环境专业英语 15 PART 7
建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语15
Why use VAV?
– Provides multiple zones of comfort – Life cycle cost will be less than other HVAC
Systems trying to accomplish similar comfort levels – Load diversity
Prepare Checklists
and Testing Plans
Verify Components,
Witness Start-Up
and Component
Testing
Perform Functional Testing, Resolve Deficiencies,
Review O&M
Prepare CX Report,
– Operates as an owner’s representative to insure the installed systems meet the owners requirements and the plans and specifications
– Usually hired by the owner, sometimes by the architect, or general contractor.
• First year of occupancy was frustrating for the owner
• Contractors spent more money during the warranty periods
• Contractors can be rushed without enough time to double-check their work
环境科学与工程专业英语
1环境工程与科学 Environmental Engineering and Science 2环境监测与评价 Environmental monitoring and assessment3温室气体 greenhouse gases 4地表水 the surface water 浅层水 the subsurface water 地下水 the ground water5环境影响评（EIA ）environmental impact assessment6臭氧层减少 ozone depletion 7沙漠化 desertification 8点源 point sources 非点源 nonpoint sources 9初级污染物 primary pollutant 次级污染物 secondary pollutant 10光化学烟雾 photochemical smog 11室内污染 indoor air pollution12固体及有害废弃物污染 solid and hazardous waste pollution13生物多样性减少biodiversity loss 14传统决策 traditional decision making 15原生环境 primary environment 次生环境 secondary environment 16不可再生资源 nonrenewable resources 17生态示范区 ecological demonstrate area 18保护林 protection forest 19环境危机 environmental crisis 20环境预测environmental forecasting 21环境效应environmental effect 22环境承载力environmental capacity 23环境演化evolution of environment 24草地退化 grassland degeneration 25水中悬浮物 suspended solids26孔隙水 void water 27岩溶水 karst water 28流域保护 water basin protection 29淡水 fresh water 海水 salt water 30降雨量 amount of precipitation 降雨强度 intensity of precipitation 31 海洋倾倒 ocean dumping 32水力工程 hydro-engineering33水环境功能区 function district of water environment34土壤肥力 soil fertility33土壤酸碱度 soil acidity and alkalinity 36土壤盐渍化 soil salination 37土壤酸化 soil acidification 38缓冲能力 buffer capacity39盐基饱和度 base saturation percentage 40污水灌溉 wastewater irrigation41事后评价 afterwards assessment 42大气扩散 atmospheric diffusion 43而授限度 limits of tolerance 44生命周期评价 life cycle assessment 45慢性毒性实验 chronic toxicity test 46生物富集 bioaccumulation 47生物浓缩 bioconcentration 48生物放大 biomagnification 49边缘效应 edge effect5总悬浮颗粒物 total suspended particulates(TSP) 51化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 52生物化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)53总有机碳 total organic carbon （TOC ） 54活性碳 active carbon 55萃取剂 extracting agent56有机高分子絮凝剂 organic pdymer flocculant 57固定大气污染源 stationary sources of air pollution移动大气污染源 mobile sources of air pollution 5环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant 59回归分析 regression analysis 相关分析 correlation analysis 60相关系数 correlation coefficient 61系数误差 systematic error 62随机误差 random error 63土壤修复 soil-remediation 64绝对湿度 absolute humidity 相对湿度 relative humidity 65热辐射 thermal radiation 湍流扩散 turbulent diffusion6煤的综合利用 comprehensive-utilization of coal 67清洁生产 cleaner production 68采矿排水 mining drainage69分子筛吸附NOx 化物过程 control of NOx by adsorption process with molecular sieve70公害 public nuisance 71涡流 eddy current 72富营养化废水 eutrophic wastewater 73富营养化 eutrophication 74中度营养湖泊 mesotrophic lake 75贫营养湖泊 oligotropic lake 76腐殖质化 humification 77土壤质地 soil texture78海水淡化 desalination of seawater 79检出限 detection limit80生态位 niche 81生态型 ecotype 82表面活性剂 surfactant 83光催化作用 photo catalysis84催化作用 catalysis 85格栅 grill86筛网 grid screen 87气浮池 floatation basin 88微电解法 micro-electroanalysis89微生物合成代谢 micro-organism synthetic metabolism90杀菌 sterilization 除味 taste removal 91紫外光消毒 disinfection with ultroviolet vays 93脱臭 odor removal 94脱色decoloration 95污泥浓缩sludge thickening 污泥硝化sludge digestion 污泥脱水sludge dewatering 污泥干燥sludge drying96陆地填埋landfill 97焚烧incineration 98渗滤液处理leachate treatment99最大允许浓度maximum permissible concentration100理境伦理学environmental ethics 101环境适宜度environmental suitability 102排放总量控制total discharge control of pollutant103谁污染谁治理pollutant-treats 104谁开发谁保护explorer-protects105国家级生态示范区national ecological demonstration area106环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management I07环境标记物environmental label 108外部经济性external economics 外部非经济性external diseconomics 109生态足迹the ecological footprint 110代际公平equality between generation 111公众参与public participantion 112回收水系统water reuse system 113绿化用水greenbelt sprinkling 114自然沉降plain sedimentation 115过程水process water116未预见用水量unforeseen water demand 117絮凝沉淀coagulation sedimentation 118垃圾处理sewage disposal 119居民生活垃圾domestic sewage 居民生活污水 domestic water 120市政垃圾municipal sewage121水体自净self-purification of waterbodies 122一级处理primary treatment 二级处理secondary treatment 生物处理biological treatment123活性污泥处理activated sludge process 124污泥焚烧sludge incinerationThe answer to this question requires detailed analyse of local conditions and needs,application of scientific knowledge and engineering judgement based on past experience，and consideration of federal，state，and local regulations. 要解答这个问题首先需要详细的分析当地的实际情况和需求，其次需要应用科学知识和基于经验的工程决断，最后考虑联邦，州和当地法规。
9环境工程专业英语unit 14-15
' neiʃən] 脱盐〔作用〕，去盐〔作用〕 saline[' seili:n] ①〔含〕盐的；②盐水 salinity[sə ' linəti] n.盐分，盐度；盐浓度；盐份
Background Introduction
Physical 物理方法
Sedimentation(Clarification) 沉淀 Flotation and Skimming Screening 浮选 格栅 Degasification Aeration 脱气 曝气 Equalization Filtration 均和 过滤
Dissolved N, P inorganic
microorganisms
Primary water treatment
Primary treatment: Remove solids by screening and settling
The sewage is passed through a screen to
added to the sewage effluent. Air or oxygen is vigorously bubbled through pipes into the effluent. The aerobic bacteria digest the organic material and break it down into CO2 and water. The bacteria and any remaining undecomposed material are returned to the aeration tank and reused.
