 引导条件状语从句，用一般现在时表示将来A. is working
B. works
C. will be working
D. worked
30. Within two hours his complexion took on color and his limbs became warm.
句义：在两个小时里，他气色恢复了，四肢也暖和起来了。

答案：A
考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. took on具有（特征），呈现（面貌）
B. took to开始，喜欢
C. took up拿起，开始，吸收
D. took down拿下，记下，病倒
Part 2: Readings.
Passage A
[题目来源]选自英国《独立报》2005年6月的文章“四岁小孩悦读莎翁”（4-Year-Old Children to Find the Fun in Shakespeare）
[答案详解]ABACB
本文主要叙述了皇家莎士比亚公司从小学普及莎士比亚著作的益处。

即01题A 选项：如何让学生们感受到莎士比亚戏剧的特色。

学习如何塑造像《仲夏夜之梦》里的“活泼”的小精灵角色。

即02题B选项：
它快乐、充满乐趣。

现在，国家课程要求学生从中学开始接触莎士比亚。

他们认为学生应该学习“文化传统的课本知识”。

皇家莎士比亚公司的教育家认为让孩子们在更小的时候学习莎士比亚，会对其理解更深刻。

即03题BCD选项正确，可排除。

选择A选项。

约翰逊夫人鼓励教师给学生播放一部20分钟的喜剧剪辑，让学生先感受整个戏剧。

即04题C选项。

我现在写的话大概就不会那么写了。

即05题B选项是错误的：她现在仍坚持当时对莎士比亚的看法。

Children as young as four will study Shakespeare in a project being launched today by the Royal Shakespeare Company.
The RSC is holding its first national conference for primary school teachers to encourage them to use the Bard’s plays imaginatively in the classroom from reception classes onwards. The conference will be told that they should learn how Shakespearian characters like Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream are “jolly characters” and how to write about them.
At present, the national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school. All it says is that pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions”and “myths, legends and traditional stories”.
However, educationists at the RSC believe children will gain a better appreciation of Shakespeare if they are introduced to him at a much younger age. “Even very young children can enjoy Shakespeare’s plays,”said Mary Johnson, head of the learning department. “It is just a question of pitching it for the age group. Even reception classes and key stage one pupils (five-to-seven-year-olds) can enjoy his stories.”For instance, if you build up Puck as a character who skips, children of that age can enjoy the character. They can be
inspired by Puck and they could even start writing about him at that age.
It is the RSC’s belief that building the Bard up as a fun playwright in primary school could counter some of the negative images conjured up about teaching Shakespeare in secondary schools. Then, pupils have to concentrate on scenes from the plays to answer questions for compulsory English national-curriculum tests for 14-year-olds. Critics of the tests have complained that pupils no longer have the time to study or read the whole play—and therefore lose interest in Shakespeare.
However, Ms. Johnson is encouraging teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays—a classroom version of the Reduced Shakespeare Company’s Complete Works of Shakespeare (Abridged) which told his 37 plays in 97 minutes—to give pupils a flavor of the whole drama.
The RSC’s venture coincides with a call for schools to allow pupils to be more creative in writing about Shakespeare. Professor Kate McLuskie, the new director of the University of Birmingham’s Shakespeare Institute—also based in Stratford—said it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer”to any question about Shakespeare. Her first foray into the world of Shakespeare was to berate him as a misogynist in a 1985 essay but she now insists this should not be interpreted as a criticism of his works—although she admits: “I probably wouldn’t have written it quite the same way if I had been writing it now. What we should be doing is making sure that someone is getting
something out of Shakespeare.” she said. “People are very scared about getting the right answer. I know it’s different but I don’t care if they come up with a right answer that I can agree with about Shakespeare.”
Passage B
[答案详解]CBCAC
一些人认为真正的启迪性思维已经消失了。

