OM Chapter06

Processing technology
Increasing productivity Increasing quality Lowering costs
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Technology Acquisition獲得 Acquisition獲得
Technology can have benefits but … Technology risks include:
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Facilities Layout規劃 Layout規劃
Layout: the configuration of departments, work centers, and equipment, with particular emphasis on movement of work (customers or materials) through the system
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Product and Process Profiling
Process selection can involve substantial實質 investment in
Equipment Layout of facilities
Product profiling: Linking key product or service requirements to process capabilities Key dimensions
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Figure 6.1
Process Selection and System Design
Capacity Planning Facilities and Equipment
Forecasting
Product and Service Design Process Selection
Layout
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Importance of Layout Decisions
Requires substantial investments of money and effort Involves long-term commitments Has significant impact on cost and efficiency of short-term operations
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Kinds of Technology
Operations management is primarily concerned with three kinds of technology:
Product and service technology Process technology Information technology
Technological Change
Work Design
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Process Strategy
• Key aspects of process strategy
– – – –
Capital intensive密集– equipment/labor Process flexibility Technology Adjust to changes
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Process Selection and Facility Layout
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Explain the strategic importance of process selection. Explain the influence that process selection has on an organization. Describe the basic processing types. Discuss automated approaches to processing. Explain the need for management of technology.
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The Need for Layout Decisions
Inefficient operations
For Example:
High Cost Bottlenecks
Changes in the design of products or services
Accidents意外
The introduction of new products or services
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Learning Objectives
List some reasons for redesign of layouts. Describe the basic layout types. List the main advantages and disadvantages of product layouts and process layouts. Solve simple line-balancing problems. Develop simple process layouts.
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Figure 6.2
Process Type
Product and Service Processes
Appliance repair Emergency room Commercial baking Classroom Lecture Ineffective
Job Shop Batch
Repetitive
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Process Selection
Variety
How much Batch成批 Job Shop Repetitive
重復
Flexibility
What degree
Volume
Expected output
Continuous
連續
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Process Types
Job shop加工車間
Small scale
Batch
Moderate volume
Repetitiolumes of standardized goods or services
Continuous
Very high volumes of non-discrete goods
Product layouts Process layouts Fixed-Position layout Combination layouts
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Objective of Layout Design
1. Facilitate attainment達到of product or service quality 2. Use workers and space efficiently 3. Avoid bottlenecks 4. Minimize unnecessary material handling costs 5. Eliminate unnecessary movement of workers or materials 6. Minimize production time or customer service time 7. Design for safety
Changes in methods and equipment
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Basic Layout Types
Product layouts Process layouts Fixed-Position layout Combination layouts
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Introduction
Process selection
Deciding on the way production of goods or services will be organized
Major implications
Capacity planning Layout of facilities Equipment Design of work systems
Safety hazards 危險
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The Need for Layout Design
(Cont’d)
Changes in environmental or other legal requirements
Changes in volume of output or mix of products Morale士氣problems
What technology will and will not do Technical issues Economic issues
Initial costs, space, cash flow, maintenance Consultants and/or skilled employees Integration cost, time resources Training, safety, job loss
All three have a major impact on:
Costs Productivity Competitiveness
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Technology Competitive Advantage
Innovations in
Products and services
Cell phones PDAs Wireless computing
Automotive assembly Automatic carwash
Continuous (flow)
Ineffective
Steel Production Water purification
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Product – Process Matrix
Figure 6.2 (cont’d)
Dimension Job variety Process flexibility Unit cost Volume of output Very High Very High Very High Very High Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Low Low Low High Very low Very low Very low Very low
– – –
Design Volume Technology
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Technology
Technology: The application of scientific discoveries發現to the development and improvement of products and services and operations processes. Technology innovation: The discovery and development of new or improved products, services, or processes for producing or providing them.
Fixed automation Programmable automation
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Automation
• Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems (CAD/CAM) • Numerically controlled (NC) machines數字 控制機 • Robot機器人 • Manufacturing cell • Flexible manufacturing systems(FMS) • Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
Range of products or services Expected order sizes Pricing strategies Expected schedule changes Order winning requirements
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Automation
Automation: Machinery that has sensing and control devices that enables it to operate