从路易十三到路易十六
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从路易十三到路易十六
一、历史概要
路易十三 Louis XIII (1601年9月27日—1643年5月14日)
法国波旁王朝国王(1610年—1643年在位)。
是亨利四世的长子,生于枫丹白露。
幼年由其母玛丽·德·美第奇摄政。
1615年与同是孩子的西班牙公主奥地利的安妮结婚。
路易十三亲自执政后与主要依赖红衣主教黎塞留的帮助,开始了法国的专制统治。
1643年5月14日因骑马落水引起的肺炎而去世。
路易十三的家庭成员:妻子,安妮(奥地利的);子女,路易十四;菲利普(奥尔良公爵)
Louis XIII Anne of Austria
路易十四Louis XIV(1638年9月5日出生于法国圣-日尔曼-翁-莱伊,1715年9月1日逝世于凡尔赛)是法国国王,他的执政期是从1643年至1715年。
他也被称为太阳王(Roi Soleil)。
Louis XIV Maria Teresa
路易十四是法王路易十三的长子,到1661年为止他的母亲安娜王后代他执政。
他的弟弟奥尔良公爵菲利普一世是1640年出生的。
直到红衣主教朱尔·马萨林1661年死后他才真正开始亲政。
他的执政期是欧洲君主专政制的典型和榜样。
在红衣主教阿尔芒·让·德·普莱西·李希留和马萨林的外交成果的支持下,路易十四在法国建立了一个以他为中心的、巴洛克式的专制王国。
他发动战争、在凡尔赛宫举行豪华的庆祝、资助艺术和科学的发展来为他自己增光。
在他的大臣如让·巴普蒂斯特·柯尔贝的帮助下他将整个法国的官僚机构集中于他的周围,以此增强了法王的军事、财政和机构的力量。
对他执政不利的事件有他与教皇之间的不和,他对胡格诺派教徒的迫害以及西班牙继承权战争。
他执政期的后期法国国库空虚濒临破产。
他一共执政72年,是世界上执政时间最长的君主之一。
路易十四在当时被看做一个奇迹,因为他的父母结婚23年没有子女。
他四岁时(1643年)就登基做国王了,但此后的18年中红衣主教马萨林是法国的真正统治者。
1660年路易与西班牙公主玛丽结婚,1683年玛丽死后他又与地位比他低的孟脱侬女伯爵弗朗索瓦丝·徳·奥比尼结婚。
路易比他的儿子和最大的孙子活得都长,他的重孙路易十五才继了他的位。
路易十五Louis XV (1710年2月15日– 1774年5月10日),
被称作被喜爱者(法语:le Bien-Aimé), 作为法国国王在1715年至1774年期间执政。
他神奇地延续着整个濒死的家庭,他执政的早期受到法国人民的喜爱。
但是, 他无力改革法国君主制和他在欧洲绥靖政策,使他失去了人民的支持。
并且在他死后成为了法国的最不得人心的国王之一。
路易十五是太阳王路易十四的曾孙,他的父亲是路易十四的孙子杜克·德·布尔高尼。
1712年,麻疹夺去了他父母和哥哥的性命,小路易也遭感染,但御医挽救了他的生命。
路易十五很敬佩他的曾祖父路易十四,称他为"我亲爱的国王爸爸"。
太阳王去世前召见了他且给予其最后的忠告,即少战事,要做一个关心人民疾苦的温和国王,这令他非常感动。
Louis XV Marie Leszcynska Wife of Louis XV
路易十五5岁便登基,但奥尔良公爵菲利浦二世为当时的摄政王。
1725年9月5日,
他与21岁的波兰公主玛丽·蕾姗斯卡结婚,他们共育有10个子女。
从1726年到1743年,是他执政期间最繁荣太平的一段时期。
1734年,他有了第一个情妇德·玛奕,之后还有庞巴度夫人,巴莉夫人等。
蓬帕杜夫人Madame de Pompadour was
an accomplished woman who had a
tremendous influence over the style of the
Rococo period by employing trendsetting
shopkeepers in many of the styles of the
time. She adored pastel colors and
Chinoiserie motifs. The classic pink of
Sevres porcelain rose de pompadour is
named after her along with the hairstyle
and a shoe.
