On research proposal writing and defense论开题报告的写作

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Research Proposal 写作步骤

英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分先扔一些指导英语研究计划书写作的文章的链接.hk/researchers/rp/wrp/序言：写研究计划书的难处在哪里研究计划书的重要性暂不讨论。

个人认为本科生写研究计划书有这些问题：1. 几乎从未写过研究计划书，接触科研的机会也不多，也没有相关课程教怎么写。

不知如何下手。

2. 不知如何搜索英文文献、从英文文献中搜寻和提炼自己需要的信息。

3. 用英语写学术文章，在遣词造句、思维方式方面比较生疏。

STEP1 定研究题目的大方向选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。

注意：1. 研究的主题最好是当今国际上比较热的，至少别太过时；如果时间充裕，可以浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。

2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。

到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。

如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。

STEP2 找文献&阅读文献文献选择的几个标准1. 以英语文献为主。

参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。

在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，这样方便你了解相关研究背景。

以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。

2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊（若不知道，可以咨询相关专业的老师，他们比较清楚）上发的文章；3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。

6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。

关于research proposal

Guidelines on writing a research proposal(研究计划)by Matthew McGranaghanThis is a work in progress, intended to organize my thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. If you have any thoughts on the content, or even the notion of making this available to students, please share them with me.1、IntroductionThis is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding of both your project and of proposal writing.2、Proposal WritingProposal writing is important to your pursuit of a graduate degree. The proposal is, in effect, an intellectual scholastic (not legal) contract between you and your committee. It specifies what you will do, how you will do it, and how you will interpret the results. In specifying what will be done it also gives criteria for determining whether it is done. In approving the proposal, your committee gives their best judgment that the approach to the research is reasonable and likely to yield the anticipated results. They are implicitly agreeing that they will accept the result as adequate for the purpose of granting a degree. (Of course you will have to write the thesis in acceptable form, and you probably will discover things in the course of your research that were not anticipated but which should be addressed in your thesis, but the minimum core intellectual contribution of your thesis will be set by the proposal.) Both parties benefit from an agreed upon plan.写计划的目的是为了描述你将要做什么，为什么要做这个，你将怎么做，你预期的结果是什么The objective in writing a proposal is to describe what you will do, why it should be done, how you will do it and what you expect will result. Being clear about these things from the beginning will help you complete your thesis in a timely fashion. A vague, weak or fuzzy proposal can lead to a long, painful, and often unsuccessful thesis writing exercise. A clean, well thought-out, proposal forms the backbone forthe thesis itself. The structures are identical and through the miracle of word-processing, your proposal will probably become your thesis.A good thesis proposal hinges on a good idea. Once you have a good idea, you can draft the proposal in an evening. Getting a good idea hinges on familiarity with the topic. This assumes a longer preparatory period of reading, observation, discussion, and incubation. Read everything that you can in your area of interest. Figure out what are the important and missing parts of our understanding. Figure out how to build/discover those pieces. Live and breath the topic. Talk about it with anyone who is interested. Then just write the important parts as the proposal. Filling in the things that we do not know and that will help us know more: that is what research is all about.Proposals help you estimate the size of a project. Don't make the project too big. Our MA program statement used to say that a thesis is equivalent to a published paper in scope. These days, sixty double spaced pages, with figures, tables and bibliography, would be a long paper. Your proposal will be shorter, perhaps five pages and certainly no more than fifteen pages. (For perspective, the NSF limits the length of proposal narratives to 15 pages, even when the request might be for multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars.) The merit of the proposal counts, not the weight. Shoot for five pithy pages that indicate to a relatively well-informed audience that you know the topic and how its logic hangs together, rather than fifteen or twenty pages that indicate that you have read a lot of things but not yet boiled it down to a set of prioritized linked questions.3、Different Theses, Similar ProposalsThis guide includes an outline that looks like a “fill-in the blanks guide” and, while in the abstract all proposals are similar, each proposal will have its own particular variation on the basic theme. Each research project is different and each needs a specifically tailored proposal to bring it into focus. Different advisors, committees and agencies have different expectations and you should find out what these are as early as possible; ask your advisor for advice on this. Further, different types of thesis require slightly different proposals. What style of work is published in your sub-discipline?Characterizing theses is difficult. Some thesis are “straight science”. Some are essentially opinion pieces. Some are policy oriented. In the end, they may well all be interpretations of observations, and differentiated by the rules that constrain the interpretation. (Different advisors will have different preferences about the rules, the meta-discourse, in which we all work.)In the abstract all proposals are very similar. They need to show a reasonably informed reader why a particular topic is important to address and how you will do it. To that end, a proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already knownabout the topic and what new contribution your work will make. Specify the question that your research will answer, establish why it is a significant question, show how you are going to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we will learn. The proposal should situate the work in the literature, it should show why this is an (if not the most) important question to answer in the field, and convince your committee (the skeptical readers that they are) that your approach will in fact result in an answer to the question.指定你的研究将要回答一个什么问题，确定为什么这个问题是有意义的，列出你将如何解决这个问题，列出你要预期得到的结果。