Primary treatment
环境科学与工程专业英语-Erosion
片状侵蚀
Байду номын сангаас
stream bank erosion 河岸侵蚀
wind erosion
风蚀
2
Alluvium[ə'l(j)uːviəm] : Sediment deposited by flowing water, as in a riverbed, flood plain, or delta. 冲积层：河床、冲积平原或三角洲中的流水淤积所产生的沉 积层. alluvial：冲积的，淤积的.
them in national parks as we did with the Grand Canyon. • 有时候，侵蚀的效果如此壮观，以至于我们用国家公园把
它铭记下来，如美国的大峡谷。
11
• Where erosion has worn down mountains and spread soil over the plains, or deposited rich alluvial silt in river bottomes, we galdly farm it.
Erode: To wear (something) away by or as if by abrasion; To cause to diminish（减小）, deteriorate（恶化）, or disappear as if by eating into or wearing away.
Erosion
1
New Words & Phrases
Erosion: The group of natural processes, including weathering, dissolution, abrasion(磨损）, corrosion（腐蚀）, and transportation, by which material is worn away（磨损） from the earth's surface.
环境工程专业英语自我介绍
环境工程专业英语自我介绍Hello, I'm [Your Name], and I'm passionate about environmental engineering. I grew up surrounded by nature, so protecting our planet is something that's always been close to my heart.In my studies, I've focused on understanding how we can use technology to solve environmental issues. Whether it's designing efficient waste management systems or developing sustainable energy solutions, I'm always looking for new ways to make a difference.I've also gained practical experience through internships and volunteer work. One summer, I had the chance to work with a local organization that focused on clean water projects. That experience really brought tolife the impact of my work and motivated me to pursue a career in this field.I'm a strong believer in teamwork and collaboration. Inmy opinion, environmental challenges require a collective effort, and I'm always ready to work with others to find solutions. I'm also a quick learner and enjoy adapting to new situations and challenges.In my free time, I love to explore nature and learn about different ecosystems. It's amazing how diverse and beautiful our planet is, and it reminds me why it's so important to protect it.So, that's a bit about me. I'm excited to be part of this field and contribute to making our world a greener, cleaner place.。
环境工程专业英语
o Acid-base reactions
HA + BOH --> H2O + BA
o Complexation reactions
Transition metal, such as Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Pt2+ etc. + ligands, such as NH3、H2O, CN-, SCN-, F-, Cl-
Environmental systems
• Ecosystem
A freshwater ecosystem in Gran Canaria, an island of the Canary Islands
• Water resources management system
o
Water supply subsystem
• Environmental Engineering
Using
the principles of biology and chemistry, environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental problems
• Environmental Engineers
Environmental problems
• Overpopulation: the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the resources available in that area • Pollution: a reduction in the quality of the environment by the introduction of impurities
环境工程专业英语PPT教学课件
❖ Unit 17 Ion Exchange
❖ 离子交换
❖ 沉淀
2020/12/11
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PPT教学课件
谢谢观看
Thank You For Watching
2020/12/11
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8
Part 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and
Air Pollution & Control
❖ 单元8：大气污染物的种类与来源[I] ❖ 大气污染物的种类与来源[II] ❖ 单元9：室内空气质量 ❖ 气体和蒸气控制技术 ❖ 单元10：大气污染控制新技术[I] ❖ 大气污染控制新技术[II] ❖ 单元11：大气污染的影响 ❖ 氧化法控制大气污染
Communities ❖ Part 8 Environmental Sustainable Development and
Green Science and Technology
2020/12/11
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❖ Part 4 Solid Wastes and Disposal ❖ 固体废物与处置
❖ Part 5 Other Pollution and Control Technologies
❖ 其他污染与控制技术
❖ Part 6 Environmental Management ❖ 环境管理
2020/12/11
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❖ Part 7 the Bioshpere: Ecosystem and Biological Communities
❖ 生物圈：生态系统和生物群落
❖ Part 8 Environmental Sustainable Development and Green Science and Technology
环境科学专业英语教程-《环境科学专业英语教程》
环境科学专业英语教程Unit 1 Text A: EnvironmentHumans have always inhabited two worlds. One is the natural world of plants, animals, soils, air, and water that preceded us by billions of years and of which we are a part. The other is the world of social institutions and artifacts that we create for ourselves using science, technology, and political organization. Both worlds are essential to our lives, but integrating them successfully causes enduring tensions.Where earlier people limited ability to alter their surroundings, we now have power to extract and consume resources, produce wastes, and modify our world in ways that threaten both our continued existence and that of many organisms with which we share the planet. To ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations, we need to understand something about how our world works, what we are doing to it, and what we can do to protect and improve it. Environment and Environment ScienceEnvironment (from the French environner: to encircle or surround) can be defined as (1) the circumstance or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Since humans inhabit the natural as well as the “built” or technological, social, and cultural world, all constitute important parts of our environment.Environmental science, then, is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. A relatively new field, environmental science is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural of the world around us. In contrast to more theoretical disciplines, environmental science is mission-oriented. That is, it seeks new, valid, generalizable knowledge about the natural world and our impacts on it, but obtaining this information creates a responsibility to get involved in trying to do something about the problems we have created.As distinguished economist Barbara Ward points out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty is not to identify remedies. Remedies are now well understood. The problem is to make them socially, economically, and politically acceptable. Foresters know how to plant trees，but not to establish conditions under which villagers in developing countries can manage plantations for themselves. Engineers know how to control pollution, but not how to persuade factories to install the necessary equipment. City planners know how to build housing and design safe drinking water systems, but not how to make them affordable for the poorest members of society. The solutions to these problems increasingly involve human social systems as well as natural science.Environmental DilemmasImagine that you are an astronaut returning to earth after a long trip to the moon or Mars. What a relief it would be to come back to this beautiful, bountiful planet after experiencing the hostile, desolate environment of outer space. Although there are dangers and difficulties here, we live in a remarkable prolific and hospitable world that is, as far as we know, unique in the universe. Compared to the conditions on other planets in our solar system, temperatures on the earth are mild and relatively constant. Plentiful supplies of clean air, fresh water, and fertile soil are regenerated endlessly and spontaneously by geological and biological cycles.Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich diversity of life that exists here. Millions of beautiful and intriguing species populate the earth and help sustain a habitable environment. This vast multitude of life creates complex, interrelated communities where towering trees and huge animals live together with, and depend upon, tiny life-forms such as viruses and fungi. Together, all these organisms make up delightfully diverse, self-sustaining communities, including dense, moist forests, vast sunny savannas, and richly colorful coral reefs. From time to time, we should pause to remember that, in spite of the challenges and complications of life on earth, we are in credibly lucky to be here. We should ask ourselves: what is our proper place in nature? What ought we to do and what can we do to protect the irreplaceable habitat that produced and support us? These are some of the central questions of environmental science.While there are many things to appreciate and celebrate about the world in which we live, many pressing environmental problems cry out for our attention. Human populations have grown at alarming rates in this century. Nearly 6000 million people now occupy the earth and we are adding 100 million more each year. In the next decade, our numbers will increase by nearly as many as are now alive in China. Most of the growth will be in the poorer countries where resources and services are already strained by present populations.Some demographers believe that this unprecedented growth rate will slow in the century and that the population might eventually drop back below its present size. Others warn that the number of humans a century from now could be four of five times more than that of our present population if we don’t act quickly to birth rates into balance with death rates. Whether there are sufficient resources to support 6 billion humans—let alone 25 billion—on a sustainable basis is one of the most important questions we face. How we might stabilize population and what level of resource consumption future generations we can afford are equally difficult parts of this challenging