另一些人认为仍有很大的创新空间。

即01题C选项：辩论的议题是，创新和启迪思维还有没有明天？
尽管现代生活趋向标准化，但人们对伟大的思想、有远见的思维和启迪性辩论仍有兴趣。

即02题B选项：采访者认为创新和灵感的前景仍十分广阔。

六十年代，像我这么大的孩子都喜欢做小汽车、骑自行车或探险。

即03题C选项错误：玩电脑游戏。

政府对于孤独发明家和中小型企业在发明创新方面的帮助很少或几乎为零。

我希望看到更多资金投入到教育学生创新上。

即04题A选项：政府应该在帮助创新方面加大投资。

最后一段讲了创新的广泛性即目的。

即05题C选项：创新的本质。

Some believe that in the age of identikit computer games, mass entertainment and conformity on the supermarket shelves, truly inspired thinking has gone out of the window. But, there are others who hold the view that there is still plenty of scope for innovation, lateral thought and creative solutions. Despite the standardization of modern life, there is an unabated appetite for great ideas, visionary thinking and inspired debate. In the first of a series of monthly debates on contemporary issues, we ask two original thinkers to discuss the nature of creativity. Here is the first one.
Yes. Absolutely. Since I started working as an inventor 10 or 12 years ago, I’ve seen a big change in attitudes to creativity and invention. Back then, there was hardly any support for inventors, apart from the national organization the Institute of Patentees and Inventors. Today, there are lots of little inventors’clubs popping up all over the place, my last count was 19 nationally and growing. These non-profit clubs, run by inventors for inventors, are an indication that people are once again interested in invention.
I’ve been a project leader, a croupier, an IT consultant and I’ve written a motor manual. I spent my teens under a 1950s two-tone Riley RME car, learning to put it together. Back in the Sixties, kids like me were always out doing things, making go-karts, riding bicycles or exploring. We learned to overcome challenges and solve problems. We weren’t just sitting at a P1ayStation, like many kids do today.
But I think, and hope, things are shifting back. There’s a lot more interest in design and creativity and such talents are getting a much higher profile in the media. It’s evident with TV programmes such as Channel4’s Scrapheap Challenge or BBC2’s The Apprentice and Dragon’s Den, where people are given a task to solve or face the challenge of selling their idea to a panel.
And, thankfully, the image of the mad scientist with electrified hair working in the garden shed is long gone—although, there are still a few exceptions!
That’s not to say there aren’t problems. With the decline in manufacturing we are losing the ability to know how to make things. There’s a real skills gap developing. In my opinion, the Government does little or nothing to help innovation at the lone-inventor or small or medium enterprise level. I would love to see more money spent on teaching our school kids how to be inventive. But, despite everything, if you have a good idea and real determination, you can still do very well.
My own specialist area is packaging closures—almost every product needs it. I got the idea for Squeeze open after looking at an old tin of boot polish when my
mother complained she couldn’t get the lid off. If you can do something cheaper, better, and you are 100 percent committed, there is a chance it will be a success.
I see a fantastic amount of innovation and opportunities out there. People don`t realize how much is going on. New materials are coming out all the time and the space programme and scientific research are producing a variety of spin-offs. Innovation doesn’t have to be high-tech: creativity and inventing is about finding the right solution to a problem, whatever it is. There’s a lot of talent out there and, thankfully, some of the more progressive companies are suddenly realizing they don’t want to miss out—it’s an exciting time.
Passage C
[答案详解]CABAD
关于最新进展的睡前简报。

即01题C选项：节目解说。

Rundown的意思是“简要报道”。

此题为词汇题。

此段介绍了美伊战争采访组的重要性。

他们的消息是纽约人民的信息来源。

即02题A选项：阐述了采访组的重要功能和地位。

本文通篇介绍了新闻的节目的制作过程、形式和特色。

即05题D选项。

每个故事的价值都会由执行制片来估算。

即04题A选项：他关心故事的价值和影响力。

现场报道的减少使读者减少。

即排除03题C选项：更多地现场报道取代文字解
释。

报道题材的改变使读者更乐意往下读。

即排除03题D选项：报道题材有所交替。

字越少越好，用图片代替文字更好。

即排除03题A选项：提供更多生动的图片和细节。

For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast. The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-bedtime rundown of latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk editors are logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability, and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes even before they do—and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight”assembles at 9 a.m. to prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials are scheduled; how long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of
an event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and tags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the work, let it.
Passage D
[题目来源]本文选自2002年英语专业八级水平考试（TEM -8）的阅读部分。

[答案详解]BDCBA
英语在全世界广泛使用已不是什么新鲜事，尤其是在商业领域。

全文都围绕这一主题展开。

即05题A选项：英语在欧洲地位的上升。

第二段讲述了法国商人希望同美国人有商业往来而使用英语。

即排除02题B选项：与商业世界相联系。

法国和其他欧洲国家在政治经济上相互交融，它们需要一种互相交流的语言。

由于一些原因，它们选择了英语。

即01题B选项：在欧洲范围内进行高效沟通这一实际需求。

此段讲述了英语是一种未被控制、可变化、表达简洁的语言。

即排除02题A选项：英语自身优势。

美国成为了世界政治经济军事文化第一大国。

英语毫无疑问成为了许多国家的第二语言。

即排除02题C选项：欧洲与美国的密切关联。

此段后半部分和下一段分别写了统一语言对经济的重要性，欧洲共同体对新成员国要求统一语言以便交流；以及网络的出现对普及英语的重大作用。

即排除04题ACD选项：经济、网络普及和欧洲共同体功能的转变。

欧盟非英语国家的中学里，91%的学生在学习英语，这使得未来普及英语更加容易。

即03题C选项：从大多数中学生学习英语这一现象可以预见，未来英语的地位会不断上升。

It’s nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.
Partly, it’s that American hegemony. Dither Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world’s deepest pockets.
The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something mare enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they’ve decided upon English as their common tongue.
So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with
French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name—and settled on English as the company’s common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.
How did this happen? One school attributes English’s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It’s a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1966, the Language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What’s more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change—foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts—in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academie Francaise, has not.
So it’s a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the
language’s ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition—first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German—faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world’s most important financial center, which made English a key language for business. England’s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world’s preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.
In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn’t studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.
The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web,
Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.
None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That’s a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don’t speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U. S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets—CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.
But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union’s non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn’t been all that traumatic, and it’s only going to get easier in the future.
Passage E
[题目来源]本文选自剑桥英语三级的试卷二，雅思考试也曾用它作题型模拟。