PhD Research Proposal

Writing A PhD Research ProposalThe success of your PhD application largely depends on the quality of your thesis proposal.Writing a research proposal may seem like a daunting task when you are used to writing essays, reports and other short coursework pieces for your undergraduate degree.What should I include in my proposal?Overall your proposal needs to explain what exactly you want to research for three or four years, and the reasons why.However, you will also need to include other details, such as why your area of research is important, what gap(s) in the literature you hope to fill, and what broader relevance your ideas have to your chosen field.You will need to make your application stand out from the crowd with a well-written proposal, so they will be more likely to consider you for the place over someone else.The task of writing a proposal is very different from writing an essay. You need to think about the questions you want to answer through your research, rather than putting forward an argument.Consider how the data you will gather may lead you to a particular line of argument to answer your research questions.How should I structure my research proposal?This varies a great deal from institution to institution, and between different subjects. This means you need to find out in advance what the guidelines are for the departments you would be interested in studying at.For example, the faculty of English and Comparative Literary Studies at the University of Warwick require prospective PhD students to write a statement of research from 500 to 1000 words long, whereas the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford do not ask for a formal research proposal, just a statement of why their programmes are of interest to you and the particular areas of research that appeal to you most.However, the things you need to include in the proposal are usually very standard. These include: ∙ A clear statement of your research topic and hypotheses, plus any questions and sub-questions you wish to try and answer.∙How your research fits in with the existing key literatures, including an awareness of current developments in the field.∙How you aim to make an original and necessary contribution to the current literature and details of the gap you hope to fill with your own research.∙Explain why is it important that this gap is filled both in academic terms and in terms of general public knowledge.∙An outline of the methods you plan to us to answer the proposed questions in your research topic.∙An idea of the timescale involved, including the stages of your research.∙What resources you intend to use.You do not need to have full details of the methods you will use to answer your research questions but you need to demonstrate that you have already given some thought about how you will do things.The important thing is that you show the institution you are applying to that your project is feasible in the time period available - it's good to show ambition, but make sure you have thought about the methodological issues.If your proposal is too elaborate and not feasible within 3 or 4 years, your application is likely to be unsuccessful.If you are asked to submit quite a long proposal, make sure it is sub-headed so it is more readable for potential supervisors.Tips to help you start writing your research proposalAs it's pretty difficult to try and formulate some sort of proposal from scratch, we have a few tips to help you start putting it together.First of all, think about your main research question, and how it could be broken down into a chain of manageable chunks that are all connected.Drawing a flowchart or spider diagram may help you with this initial step.Since your proposal is likely to go through a significant number of drafts, it’s best to g ive yourself as much time as possible to write it.Obviously, if you start only a week or 2 from the application deadline, it's unlikely you will write something good enough to get accepted.From getting down your first ideas to completing your final draft can take up 2 or 3 months if you’ve done it to the best of your ability.Ask your tutors who taught you during your undergraduate degree to help you, as usually they are only too happy to encourage good students to pursue doctoral study.Taking a draft of your proposal to a tutor who will give you some constructive advice can help you develop your ideas and guide you with the structure and formatting.If you have any friends who are also looking to apply for a PhD, a few group sessions on looking at each o ther’s proposals and suggesting improvements could prove to be very useful.Talking to people who are currently studying for a PhD will also help, as they can explain about their experience of the application process and what they wrote for their research proposal.Hopefully they will provide you with some useful tips on how to make your application successful and general advice for getting together that final draft of your proposal.Try not to worry about your proposal as you continue to re-draft to it.Supervisors know that the course of your research will change as your studies progress, so don’t panic about what you write in the proposal will be exactly what you will do over the next 3 or 4 years.The most important thing is that you are able to demonstrate a well thought out idea and evaluate how you will contribute to the current knowledge and literature.You need to make sure you are able to show this first time in your proposal, as there are no second chances to prove you are good enough to study at a particular institution.。