equation.Food shortages and famines already are too familiar in many places and may increase in frequency and severity if population growth, soil erosion, and nutrient depletion continue at the same rate in the future as they have in the past. We are coming to realize, however, that food security often has more to do with poverty, democracy, and equitable distribution than it does with the amount of food available. Water deficits and contamination of existing water supplies threaten to be critical environmental issues in the future for agricultural production as well as for domestic and industrial use. Many countries already have serious water shortages and more than one billion people lack access to clean water or adequate sanitation. Violent conflicts over control of natural resources may fla re up in many places if we don’t learn to live within nature’s budget. How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) presently supply about 80% of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these fuels are diminishing at an alarming rate and problems associated with their acquisition and use—air and water pollution, mining damage, shipping accidents, and political insecurity—may limit where and how we use remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy resources—solar power, wind, and biomass—together with conservation, may replace environmentally destructive energy sources if we invest in appropriate technology in the next few years.As we burn fossil fuels, we release carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing gases that cause global warming and may bring about sea-level rises and catastrophic climate changes. Acidsformed in the extensive damage to the building materials and sensitive ecosystems in many places. Continued fossil fuel use without pollution control measures could cause even more extensive damage. Chlorinated compounds, such as the chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeration and air conditioning, also contribute to global warming, as well as damaging the stratospheric ozone which protects us from cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.Destruction of tropical forests, coral reefs, wetlands, and other biologically rich landscapes is causing an alarming loss of species and a reduction of biological variety and abundance that could severely limit our future options. Many rare and endangered species are threatened directly or indirectly by human activities. In addition to practical values, aesthetic and ethical considerations suggest that we should protect these species and the habitat necessary for their survival.Toxic air and water pollutants, along with mountains of solid and hazardous wastes, are becoming overwhelming problems in industrialized countries. We produce hundred of millions of tons of these dangerous materials annually, and much of it is disposed of in dangerous and irresponsible ways. No one wants this noxious stuff dumped in his or her own backyard, but too often the solution is to export it to someone else’s. We may come to a polit ical impasse where our failure to decide where to put our wastes or how to dispose of them safely will close down industries and result in wastes being spread everywhere. The health effects of pollution, toxic wastes, stress, and the other environmental ills of modern society have become a greater threat than infectious diseases for many of us in industrialized counties.These and other similarly serious problems illustrate the importance of environmental science and environmental education for everyone. What we are doing to our world, and what that may mean for our future and that of our children is paramount concern as we enter the twenty-first century.New Words and Phrasesartifact n. 人造物品interdisciplinary adj. 各学科间的get involved in 涉及remedy n. 补偿dilemma n. 困境；进退两难的局面spontaneously adv. 自然地，本能地intriguing adj. 迷人的，吸引人的virus n. 病毒fungi n. 真菌，真菌类demographer n. 人口统计学家famine n. 饥荒chlorinated adj. 含氯的; 氯化的chlorofluorocarbon n. 氟氯化碳stratospheric adj. 同温层的coral n. 珊瑚，珊瑚虫impasse n. 僵局paramount adj. 极为重要的Unit 1 Text B: Environmental Pollution“We believe all citizens have an inherent right to the enjoyment of pure and uncontaminated air and water and soil; that this right should be regarded as belonging to the whole community; and that no one should be allowed to trespass upon it by his carelessness or his avarice or even his ignorance.” This resolution, adopted in 1869 by the Massachusetts Board of Health, is the ideal of pollution control. Over a hundred years ago, therefore, pollution was already recognized as evil, and this resolution was an attempt to define the problem. Unfortunately, this definition is only an ideal, since total elimination of pollution would effectively require the elimination of modern civilization. The definition of pollution must therefore be more realistic if it is to be of practical value.It is important to understand that pollution can be defined in many ways, and the specific definition used in a specific case can be important. For example, if an industry spewing forth contaminants to water and air can convince the public and the regulatory agencies that by their definition they are not polluting, pressure to force them to clean up might never materialize, even though the results of the inadequate waste disposal are obvious. Many professions are directly involved in environmental pollution, and all have defined pollution to fit the specific need. It may be instructive to review of these definitions, and to comment on the rationale employed.The ecologist, trained to perceive life through a wide-angle lens, looks at pollution as something which upsets the equilibrium of a system. Typi cally, water pollution is defined as “anything which brings about a reduction in the diversity of aquatic life and eventually destroys the balance of life,” or “any influence on the stream brought about by the introduction of materials to it which adversel y affects the organisms living in the stream.” These definitions have value to ecologists since ecologists are more concerned with the effect of outside force (people) on a stream or lake than with the direct benefits the watercourse might have to man. This is not to in any way belittle this approach since, in the long run, if we cannot adjust our civilization to be compatible with the ecosystem, we will undoubtedly lose the conflict.In contrast to the ecologists who consider any manmade additions which are not ecologically compatible to the existing environment to be pollution, the engineers consider these additions to be pollution only if and when they precipitate an immediate adverse effect. Engineers pride themselves on being realists, able to analyze problems and present clean and neat solutions. Engineers have thus proposed definitions of pollution which are, to them, more rational than the “clean as possible” approach suggested in the first paragraph or the “no change” thinking of many ecologists. All of the engineering definitions have as a core the well-being (economic, physical, social) of humans.For example, some engineers suggest that since pollution control costs money, the benefits derived from a clean stream (or atmosphere) must be weighed against the benefits derived by spending the money on hospitals, roads, etc. The implication is that pollution is not bad in the absolute, but that as long as we don’t start killing more people by cholera, typhoid, emphysema, etc. than we do on the highways, it is logical and prudent to build better highways and neglect pollution control.Other engineers define pollution as “an impairment of the suitability of water (of air) for any of its beneficial uses, actual or potential, by man-caused changes in quali ty.” Again the benefits to humans are emphasized, and pollution control is dependent on a favorable benefit / cost ratio.The Engineers Joint Council (composed of representatives from the various professional engineering associations) has defined air poll ution as “the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke or vapor, in quantities or characteristics, and or duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property.” Although this longwinded definition seems to cover all bases, it avoids classifying emissions from remotely located power plants as pollution, since the smoke is not apparently harmful and certainly having the power to run the air conditioners and electric can openers enhances man’s comfort. What is missing is an admission that air is not a wastebasket, and that a defense of such emission is untenable, regardless of their unmeasurable acute effect on plant or animal physiology.Probably the most widely accepted of the engineering definitions of pollution is “unreasonable interference with other beneficial uses.” By this definition, if the greatest beneficial use of a watercourse is waste discharge, then the use of the stream for swimming and fishing might be “unreasonable.” Value judgments are therefore required as to what uses a stream, lake, or air over a city might have. If reasonable men decide that it is reasonable to use a lake as a septic tank and air as wastebasket, then we are doomed to such a “reasonable” existence.In all fairness, however, it must be noted that this type of thinking is changing: Engineers