Madame de Pompadour Salon
路易十五执政后期,宫廷生活糜烂,路易十四时期的经济问题也没有得到很好的解决。
虽然小时候大难不死,逃过一劫,但他最终还是没能逃过疾病的折磨,1774年死于天花。
路易十五是法国历史上最具矛盾性格的国王。
尽管史学家诬蔑了他很多, 现代研究表示, 他实际上对统治欧洲最大王国的任务是非常聪明和热忱的。
他的优柔寡断, 加上他了解他所面对问题的复杂性, 和他的内心的胆怯,都掩藏在一位专横国王的面具之后。
在他统治期间造成了坏的结果。
用许多方面, 路易十五预见到 19 世纪中产阶级浪漫主义的统治: 虽然他以曾祖父路易十四为榜样,尽职地充当皇家国王的角色, 实际上对于路易十五没有什么能比得上远离盛典和仪式的私人生活。
当他还是婴儿的时候,他就失去了母亲, 他总渴
望母性的存在,。
他设法获取妇女的亲密陪伴。
这些使他备受诋毁,即使在过世后也没有停歇。
路易十六Louis XVI(1754年8月23日 - 1793年1月21日,1774年-1792年在位)法国波旁王朝的国王,路易十五的孙子。
妻子是玛丽·安东尼特
路易十六性格优柔寡断,即位后多次更换首相和部长,任由内阁内讧,从激进的改革到保守的节俭措施,政策变化无常。
18世纪80年代法国陷入财政危机后,更经常借打猎等活动逃避复杂的国事。
1789年5月,在首相雅克·内克尔等人的敦促下召开三级会议,但拒绝第三等级制宪的要求,导致了法国大革命的爆发,被迫签署《人权宣言》,10月后从凡尔赛宫迁居巴黎。
1791年6月20日他化装成平民乘马车出逃,结果被发现后押送回巴黎。
同年9月批准宪法,称“法兰西人的国王”。
1792年4月对奥地利宣战,8月10日巴黎民众起义后被捕,同年9月君主制被废除。
1793年1月16日-17日被国民公会判处死刑,1月21日被送上断头台。
Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
二、风格演变
Louis XIII —Late Renaissance Period (文艺复兴晚期)
Louis XIII furniture was influenced by the Italian Renaissance mixed with elements of Dutch and Flemish designs. The pieces were heavily carved in walnut and ebony and the arm chairs were generally upholstered in tapestry from the Beauvais looms. Table and chair legs sat on bun feet above H-form stretchers which held the frames together.
I had to mention this interesting chair called a caquetoire, or conversation chair which was predominately used during the French Renaissance. The name caquetoire comes from “caqueter” which means to chat in French. I learned about this chair when I attended the American Institute of Interior Design and always enjoyed saying it (pronounced
Khaki-Twah). This chair is associated with a chatting group of women that would sit in
them and talk. The seat is not rectangular but more like a trapezoid so the women could fit comfortably with their layers of skirts and petticoats in the chair. These chairs were also made from walnut rather than oak so the chair could be elaborately carved.
Louis XIII Chair Caquetoire
Louis XIV — Baroque Period 巴洛克时期
Louis XIV’s monarchy was greatly influenced by my namesake, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who served as his minister of finance from 1665 to 1683. He worked tirelessly at improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the French economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Despite Colbert’s efforts, France became increasingly impoverished because of the King’s excessive spending on wars.
Colbert was an integral force in reforming and improving markets directly related to the manufacturing of interior design products such as textiles, and tapestry works at Gobelins and Beauvais. Colbert issued more than 150 edicts to regulate the guilds. One such law had the intention of improving the quality of cloth. The edict declared that if the authorities found a merchant’s cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions, they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him.
Andre Charles Boulle was the cabinet-maker to King Louis XIV and was one of the greatest of the cabinet makers that worked with ebony. The technique of an ebineste was to inlay wood with shells and metals creating a mosaic on the surface. He further decorated his work with chiseled mounts of ormolu and bronze, carved and gilt ornaments. Marble and granite were used for table and console tops, and fine tapestries for upholstering; all combining to create a style in perfect harmony with the pomp and
glittering splendor of the baroque Louis XIV age.
This period of design is known for its splendor and magnificence. The furniture was large in scale with elaborate ornamentation. The chief woods used in cabinetmaking were oak, walnut, chestnut, and ebony, with ornamental portions frequently done in rosewood, sandalwood, tulipwood, and various exotic woods. Gobelin tapestry and Lyons velvet were the principal upholstery materials.
Louis XIV Chair
Louis XIV Bed
Louis XIV Torchere
Boulle Design Cabinet
Scrolling Foliage Upholstery
Baroque style wallpaper by Zoffany
Louis XV — Regency/Rococo Periods(摄政/洛可可时期)
The period of French Rococo is marked by a departure of the orderliness of classical design by using free form and asymmetrical movements, C and S scrolls, cabriole legs,
and motifs of plants, shells and flowers. The Chinoiserie style also came out of this era, which was born out of the importation of porcelain, silk and lacquer from China and Japan to Europe. The word is from “chinois” which means Chinese in French. The Chinoiserie style features pagodas, dragons, landscapes, and Asian figures in the textiles, porcelains, paintings and furniture in the designs.
Sevre Porcelain
Bombe Chest
Acanthus Leaf Ornamentation on Bombe Chest
Louis XV Chair
Asymmetry in Porcelain
C and S Scroll in Ornamentation
Rococo Interior by John Linnell circa 1755
Chinoiserie Painting by Boucher
Chinoiserie Mirror
Pagoda Style Window Treatment
Pagoda Cresting and Fretwork on Chair
Chinoiserie Bedroom by William and John Linnell circa 1754
Schumacher Fabric
Louis XVI — Neoclassic/Revolution/Directoire Periods(新古典/ 执政内阁时期)This neoclassic period is a return to simplicity and order in design. Brought on by the discovery of the ancient city of Pompeii, a return to the art and design of Greece and Rome was the basis of this style.
Marie Antoinette is credited with adopting the neoclassical style in furnishings and interiors in France. She was responsible for making small pieces of furniture that suited the furnishings of her apartment at Versailles. Did you know the town of Louisville, Kentucky, home of the Kentucky Derby, is named after Louis XVI ?
If you have not become a Francophile by now, hopefully you have gained some insight and appreciation of this lovely period of interior design. Please let me know how I can assist you in bringing some of this history and beauty into your home.
Louis XVI Chair
Louis XVI Trumeau
Neoclassic Table
Neoclassic Bergere from the White House。