research proposal写作指南——phd必备

RESEARCH PROPOSAL GUIDELINESA research proposal is a required document as part of an application for admission to a postgraduate research degree at the University of Sydney. It is necessary to prepare a proposal that clearly summarises your proposed research project.The proposal should be prepared by you and reviewed by your supervisor(s) before submission with your application for admission. If you are admitted, this initial research proposal will be used as a basis for preparation of your final research program in your first year of candidature.Below are the guidelines to help you prepare your initial research proposal for admission. Requirements of faculties may vary so please contact your supervisor(s) or the relevant Postgraduate Research Coordinator for more information.CONTENT DESCRIPTIONMINIMUM – MAXIMIMLENGTHUp to 2000 words.PROJECT TITLE Working title for the project.SUPERVISOR NAME(S) Names of supervisor(s).PROPOSED MODE OF RESEARCH Describe your mode of research. For example, creative work, laboratory/field research, clinical investigations, archive/library study.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES What are the overall aims of the work? What objectives are necessary tomeet the aims?SYNOPSIS Briefly describe the key aspects of what you will be investigating. BACKGROUND Brief review of literature in the area of interest. Describe what research lays thegroundwork for your topic.EXPECTED RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION Why is the topic/creative work important? Describe how the research may be novel and its impact on the discipline.THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Approach or methodology to be used in the research, the materials/equipment you intend to use, your space/laboratory/studio requirements.WORK PLAN An initial plan for completion with annual milestones (eg. over 3 years). RESOURCES Provide details of major resources required for you to carry out yourresearch project. What significant resources are required for the successof your proposed project? (eg. travel, equipment).REFERENCES A short bibliography of the cited literature.。

研究生议论文万能英语作文

研究生议论文万能英语作文In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on postgraduate education worldwide. Many students choose to pursue a master's or doctoral degree to gain a competitive edge in the job market or to deepen their knowledge in a specific field. In this essay, I will delve into the benefits of postgraduate education, its significance in today's society, and the challenges faced by postgraduate students.One of the primary advantages of pursuing postgraduate education is the opportunity for specialized knowledge and skills acquisition. Through in-depth research, coursework, and mentorship, students can gain a deeper understanding of their field of study. This advanced knowledge allows them to excel in their respective careers and contribute effectively to their industries.Another significant benefit is the development of critical thinking and analytical skills. Postgraduate education encourages students to think critically, assess evidence, and make informed decisions. This training equips graduates with the ability to solve complex problems and make impactful contributions to their fields. Furthermore, postgraduate education fosters collaboration and networking. Students have the opportunity to work closely with experts in their field, collaborate on research projects, and participate in academic conferences. These interactions often lead to valuable connections, mentorship opportunities, and potential career prospects.In today's society, postgraduate education plays a crucial role in promoting innovation and advancing knowledge. As technologyand industries rapidly evolve, there is an increasing demand for individuals who can conduct rigorous research, develop groundbreaking ideas, and apply them to practical solutions. Postgraduate education cultivates these capabilities and drives progress in various fields.However, pursuing postgraduate education also comes with challenges. One common obstacle is the financial burden. Graduate programs often come with high tuition fees, and students may face difficulties securing scholarships or financial aid. This can deter individuals from pursuing advanced degrees or impose significant financial stress on them.Another challenge is the demanding nature of postgraduate education. The rigorous coursework, research requirements, and tight deadlines can be overwhelming for students. They often have to balance their academic responsibilities with personal commitments, leading to feelings of stress and burnout.Additionally, the job market for postgraduates can be highly competitive. With the increasing number of individuals pursuing advanced degrees, securing desirable job positions can be challenging. Students must focus on building a strong research profile, networking, and acquiring practical experience to stand out in the competitive job market.In conclusion, postgraduate education offers numerous benefits, including specialized knowledge acquisition, critical thinking development, and networking opportunities. It plays a critical role in advancing knowledge and promoting innovation in today'ssociety. However, postgraduate education also presents challenges, such as financial constraints and intense academic demands. Despite these challenges, the pursuit of advanced degrees remains a valuable endeavor for those seeking to excel in their respective fields.。