are becoming more aware of their social responsibilities, and very few will still espouse the use of a stream as an open sewer even if this might be the most economically sound beneficial use.The World Health Organization (WHO) thinks of air pollution as anything “harmful to humans, animals, plants or property.” T he WHO mosquito control programs using DDT sprayed from airplanes would qualify as air pollution under this definition.Others argue that pollution occurs when an additional user of a scarce resource “will cause others to have to incur additional costs or suffer disutility associated with congestion.” Although economically sound in the classic sense, this concept views air quality, for example, as being acceptable until some detrimental effect is noted, an argument which presuppose that all effects of pollution are known, a blatantly false supposition. Further, the blotting out of a sunset with smoke cannot be calculated in dollars and cents.We could go on quoting definitions of environmental pollution, but the point has been made. Not everyone views environmental pollution in the same light, and not everyone agrees on the short as well as long-term effects. It should be clear, therefore, why some people feel that the pollution problem is not taken seriously enough, and why at the same time others feel that governmental agencies have become too strict with regard to the control of industrial and municipal discharges. Perhaps we cannot define pollution to everyone’s satisfaction, and probably there is no need to do that as long as we remember that there are many definitions (and hence opinions) of environmental pollution.Early man spent his entire existence surviving. The procurement of food and shelter for the family took all of his time. When farming and hunting advanced to the point where not all of the available time was devoted to the necessities, man had time to specialize. Some people became carpenters, or potters, or politicians. With increased specialization, man began to better his life style. This had two effects: the population and the per capita consumption of goods both increased.Until the 16th century, man was still not very proficient in producing food or controlling disease, and famines and plagues held the population within bounds. But with the industrial revolution and the birth of modern medicine, the world population began to climb wildly. The earth is now crowded with people, and all of them consume resources, and create waste. The waste must be returned to the earth in some form, and often this process destroys or alters the ecology.Over population is not, however, the only danger. In economically developed countries, consumption of both manufactured and natural resources has increased tremendously within the last few decades. In fact, the problem with pollution in many countries today is mainly that of over-consumption, while population growth is responsible for only about one tenth of the increase in the use of natural resources (and the related pollution).The consumption spiral seems to have no end, except when we finally run out of resources. This is clearly unacceptable. One solution is to drastically alter our habits as consumers.As long as there is no tax on the use of natural resources (there is in fact a reward for using some, such as the oil depletion allowance), the education of consumers is a reasonable alternative. Unfortunately, this runs counter to human nature, and the prognostication is not good.It is safe to state that the roof of our environmental pollution problems is the tremendous leap in human population, accompanied by an even greater increase in per capita consumption of raw materials.Although environmental pollution is difficult to define, we do know that we are perilously close to permanently spoiling our home. We must immediately control population growth and strive either to limit consumption or develop better means of recycling our resources.We can only hope that people of the world will soon embrace the environmental ethic, before we permanently foul up our spaceship.New Words and Expressionsspew v. 喷涌rationale n. 基本原理equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡belittle v. 轻视，使渺小approach n. 接近，途径，通路in the long run 最后precipitate v. 促成，使沉淀adverse adj. 不利的，敌对的，有害的well-being n. 安宁，福利cholera n. 霍乱typhoid n. 伤寒emphysema n. 肺气肿prudent adj. 谨慎的，小心的neglect v. 忽视，疏忽impairment n. 损害，伤害fume n. 烟，气体Unit 2 Text A: Population ExplosionUnit 2: Population Resources and EnvironmentPart One Text A: Population ExplosionAll too often, overpopulation is thought of simply as crowding: too many people in a given area, too high a population density. Between 1900 and now, the world's population has roughly quadrupled from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to about 6 billion today and is currently growing at an annual rate of 1.2%, or 77 million people per year. Six countries account for half of this annual growth: India for 21%, China for 12%, Pakistan for 5%, Nigeria for 4%, Bangladesh for 4%, and Indonesia for 3%. By 2050, world population is expected to be between 7.9 billion (low variant) and 10.9 billion (high variant), with the medium variant producing 9.3 billion.There would be a rapid aging of the world's population. In the past, the median age for the world's population has been between 20 and 25 years. It is now about 26 years. By 2050, the median age for a depopulating globe would be about 42 years. In the more developed regions the median age of population would be over 50. That is to say: for every person under the age of 50, there would be someone over the age of 50. A complete transformation of the profile of the world would thus occur.The explosion of world population is an outgrowth of the industrial age, and three key factors are to blame: increased food production, disease control, and better sanitation. These advances greatly increase the survival rate of newborns, but this great change occurs in many countries without any decrease in the number of births.Population growth is at the root of virtually all environment problems, including pollution and resources depletion, and indirect social disruptions, such as housing shortages, malnutrition and inadequate health care. Rapid growth in population creates difficulties in meeting the basic needs of people, while crowding may cause mental illness, drug abuse and various forms of antisocial behavior. Hunger, starvation, disease, poverty, illiteracy, pollution, unemployment, and barren landscapes are, to many observers, signs that the human population is much too big for the earth's resources. Among the negative trends they bet would continue are: rising global temperature, shrinking amount of cropland per person, decline in amount of wheat and rice grown per person, shrinking area of tropical moist forests, decreasing oceanic fish harvest perperson, increasing number of people dying of AIDS, declining human sperm count, and growing gap between rich and poor.Population growth would have to be stopped; family planning and limited economic development are ways to bring the human population back in line. Family planning allows couples to determine the number and spacing of offspring, and the programs may be voluntary, extended voluntary, or forced. Many experts believe that family planning promotes economic development, jobs for women, health and education. To have an effective family planning program, we also have an effective economy -- where jobs are available, where health facilities are adequate. Small-scale economic development, improved education, better health care, and contraception can reduce birth rates. The critical thinking skills suggest that solutions require many approaches. Family planning is a case in point.Developed nations can contribute to a solution by reducing consumption and population size. They can assist the less fortunate with population control, agriculture, health care, and appropriate technology through financial aid and, especially, information sharing. Many developing nations have population control programs, although funds are often inadequate. Increasing expenditures on such programs could have many long-rang benefits. To be effective, programs in such countries must take into account the effects of religious beliefs, psychological factors, and educational levels.New Words and Phrasesantisocial adj. 不擅社交的、非社交的；反社会的Bangladesh n. 孟加拉国（南亚国家）barren adj. 不生育的、不孕的、贫瘠的、没有结果的depletion n. 枯竭depopulate vt. 使人口减少expenditure n. 支出、花费financial adj. 财政的、金融的illiteracy n. 文盲inadequate adj. 不充分的、不适当的malnutrition n. 营养失调、营养不良newborn n. 婴儿；adj. 新生的，再生的Nigeria n. 尼日利亚（非洲中西部国家）outgrowth n. 结果、衍生物overpopulation n. 人口过剩Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦（南亚国家）psychological adj. 心理（上）的quadruple vt. 使成四倍；vi. 成为四倍sanitation n. 卫生，卫生设施starvation n. 饥饿、饿死voluntary adj. 自动的、自愿的、故意的Sentence StructureAmong the negative trends they bet would continue are: 本句是表语前置的倒装句，冒号后面的部分为句子的主语，are是谓语，剩余部分是带有定语从句的表语，全句的意思是：他们相信将持续下去的负面趋势中有以下几个。
给排水与环境工程专业英语
The human search for pure water supplies must have begun in prehistoric times. Much of that earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals may have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth. Later a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe.