[全篇译文]
政府在环境管理中扮演的角色是不可避免的。

有时，国家试图管理自己的资源，但做得很糟。

政府的作为往往对环境危害更大。

事实上，他们还对开发和消耗自然资源的行为给予补贴。

从支持农产品价格到保护采矿业，这一系列政策在造成环境破坏的同时，并没有促进经济增长。

放弃这些政策有两点好处：改善环境和刺激经济。

如果政治家们有勇气放弃补贴产生的既得利益，经济增长和环境保护都会得到发展。

耕作是对土壤表层影响最严重的人类活动。

除了南极洲，它占据了全球陆地面积1/3，而且比例还在不断上升。

从20世纪70年代到80年代，世界人均粮食产量上升了4%。

这一部分是由于原先的耕地产量上升，另一部分是由于更多的土地被开垦。

所有的这些行为都可能导致环境破坏。

比方说，开垦荒地是导致森林砍伐的最大原因；化学肥料和杀虫剂严重污染了水源；集约化农业和休耕期弃地往往会加剧水土流失；单一栽培作物的普及和多样高产作物的使用造成了原先作物品种消失，而这些老作物可以在闹虫灾和病还是一共一定的保障。

无论在贫穷还是富裕的国家，水土流失都会影响土地的生产力。

美国已经采取了最缜密的措施，仍在1982年发现1/5的农用地的表面土壤正在流失，若以这个速度下去，土地的生产量会大大下降。

美国立即就实施了一项计划：将全国11%的耕地改造成森林草地。

而印度和中国的表土流失量大大超过美国。

政府政策往往加剧了耕作所引起的环境破坏。

在富裕的国家，农业补贴和作物价格保障会抬高地价。

80年代末和90年代初，政府曾减少农业补贴。

最让人印
象深刻的一例是新西兰：1984年时它取消了大部分农业资助。

一份1993年的环境影响研究指出，在化肥补贴取消后，化肥使用量下降了（随之而来的还有世界商品价格的下降，这样就减少了农业收入）。

取消补贴后，主要导致水土流失的荒地开垦和过度放牧行为都消失了。

农业开始变得多样化。

在被废除的补贴中，只有撤销治理水土流失的补贴危害了环境。

较为不开化的国家以及欧盟，减少补助的趋势远远大于限制。

他们通过引入新的津贴鼓励农民以环境友好的方式开发土地，或直接土地休耕。

这听起来或许有些奇怪，但是这样的津贴需高于现存的激励农民多种粮食作物的补贴。

然而，农民们并不愿不劳而获。

在一些国家，他们对于用作物秸秆产生的燃料（如乙醇）代替汽油或者燃料站（如生物质）很感兴趣。

这种燃料产生的二氧化碳远远少于石油和煤，而且随着发展，它们还会吸收二氧化碳。

因此，它们导致温室效应的可能性微乎其微。

但除非政府补助，否则与石油燃料相比它们的竞争力还是很低的，而且并不比种植别的作物对环境产生的危害少。

世界贸易谈判乌拉圭回合的结果使富裕国家的牧地补贴在1986到1990年间平均下降了36%。

粮食生产将从西欧转移到没有或有少量农业补贴的地区，比如前共产主义以及一部分发展中国家。

一些环保人士对这一结果表示担心。

这无疑意味着将自然土地转化为耕地的压力更大了，但它也会对环境产生许多有利的影响。

富裕国家的农业强度会下降；化学肥料的使用会减少；作物更多地被种到更适合生长的天然环境中。

在资金资助和激励政策下，更多贫困国家的农民们会以长期可持续发展的目光种植自己的土地。

这些都很重要。

为了喂饱这个日益饥饿的世界，农民需要充分的政策激励来高效地使用自己的土壤和水源。

Part 4: Writing.
Should a Visitor Following the Local Customs and Behavior Or Not?
Some people think visitors to others countries should imitate local custom and behaviors. Some people disagree and think the host country should welcome culture different. Nowadays, giant jumble jets carry millions of people each day to and from almost all corners of the globe, giving most people the chance of visiting distant countries. However, many of us are sometimes troubled by unfamiliar customs and traditions and are puzzled by the way foreigners behave. In my essay, both sides of the argument would be presented and analyzed as to whether we should follow the customs of the visited country, or should all nations be more willing to embrace exotic culture. Some people maintain that it is better for one to adopt host countries’ culture for the following reasons. First of all, as the old saying goes, when in Rome do as the Romans do, by observing and following their particular way of doing thing, travelers can greatly reduce the chances of misunderstanding and embarrassment. For instance, it is advisable not to ask a western lady personal questions such as her age or her marital status on the first meeting, which is common practice in china.
Secondly, a nation’s customs and traditions are often fascinating and offer a unique insight into that very country. Obviously, people travel in order to。