英文research proposal 标题

英文research proposal 标题The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of HealthcareArtificial intelligence (AI) has been revolutionizing various industries, and the healthcare sector is no exception. As the world grapples with an aging population, rising healthcare costs, and the need for more efficient and personalized care, AI has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. This research proposal aims to explore the potential impact of AI on the future of healthcare, focusing on its applications, the benefits it can offer, and the ethical considerations that must be addressed.The rapid advancements in AI, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, have already begun to transform the healthcare landscape. AI-powered technologies can assist healthcare professionals in various tasks, from disease diagnosis and drug development to patient monitoring and decision-making support. By leveraging large datasets, AI algorithms can identify patterns, detect anomalies, and make predictions with a level of accuracy and speed that surpasses human capabilities.One of the key areas where AI is expected to have a significant impact is in disease diagnosis and treatment. AI-based systems can analyze medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, with greater precision and speed than human experts, leading to earlier detection of diseases and more accurate diagnoses. This can lead to more timely interventions, improved patient outcomes, and reduced healthcare costs. Moreover, AI can assist in the development of personalized treatment plans by analyzing an individual's genetic and medical data to tailor therapies to their specific needs.Another promising application of AI in healthcare is in the field of drug discovery and development. The process of developing new drugs is costly, time-consuming, and often has a high failure rate. AI-powered tools can accelerate this process by identifying promising drug candidates, streamlining clinical trials, and predicting drug interactions and side effects. This can lead to the development of more effective and safer medications, ultimately improving patient care and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.Furthermore, AI can play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs by enhancing patient monitoring and care coordination. AI-powered wearable devices and remote monitoring systems can continuously gather and analyze patient data, alerting healthcare providers to potential health issuesor medication non-compliance. This can enable early intervention, prevent complications, and reduce hospital readmissions, leading to better patient outcomes and more efficient utilization of healthcare resources.While the potential benefits of AI in healthcare are significant, it is essential to address the ethical considerations and challenges that arise with the implementation of this technology. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for transparency and accountability in AI-based decision-making must be carefully navigated. Researchers and healthcare providers must work collaboratively to ensure that the development and deployment of AI technologies in healthcare are aligned with ethical principles and respect the rights and well-being of patients.Additionally, the integration of AI into healthcare will have implications for the workforce, as certain tasks and roles may be automated or transformed. It is crucial to consider the impact on healthcare professionals, such as radiologists, pathologists, and nurses, and develop strategies to retrain and upskill the workforce to adapt to the changing landscape.In conclusion, the impact of AI on the future of healthcare is poised to be profound. By leveraging the power of AI, the healthcare sector can improve disease diagnosis, accelerate drug discovery, enhancepatient monitoring and care coordination, and ultimately deliver more personalized and effective healthcare solutions. However, the successful integration of AI into healthcare will require a multifaceted approach that addresses the technical, ethical, and workforce-related challenges. This research proposal aims to contribute to the understanding of the impact of AI on healthcare and provide insights that can guide the responsible and effective implementation of this transformative technology.。

writing a research proposal 10,11

?gapfillingthesis4generaltypesofresearchquestions住在中西部乡村社区的墨西哥移民在面对文化调适能力时采用了何种适应历程
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Content