Only by continual and costly attention to water quality control has it been possible to virtually eradicate waterborne diseases from developed countries. Such achievements must not, however, be allowed to mask the appalling situation regarding water supply and sanitation in much of the developing world. The growth of population in developing countries, due to the high birth rate, is such that unless strenuous efforts to increase water supply and sanitation facilities are made, the percentage of the world’s population with satisfactory facilities would actually decrease in the future. In developed countries, demands for water are now fairly static and basic waste quality-control measures are well established. However, many of the existing water-supply and sewage schemes are now relatively old so that their reconstruction will pose problems in the future. As knowledge of the effects of all forms of environmental pollution increases so new potential hazards appear, for example there is current concern about the possible carcinogenic hazards arising from the presence of minute concentrations of some organic compounds in water. Anthropogenic, or human-induced, pollutants have overloaded our envir commissioning of the first major public health engineering works of modern times. Thus by 1870 waterborne outbreaks had been largely brought under control in the UK and similar developments were taking place in Western Europe and the cities of the USA. The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the urban water demand and the late nineteenth century saw the construction of major water-supply schemes.
环境工程专业英语生态系统
Ecosystems would not be possible were it not for the flow of energy into them Ecosystem changes with time Ecosystem can be natural or artificial
Food web
Hydrology Functions: groundwater recharge:
Water Quality Functions: biogeochemical cycling:
Habitat and trophic support functions:
Wetlands are detritalbased systems. Decaying plant matter supports invertebrates that are utilized by consumers.
Part 3 Ecosystem
A few definitions
o o
o
Ecology: the study of interrelationship between plants and animals that live in a particular physical environment Ecosystem: ecological system, communities of organism that interact with one another and with their physical environment Habitat: the place within ecosystem where a population of organism lives
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程15
专业学位硕⼠研究⽣英语教程15Unit 15AestheticsPreviewBeauty is a virtue which no one can deny. But in the history of human life, people's attitudes towards it have changed a lot. The ancient Greeks, following Socrates' pedagogy, kept a balance between beauty inside and beauty outside. Christianity, depriving beauty of classical ideals of human excellence, set beauty adrift, and associated it only with women. In order to prop up the mythology of the "feminine", women need to get some critical distance from that excellence and privilege of beauty.Text Reading'W arm-upWhat is beauty?Beauty is a vital and central element of human experience. It is associated with pleasure, which influences personal choices and cultural developments. Poets praise it, artists strive to capture it in their works, moralists warn against its deceiving influence, scientists seek to uncover its secrets, and philosophers reflect on its illusive nature.Please discuss your understanding of beauty with your partner. The following words and expressions may be useful for your discussion.perceptual experience, generating pleasure, feelings of attraction and emotional well-being, visual field, feminine, masculine, sexism, sexual selection, sexual feelings, human appearance and natural scenery, morally good, appropriate, pleasing, talent, good reputation and behavior, direct experience, unreliable, inseparable, ugliness, artistic beauty, natural beauty, cross culture, cultural values and traditions, aestheticsBeauty vs. ugliness.How do we judge what is beauty and what is ugliness? The following are some definitions. Discuss with your partner and give your own definition.Beauty:a characteristic of a person, a thing or an idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, or satisfaction.an entity which is admired, or possesses features in a particular culture, for perfection.being in balance and harmony with nature, which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being. Ugliness:a property of a person or thing that is unpleasant to look upon and results in a highly unfavorable evaluation.aesthetically unattractive, repulsive, or offensive.having visible characteristic, and internal attribute.How has beauty acquired the overtone of sexismBeauty has been attributed to women and therefore has acquired the overtone of sexism both in China and the West. However, such a trend has developed in different routes. Tell the different processes through which beauty has undergone such a change in China and the West.TextBeautySusan Sontag①[1] For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue (a particular good quality or habit): a kind of excellence (the quality of being extremely good). Persons then were assumed (believed) to be what we now have to call—enviously (admirably)—whole persons. If itdid occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside", they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born (from a rich family or a family of high social class出⾝名门，出⾝⾼贵的) young Athenians who gathered around Socrates②found it quite paradoxical (absurd, illogical, unexpected荒谬的) that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive (sexually attractive)—and so ugly. One of Socrates②main pedagogical (教育学的, 教学法的) acts was to be ugly—and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples (persons who believe in and follow the teachings of a religious or political leader) of his how full of paradoxes (contrarieties⽭盾, 相反物) life really was.[2] They may have resisted Socrates' lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we areof) the enchantments (the state of being under a magic spell) of beauty.from, a larger object or group)—with the greatest facility (a natural ability to learn or do sth easily)—the "inside" (character, intellect) from the "outside" (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented (gifted), good.[3] It was principally (chiefly) the influence of Christianity (the religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God) that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical (traditional in style or idea, connected with or influenced by the culture of ancient Greece and Rome) ideals of human excellence. By limiting excellence (virtues in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift (adj. no longer attached or fixed in the right position)—as an alienated (foreign), arbitrary (subjective, not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair), superficial (not concerned with anything serious or important and lacking any depth of understanding or feeling) enchantment (attractiveness, charm). And beauty has continued to lose prestige (the respect and admiration). For close to (=nearly) two centuries it has become a convention (rule, habit or tradition) to attribute beauty to (to say or believe that sb is responsible for doing sth) only one of the two sexes: the sex, which, however Fair is always Second. Associating beauty with women had put beauty even further on the defensive (protecting sb/ sth against attack), morally (spiritually)③.