I Introduction: what is a proposal
③ difference questions ：study the difference between different groups and the change of one subjects.
住在中西部乡村社区与住在西南部城市的摩西哥移民其文化调适能力是否有差异？
5) Some suggested standards
Doctoral theses

A doctor thesis has greater breath depth and intention than a master‘s thesis. A distinct contribution to knowledge, as shown by the topic under investigation, the methodology employed, the discovery of new facts, or interpretation of the findings.
III Suggested process for developing a proposal
1 Choosing a topic
• draw up a shortlist of topics • select a topic for investigation
2 Formulating research questions

Research Proposal经典建议

Research Proposal MeansMost students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.大多数学生和早期研究者并不完全清楚一个研究计划意味着,他们也不明白它的重要性。

坦率地说,一个人的研究只是作为一个良好的提议之一。

一个考虑不周的提案注定了整个项目,即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。

一个高质量的提案,另一方面,不仅确保了研究项目的成功,但也打动你的论文委员会你作为一个研究者的潜力。

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.一个研究计划的目的是说服别人,你有一个有价值的研究项目,并且有能力和工作计划完成它。

Writing a Research Proposal

Writing a Research Proposal1. IntroductionA research proposal is a document that helps your school or department to decide whether or not to approve and support your research project. It is often developed in collaboration with a supervisor. Writing a proposal helps you to:reflect on the proje ct and predict any difficulties that might arise,think about what can be realistically achieved in a particular timeframe,focus the research once it is started although unforeseen challenges and findings may mean you deviate from the original as the research progresses, andform Chapter One of your research report but remember to change the tense.2. Guidelines for the writing processa. Identify an area of researchThink of an area of interest or a problem you encountered during your study or work that you feel will engage you throughout the research.Research the literatureSearch the literature to see what has been written about your topic and how it has been researched in the past. Look for gaps in the research or areas where the research has been limited and where there are still some areas of debate. You may find areas where no research has been reported or where existing research has only targeted one group of people and ignored a significant area of the population. Also, consider what theories bear on the research to date.Develop research questionsAvoid questions that you already know the answer to or ones that are trivial. Your proposal also needs to show that there will be some positive outcomes from the research and that your issue is worthy of study. Some questions that can help you in thinking about the rationale for the research are is the issue:Topical and does it currently impact on people and/or scholars? ;Important and does it impact on many people and/or th ings? ;Serious and what are the implications for people or things affected by it?Emerging and relatively unstudied?Perennial but your project will explore it in a new way that could open up further research opportunities and have policy implications?© Student Learning Support, The University of Waikato. For educational use only.Evaluate alternative research methodsConsider the alternative methods of obtaining an answer to the research question(s) by considering their ‘fit’ with the purpose of the research and the type of data you wish to collect and analyse.Other aspectsIdentify any ethical obligations to any human or animal participants and consider how you will fulfil these during the course of the project. Also, develop time frames for the research and identify resources that may be needed.3. Writing the proposalObtain university guidelines on preparing a research proposal as the format, content and length of the proposal will differ depending on the purpose and type of research, the particular discipline and the topic. However, the following elements are usually included:A working title.An intr o duction that includes a succinct overview of the research topic, how your interest developed and a clear statement about the research focus.A brief literature review that includes research to date and any identified gaps in the research.The theore tical and research traditions related to the issue; including, how it has been researched before (epistemological and ontological issues).Justification or rationale for the research and its significanceDetails of what data will be collected and the methodology to be usedInformation on how the data is going to be analysed and interpreted.The limitations of the research findings and time constraints.An outline of the ethical considerations and how you will fulfil them.A list of resourc es that you will need for the project and maybe a budgetA realistic timeline showing the stages and completion date for the projectA list of references cited in the proposal to show range of your reading.4. Tips and StrategiesDeveloping a proposal may take as long as three to four months for a one year project and longer if you are working for a Masters dissertation or Doctorate. As a way of ensuring that you will have the required background and skills to enjoy your research project focus your coursework towards your research interests. When thinking about your topic consider who would be the most suitable supervisor because their knowledge and expertise can help in the process of refining your topic. They may also be able to suggest projects that might interest you and useful resources to inform your work。

英语学术写作_Unit 5 Writing a Research Proposal_

The Effects of Smoking on Teen Pregnancy The Impact of Marketing Communication on Brand Equity Brand Advertising: An Empirical Research The Impact of Rewards and Benefits on Employee’s Motivation
1 Seven steps 2 Writing style
2
1. Seven steps for writing a research proposal
Step (1): Choose a Title for Your Paper
The title must be concise and to the point. e.g.,
Academic Writing in English
5.1 Introduction to Research Proposal
Objectives
In this section, students are expected to understand: 1 the definition of research proposal 2 the purpose of writing a research proposal 3 types of research proposal
5
Step (3): Write the Introduction
a brief research background reasons behind choosing the research topic its significance in the field a short description of major issues the paper will be addressing

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。

无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。

这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或工作经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。

Statement of purpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。

整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。

Research proposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。

通常research proposal会比statementof purpose长。

依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。

至于research proposal要写得多详细?有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。

最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。

你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。

教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。

Research proposal通常还会包含一个 literature review，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。

那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里?如果是你比较top priority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。

Research Proposal 的模板、写作建议以及样本计算机

Research ProposalN.MavaddatDepartment of Computer Science and Software EngineeringThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley,W.A.6009navid@.auApril2002A.Proposed Study1.TitleAutomatic Determination of Vanishing Points and Geometric Cues for Single View Rectiﬁcation and Metrology.2.ContributionFrom a single two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object or scene it is possible to extract substantial information about the original object or even partially reconstruct the image of the object from a diﬀerent viewing angle.[4]This has many applications in theﬁelds of architecture, archaeology,forensic science and many others.This analysis can provide,in the case of metrology, measurement of the original scene,and in the case of rectiﬁcation,the necessary information to construct a virtual model of the scene.A critical part of the analysis process is to accurately identify attributes of interest.One such attribute of interest are the‘vanishing points’of a scene.These are deﬁned as points at which the extensions of parallel lines appear to converge in the perspective view of the image. In practice the detection of the vanishing points is made by visual inspection of the image and is both cumbersome and not very accurate.An automatic method of the vanishing point detection would eliminate the subjective inspection of the image and expedite the process.In my Honours project I was able to advance a method for automatic detection of the vanish-ing points through the combination of image analysis techniques and projective geometry.The method was successfully applied to the detection of the vanishing points for several images and reconstruction of images from diﬀerent perspectives.However,the above method can only be readily implemented when there are suﬃcient straight lines in the image that can be detected by computational methods and their convergence point determined.In general the two-dimensional images may contain none or a very few straight lines.Hence the proposed method has to be much improved and augmented to be a useful tool for practical applications.The attributes of interest are not conﬁned to vanishing points.Other attributes such a horizon lines are also useful for single view image analysis.These attributes have yet to be explored and their detection processes automated.Further work includes the development of prototypes for proposed applications of single view metrology and rectiﬁcation.In addition to vanishing points,other geometrical cues can greatly assist the accuracy and feasi-bility of single view metrology.These geometrical cues include determination of right angles andcircles in a scene.B.Research Plan1.Time Estimates for CompletionDate Activity05/2002Literature review and research proposal.08/2002Comparison of current vanishing point detectors with respect to eﬃciency and accuracy 10/2002Extension of existing techniques beyond straight lines to include horizon detection11/2002Investigation of detection of known angles.02/2003Investigation of detection of known curve shapes.05/2003Analysis of textures.01/2004Error analysis of techniques investigated04/2004Thesis Outline.05/2004Thesis Composition.10/2004Thesis Review.11/2004Final Submission.2.Project Aims•Replicate process of single view rectiﬁcation and metrology without the need of camera calibration.