[4] A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. "Handsome" is the masculine equivalent (a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to sth else) of—and refusal of—a compliment (praise) which has accumulated (amass, build up) certain demeaning (humiliating) overtones (an attitude or an emotion that is suggested and is not expressed in a direct way暗⽰), bybeing reserved for women only. That one call a man "beautiful" in French and Italian suggests that Catholic (=Roman Catholic) countries—unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant (a member of a part of the Western Christian Church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century新教徒的, 清教徒的) version (a form of sth that is slightly different from an earlier form or from other forms of the same thing版本) of Christianity—still retain (keep) some vestiges (remains遗迹, 痕迹) of the pagan (a person who holds religious beliefs that are not part of any of the world's main religions异教徒) admiration for beauty. But the difference, if one exists, is of degree only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex—to be detriment (the act of causing harm or damage; sth that causes harm or damage损害, 损害物) of the nation as well as of women.[5] To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women's character and concerns (desires). (In contrast to men—whose essence (the most important quality or feature of sth) is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not take someone in the throes (violent pains, especially at the moment of death) of advanced feminist awareness④to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages narcissism (the habit of admiring yourself too much, especially your appearance⾃恋), reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is "everybody", a whole society that has identified (considered) being feminine (having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of women; connected with women) with caring about how one looks. (In contrast to being masculine—which is identified with about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) Given these stereotypes (a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality), it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed (repute->) reputation (credit, prestige信⽤，名声).[6] It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation (commitment, the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc责任) to be—or to try⑤. What is accepted by most women as a flattering (saying nice things about sb/sth) (idealize: to consider or represent sb/ sth as being perfect or better than they really are; ->) idealization () of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to what they actually are—or normally grow to be. For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form of self-oppression (⾃我施压). Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline (腰围), neck, eyes, nose, complexion (肤⾊), hair, and so on—each in turn is submitted to (subjected to) an anxious, fretful (behaving in a way that shows you are unhappy or uncomfortable烦燥的), often despairing (desperate绝望的, 失望的) scrutiny (examination). Even if some pass muster (summon, gather), some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do⑥.[7] In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions (part) of the body; nobody encourages a man to dissect (to cut up a dead person, animal or plant in order to study it, or to study sth closely and/or discuss it in great detail解剖，分开来研究) his appearance, feature (a part of sb's face such as their nose, mouth and eyes⾯貌的⼀部分(眼,⼝,⿐等)特征, 容貌, 特⾊, 特写) by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial (small or unimportant) —almost unmanly (not having the qualities that are admired or expected in a man). Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish (a mark on the skin or on an object that spoils it and makes it look less beautiful or perfect瑕疵) is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster (a group of things of thesame type that grow or appear close together) of skin-colored moles (胎块, 鼹⿏) on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a "pretty face (⼩⽩脸)". Think of the (appreciate<->depreciate to become less valuable over a period of time贬值->) depreciation of women—as well as beauty—that is implied in that judgment⑦.[8] "The privileges (a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people has) of beauty are immense (enormous)," said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly (in the way that is deserved; correctly) so. What is lamentable (deplorable, regrettable) is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived (to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to imagine sth) in relation to men; it is not the power to do but the power to attract. It is a power that negates (to stop sth from having any effect否定, 拒绝) itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely—at least, not by women—or renounced (give up放弃, disown断绝关系) without social censure (strong criticism责难).[9] To preen (to spend a lot of time making yourself look attractive and then ad miring your appearance打扮), for a woman, can never be just a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman does real work—and even if she has clambered(=climbed攀登) up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever—she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive. But in so far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity (ability, competence) to be objective, professional, authoritative, thoughtful (considerate, kind). Damned if they do—women are. And damned if they don't⑧.[10] One could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of considering persons as split between what is "inside" and what is "outside" than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale (story), the oppression of women. How easy it is to off, start out, begin) bydefining women as caretakers of their surfaces，look down upon蔑视) them (or find them adorable (lovable, attractive"superficial". It is a crude (offensive or rude, especially about sex拙劣的) trap (trick), and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the trap requires that women get some critical distance from that excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been abridged (reduced or be shortened删节的) in order to prop up (support) the mythology (ideas that many people think are true but that do not exist or are false神话) of the "feminine". There should be a way of saving beauty from (protecting sth. from damage) women—and for them.Notes①Susan Sontag (1933-2004): American essayist, short story writer, and novelist, a leading commentator on modern culture. Sontag also wrote screenplays and directed films. She had a great impact on experimental art in the 1960s and 1970s, and she introduced many new stimulating ideas to American culture.②Socrates (苏格拉底，469 Bc⼀399 Bc)：a Greek philosopher.③Associating beauty ... morally: Beauty lost its central place and prestige due to the influence of Christianity and the fact that beauty was used only to refer to women made it even more degraded.④It does not take someone in the throes... : It does not take someone much effort... / It is quite easy...⑤It is ... to try: Here, in this sentence, beauty as a freedom of choice is emphasized.⑥Nothing less than perfection will do: People tend to hold a critical, almost fault- finding attitude towards beauty in women, wishing that every part of the body were perfect.