•Improve view reconstruction by the analysis of geometric cues.•Compare accuracy and eﬃciency of vanishing point detection algorithms.•Investigate the accuracy of geometric feature detection with relation to human interaction in the decision making scheme.•Investigate the signiﬁcance of less commonly used geometric feature in the process of image rectiﬁcation.3.Existing Approaches3.1.Manual Vanishing Point DetectionManual vanishing point detection involves visually isolating pairs of lines image that are knownto parallel in the scene,and interpolating their crossing points.These crossing points deﬁne the vanishing points.An image of a three dimensional scene has a vertical vanishing point and each plane with a horizontal component deﬁnes a vanishing point,which will lie on the horizon line. Lines that are known to be parallel in the scene and that are also parallel in2d image of the scene have vanishing points that lie inﬁnitely far away.Only the direction of these vanishing points can be computed.This approach requires manual input and therefore its accuracy is dependant on the accuracyof the measurement of parallel lines.Vanishing points are often far oﬀthe image and hence a slight inaccuracy in the measurement of a line will result in a larger error in the position of the calculated vanishing point.3.2.Vanishing Point Detection using Hough TransformWhen lines that are parallel in world coordinates are mapped through a projective transform to an image plane,they will no longer be parallel unless the vanishing point is at inﬁnity.These line will in fact cross and this crossing point deﬁnes the vanishing point.The Hough Transform is a widely used algorithm for determining lines and other geometrical primitives in computer vision.For the purposes of vanishing point detection,the Hough Transform is optimised in order to detect lines that would be parallel in the world coordinates of a scene. Using these parallel lines,the vanishing point of the image can be calculated[22]3.3.Gaussian SphereMany vanishing point detection algorithms required the searching of many possible vanishing point candidates.Vanishing points and other possible points of interest often lie far outside the image area.To search through these the traditional way is a time consuming and cumbersome task as it is important to test each candidate relative to the others.This means that the space to be searched is not bounded.The time taken to evaluate each vanishing point candidate increases exponentially for each addition candidate,as it has to be tested against every other candidate. For this reason it is desirable to try to transform the candidates into a bounded search area.One method for making the search space bounded is using the Gaussian sphere.The Gaussian sphere is basically a unit sphere.The lines of interest are projected on it forming circles on its surface. The intersection of the diﬀerent circles are analogous to the intersection of lines.In this manner vanishing points can be determined in a bounded space and then transformed back to the image coordinates.This method introduces complexity in the calculation of intersection point,as now the intersection of circles needs to calculated instead of simply lines.[13,25,16]3.4.Project GeometryEuclidean geometry is a special case of perspective geometry.Projective geometry deals with the geometry of the perspective projection.Projective geometry is a mathematical tool with numerous properties.There are four main prop-erties that facilitateﬁnding vanishing points.[1]1.The cross product of two points in homogeneous coordinates results in a representation ofthe line they lie on.2.The cross product of two lines results in the point of intersection.3.Perspective,aspect ratio and sheer transformations do not cause the loss of dimensional dataas is the case in Euclidean geometry.4.Points and lines at inﬁnity can be described and manipulated.These properties simplify the calculation of intersection points as they only require a simple cross product,and the result is kept intact even if at inﬁnity.4.Research Method4.1.Types of Geometric CuesThe aim of geometric cue detection is to isolate features of the image that can be used to decipher the type of projective distortion it has gone through.I have identiﬁedﬁve main classiﬁcations of geometrical cues that are relevant to view reconstruction and metrology.Vanishing Points Vanishing points are primary geometrical cue