⑦Think of ... judgment: An ideally good-looking man needs to be imperfect, while an ideally beautiful woman must be perfect.⑧Damned if they do—women are. And damned if they don't: If they have the capacity, they are wrong, and if they lack such capacity, they are also wrong. This shows a very paradoxical attitude towards women.W ord Bankabridge：to make sth. shorter删节，缩略administer：to manage or direct管理alienate：to make someone unwilling to give support使疏远arbitrary：based on personal opinion rather than facts or reason任意的，随意的assume：to believe sth. to be true without strong proof; to expect假设；假定blemish：sth. that spoils perfection瑕疵，污点complexion：the natural color or appearance of the skin, esp. of the face⾯⾊；肤⾊conceive：to become pregnant with (a child) 孕育confess：to admit (a fault, crime etc) 承认；坦⽩demean：to cause to lose sense of personal pride贬损，降低⾝份detriment：the condition of suffering harm or damage损害，伤害disciple：a follower信徒disparage：to speak about without respect贬低，轻视dissect：to cut up so as to study the shape and relationship of the parts, as medical students do 解剖，切开enchantment: a delightful influence or feeling of delight魅⼒，着迷honorable：deserving honor值得尊敬的inferior：not good or less good in quality or value次的，差的lamentable：very unsatisfactory令⼈惋惜的，可叹的masculine：of or having qualities suitable for a man男性的，阳刚的narcissism：too great love for one's own abilities or physical appearance⾃恋，⾃我陶醉overtone：things that are suggested but not shown or stated clearly含义，弦外之⾳pagan：of a person who is not a believer of any of the chief religions of the world异教徒的paradox：a statement that contradicts itself悖论pedagogy：the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法，教育学preen：to dress up打扮privilege：a special advantage limited to a particular person or group特权，特殊待遇renounce：to give up (a claim) 声明放弃scrutiny：a close study or look仔细检查，详审seductive：very desirable or attractive有魅⼒的trivial：of little worth or importance琐碎的，没有价值的vestige：a sign, mark, track, or other proof that sb. or sth. formerly existed痕迹，残余Phrases and Expressionsattribute...to：to believe (sth.) to be the result or work of归因于，认为是…的结果be wary of：to be careful of谨防，谨慎deprive...of：to take sth. away from somebody剥夺distinguish：between to make a difference between区分，区别identify...with：to share feelings or ideas of others; to consider as similar to与…共鸣；视……为⼀体pass muster：to be accepted as satisfactory通过，合格prop up：to support⽀撑，⽀持set...adrift：to make sth. unfastened or loose使漂浮submit...to：to offer sth. to sb. for consideration上交，提交Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. In Para. 1, we can know that in ancient Greece, _____.A. there used to be the match of "inside" beauty and "outside" beautyB. inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kindC. "outside" beauty was more important than "inner" beautyD. one could be beautiful "inside" and ugly "outside"2. Beauty has acquired the implication of sexism mainly because of _____.A. the pedagogical acts of SocratesB. the influence of JesusC. men's ill intentionD. its being attributed to women3. The sentence "To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women's character and concerns." in Para.5 implies _____.A. women only care about their looksB. beauty is women's obligationC. women are beautifulD. women are not intelligent4. In Para. 9, men's attitude towards women's beauty is _____.A. disgustingB. confusingC. contradictoryD. changeable5. The author's tone in describing beauty is _____.A. appreciativeB. negativeC. objectiveD. criticalII. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Beauty has (1) acquired certain demeaning (2) overtones with the passage of time. In ancient Greece, beauty was considered a (3) virtue and it had nothing negative at all. If there was really a need to make a distinction between the innerbeauty and oute beauty at all, the Greeks stressed the (4) match between the "inside" and the "outside". However, due to the influence of Christianity, beauty lost its (5) prestige. For close to two centuries, beauty has continuously been downgraded since it was (6) attributed only to women.Today, beauty has taken some coloring of sexism. Beauty is not a free choice or individual development any more. It has become a (7) duty and oppression for women. The attitude of the society towards women's beauty is also quite (8) paradox. On the one hand, women are defined as the Fair Sex, as "caretakers of their surfaces"; on the other hand, men look down upon women and describe them as being "superficial". To get out from this trap set by the society, particularly men, women themselves have to take some actions. They need to (9) d themselves enough from beauty, which is that excellence and privilege only attributed to them, to know the rationale which (10) backs the mythology of the "feminine".VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. The bank is very _____ about lending money.A. carefulB. cautiousC. waryD. productive2. The award was _____ to the famous U.S. physicist.A. grantedB. distributedC. attributedD. associated3. She is very beautiful, but she has a _____ voice.A. feminineB. masculineC. manlyD. womanly4. She tried to _____ her balance, but failed.A. retainB. remainC. containD. detain5. The drug has no _____ on cancer.A. treatmentB. influenceC. affectD. effect6. After a period of exercise, she has a fair _____.A. faceB. lookC. appearanceD. complexion7. Y our prompt shipment will be _____.A. likedB. enjoyedC. pleasedD. appreciated8. In some countries, education is a _____ enjoyed only by the upper class.A. rightB. privilegeC. dutyD. obligation9. My advice was completely _____.A. ignoredB. negligentC. snoredD. stored10. Experience is a revelation in the light of which we _____ our error of youth for those of aged.A. renouncedB. denouncedC. pronouncedD. announcedII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. virtue occur to paradoxical deprive arbitraryvestige detrimental conceive blemish pass musteridentify inferior scrutiny negate disparage1. The president was engrossed in his job, which was detrimental to his health.2. In the exam, most of them passed muster, but still there were a few who failed.3. I don't mean to disparage your achievements.4. Most presidents in this African country are arbitrary rulers. They don't care the life of their people.5. It occurred to me that I forgot to lock the door.6. Popular music is often considered to be inferior to classical music.7. He was not the "tough guy" the public identify him with.8. Ted was a paradox: a loner who loved to chat to strangers.9. The criminal was deprived of political rights after he was sentenced.10. The documents should be available for public scrutiny.II. TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.基督教把美归于⼥性。
环境专业英语备课笔记
4.runoff(n)流走之物，决赛
5.fertilizer(n)肥料
6.manure(n)肥料；(v)施肥于
7.herbicide(n)除草剂
8.pesticide(n)杀虫剂
9.pond(n)池塘；(v)筑成池塘
10.overgrowth(n)繁茂，生长过度
11.algae(n)藻类，海藻
9.intimate contact密切接触
10. rod (n)杆，棒
11. bacilli (n)细菌
12. microbial population微生物群体
13. sphere (n)球，球体，范围，领域，方面，圈子，半球
14. cocci (n)球菌
15. enmesh (vt)使绊住，使陷入
译文：由于水中出现大量的外来杂质使大面积水域受到不良影响，这时就会出现水污染现象。
2.Thermal pollution can occur when water is used as a coolantneara power or industrial plant and then is returned to the aquatic environment at a higher temperature than it was originally.
译文：由于人们过度地采伐森林，空气、海洋、湖泊、河流、沼泽受到各种化合物的污染，汽车排放尾气中的二氧化碳含量过高致使全球变暖，氯氟烃致使臭氧层出现空洞，世界人口剧增以及其他诸多缘故，全球环境恶化，其严重程度已经危及到包括人类在内的一切生物的生存。
2. The amount of methane, which causes a greenhouses effect, has been increasing inSiberiaas the temperature goes up.
大学专业英语（给水排水与环境工程）单词总结
part I Water resource and regislationunit 1 The Hydrologic Cycle 1、hydrology hydrology 水文学、水文地理学水文学、水文地理学水文学、水文地理学2、hydrologic=hydrological3、hydrologic cycle hydrologic cycle 水文循环水文循环水文循环4、freshwater freshwater 淡水的、河水的淡水的、河水的淡水的、河水的5、fresh water fresh water 淡水、湖水淡水、湖水淡水、湖水6、precipitate precipitate 沉降、下沉沉降、下沉沉降、下沉7、evaporate evaporate 使蒸发、消失使蒸发、消失使蒸发、消失8、dewpoint dewpoint 结露点结露点结露点9、droplet droplet 小滴小滴小滴 1010、、Ideal Gas Law Ideal Gas Law 理想气体定律理想气体定律理想气体定律1111、、orographic orographic 山岳的、山形的山岳的、山形的山岳的、山形的1212、、terrane terrane 岩层岩层岩层1313、、convective convective 传送的、对流的传送的、对流的传送的、对流的1414、、schematic schematic 示意的示意的示意的1515、、diagram diagram 图表、图解图表、图解图表、图解1616、、hydraulic hydraulic 水力的、水力学的水力的、水力学的水力的、水力学的1717、、precipitation precipitation 降水、降雨量、沉淀降水、降雨量、沉淀降水、降雨量、沉淀1818、、transpiration transpiration 蒸发（物）蒸发（物）、植物蒸腾作用、植物蒸腾作用1919、、depict depict 描述、描写描述、描写描述、描写2020、、diagrammatically diagrammatically 用图解法地用图解法地用图解法地2121、、physical works physical works 实际构筑物实际构筑物实际构筑物2222、、meterologist meterologist 气象学者气象学者气象学者2323、、hydrologist hydrologist 水文学者水文学者水文学者2424、、hail hail （下）冰雹（下）冰雹（下）冰雹2525、、sleet sleet 冰雪、雨加雪冰雪、雨加雪冰雪、雨加雪2626、、snowpack snowpack 积雪场积雪场积雪场2727、、thaw thaw 解冻解冻解冻2828、、discard discard 丢弃、放弃丢弃、放弃丢弃、放弃2929、、environmental environmental 环境的、周围的环境的、周围的环境的、周围的3030、、marketable marketable 时宜销售的时宜销售的时宜销售的3131、、isolated isolated 隔离的、孤立的隔离的、孤立的隔离的、孤立的3232、、Madison avenue Madison avenue 纽约麦迪逊大街纽约麦迪逊大街纽约麦迪逊大街u nit 2 The World Fresh Water Resource 3333、、integral integral 整体的、构成整体所需要的整体的、构成整体所需要的整体的、构成整体所需要的 3434、、ecological ecological 生态学的生态学的生态学的3535、、harbor harbor 隐匿、庇护隐匿、庇护隐匿、庇护3636、、aquatic aquatic 水的、水生的、水憩的水的、水生的、水憩的水的、水生的、水憩的3737、、ecosystem ecosystem 生态系统生态系统生态系统3838、、species species 物种、式样物种、式样物种、式样3939、、aqueduct aqueduct 沟渠、导水管沟渠、导水管沟渠、导水管 4040、、desalinate desalinate 去处盐分、海水淡化去处盐分、海水淡化去处盐分、海水淡化4141、、arid arid 干旱的、贫瘠的干旱的、贫瘠的干旱的、贫瘠的4242、、iceberg iceberg 冰山、冷冰冰的人冰山、冷冰冰的人冰山、冷冰冰的人4343、、reverse reverse 相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的4444、、aquifer aquifer （土壤）（土壤）（土壤）含水层含水层、蓄水层、蓄水层4545、、rudimentary rudimentary 根本的、未发展的根本的、未发展的根本的、未发展的4646、、malaria malaria 疟疾、瘴气疟疾、瘴气疟疾、瘴气 4747、、typhoid typhoid 伤寒症、伤寒的伤寒症、伤寒的伤寒症、伤寒的4848、、cholera cholera 霍乱霍乱霍乱4949、、wetland wetland 湿地湿地、沼泽地5050、、habitat habitat （动植物）的生活环境。
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(Page 249, paragraph 2)
14
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
④ Or they may be characteristics of inland deserts that
are hot during the daytime and cold at night, generally
交界面
of Earth’ surface with the atmosphere, a paper-thin
skin compared to the dimensions of Earth or its
尺寸
atmosphere, is the biosphere where life exists.
线 adj.红外线的
6
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
③Although the numbers and kinds of organisms decrease very
随…降低
rapidly with distance above Earth’ surface, the atmosphere as
[,vɜːsə'tɪləti:] n.多功能 性;多才多艺;用途广泛
and adaptability of the communities of organisms that
[ə,dæptə'bɪlətɪ] n 适 [kəˈmju:nətɪ] n.社区; 应性;可变性;适合性 群落;共同体;团体
populate these environments.
12
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
③ Such conditions may be those of the tropics, with
热带地区
abundant moisture, intense sunlight, high temperatures,
and relatively little variations in these and other factors.
adv.的确;实在;真正地;甚至 int.真的(表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等) interjection
of ozone in the stratosphere, life on Earth could not exist
['strætə,sfɪə] n.同温 层;最上层;最高阶段
in its present form.
['trɒpɪks] n.热带地区
abundant moisture, intense sunlight, high temperatures,
and relatively little variations in these and other factors.
(Page 249, paragraph 2)
temperature, sunlight, nutrients, and other factors to
which various life-forms adapt.
生命形态
(Page 249, paragraph 2)
11
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
③ Such conditions may be those of the tropics, with
a whole, extending many kilometers upward, is essential for
必要的
life as a source of oxygen, medium for water transport, banket
媒介
含金砾岩层
to retain heat by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation, and
10
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
① This part deals with life on Earth.
② It considers the highly varied locations where life
exists and the vastly different conditions of moisture,
very dry, but subject to occasional torrential rainstorms
易患…的;受制于…
倾泻的;猛烈的
and flash flooding.
山洪爆发;暴涨的洪水
(Page 249, paragraph 2)
15
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
的;精华的 n.本质;要素;要点;必需品
life as a source of oxygen, medium for water transport, banket
adj.中间的,中等的;半生熟的;中速的
['bæŋkit] n.
n.方法;媒体;媒介;中间物;溶剂;灵媒;中庸 含金砾岩层
to retain heat by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation, and
随…降低;随…而减小
rapidly with distance above Earth’ surface, the atmosphere as
a whole, extending many kilometers upward, is essential for
[ɪ‘senʃ(ə)l] adj.基本的;必要的;本质
[ɪk‘stend; ek-] vt.延伸;扩大;推广;伸出;给予;使 竭尽全力;对…估价 vi.延伸;扩大;伸展;使疏开
and in which birds fly, the oceans, and various other
bodies of water.
Body n.身体;主体;大量;团 体;主要部分 vt.赋以形体
同温层
in its present form.
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
9
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
① This part deals with life on Earth.
② It considers the highly varied locations where life
[rɪ'teɪn] vt.保 adj.对人友好的;出发的,外出的;即将离职的;乐
持;雇;记住 于助人的 n.外出;流出;开支 v-ing.超过;优于
protective filter for high-energy ultraviolet radiation.
[ɪnfrə’red] n.红外
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
8
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
④ Indeed, were it not for the ultraviolet-absorbing layer
甚至 若不是…的话
of ozone in the stratosphere, life on Earth could not exist
very dry, but subject to occasional torrential rainstorms
n.主题;科目;主语;国民 adj.服从的;易患… [tə'renʃ(ə)l] adj.(水)奔流的; 的;受制于…的 vt.使…隶属;使屈从于… (雨)倾泻的,如注的;猛烈的
and flash flooding.
(Page 249, paragraph 2)
13
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
④ Or they may be characteristics of inland deserts that
are hot during the daytime and cold at night, generally
延伸;伸展
and in which birds fly, the oceans, and various other
bodies of water.
主体;团体
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
5
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
③Although the numbers and kinds of organisms decrease very
保持பைடு நூலகம்
外出的,外溢的 红外线的
protective filter for high-energy ultraviolet radiation.
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
7
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
(与事实相对的假定)若不是…的话
④ Indeed, were it not for the ultraviolet-absorbing layer
(Page 249, paragraph 1)
3
Unit 36 Life and the Biosphere
② The biosphere includes soil on which plants grow, a
small bit of the atmosphere into which trees extend
[('pPɒapgjeʊl2e4ɪt9] ,vpt.a居ra住gr于ap;构h 2成)人口;移民于;殖民于