used to determine projective distortion.Horizon Line Horizon lines are deﬁned as the line formed by the vanishing points of all the planes that have a horizontal components.As well as being useful geometric cues,the horizon line can also assist in the error analysis of the vanishing points.Known-Angles If an image has a feature which forms a known angle then it is possible to determine the projection transformation it has undergone.This analysis is particularly well suited to images of architectural environments,with right angles being the most common angles to be used as cues.Simple Shapes These include triangles,quadrilaterals and simple curves and spheres. Textures Textures and repeating patterns that form surfaces can encode information about the perspective transformation they have undergone by how they have been distorted.4.2.Devising detection algorithmsThe aim of my investigation is to compare the eﬃciency of geometric cue detection schemes and more importantly the accuracy of these schemes.There has been a vast increase in computational power since this research in to automating the detection of vanishing points began.There are two main outcomes as a result of this.Firstly,new applications of view reconstruction and metrology that are now viable can be improved with accurate and robust vanishing point detection.Secondly, new methods of detection that require the processing of textures,for example can now been carried out within a useful period of time.4.3.Testing and analysis using generated control images.The accuracy of the geometric cue detection algorithms will be testing using artiﬁcially generated images.These images will be generated such that the position and nature of the cues are known and‘noise’in the image is controlled.This phase of testing will determine the usefulness of the detection algorithm proposed.4.4.Analysis of results using‘real world’images.After the algorithm has been validated using generated images,the real world applicability needs to be determined.Theﬁrst step would require testing of the algorithm with images of simple scenes where attributes of the cues can be manually determined.4.5.Applicability of detection techniques to view reconstruction and metrology The main use of geometric cues is in view reconstruction and metrology.It is important to determine the relative usefulness of the diﬀerent cue detection techniques.I plan to investigate the signiﬁcance of the diﬀerent geometrical cues,such that more eﬀort can be put into the accurate detection of cues so that errors in detection are not ampliﬁed when applied to practical situations.5.Duplicated WorkBoth my supervisor and I have conducted thorough searches of online indices and produced a comprehensive literature review.No material was found that duplicated this project.C.ScholarsDavid Liebowitz(dl@)Department of Engineering Science,University of OxfordOxford OX13PJ,UKAntonio Criminisi(antcrim@)Microsoft ResearchRedmond,WA98052-6399,USAAndrew Zisserman(az@)Department of Engineering Science,University of OxfordOxford OX13PJ,UKRichard Hartley(hartley@.au)Department of Systems Engineering,The Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT0200Frank A.van den Heuvel(F.A.vandenHeuval@geo.tudelft.nl)Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences,Delft University of Technology2629J Delft,The NetherlandsD.BibliographyReferences[1]S.Birchﬁeld.An introduction to projective geometry.Unpublished.Avail-able:/˜birch/projective/,1998.[2]B.Brillault-O’Mahoney.New method for vanishing point puter Vision,Graph-ics,and Image Processing.Image Understanding,54(2):289–300,September1991.[3]A Criminisi,I.Reid,and A Zisserman.A plane measuring device.Image and Vision Com-puting,17(8):625–634,1999.[4]A.Criminisi,I.Reid,and A.Zisserman.Single view metrology.In Proc.7th InternationalConference on Computer Vision,Kerkyra,Greece,pages434–442,September1999.[5]A.Criminisi,A.Zisserman,L.Van Gool,Bramble S.,and pton.A new approachto obtain height measurements from video.In Proc.of SPIE,Boston,Massachussets,USA, volume3576,1-6November1998.[6]A.Criminisi.Accurate Visual Metrology from Single and Multiple Uncalibrated Images.PhDthesis,University of Oxford,Dept.Engineering Science,December1999.D.Phil.thesis. [7]A.Dick,P.Torr,and R.Cipolla.Automatic3d modelling of architecture.Proc.11th BritishMachine Vision Conference(BMVC’00)Bristol,pages372–381,September2000.[8]O.Faugeras.Three-Dimensional Computer Vision.The MIT Press,1993.[9]I.Faux and putational Geometry for Design and Manufacture.Ellis HorwardLimited,1979.[10]R.Gonzalez and P.Wintz.Digital Image Processing.Addison Wesley,1987.[11]Visual Geometry Group.Visual geometry group web page./˜v gg.[12]P.D.Kovesi.Invariant Measures of Image Features From Phase Information.PhD thesis,The University of Western Australia,May1996.[13]J.C.H.Leung and G.F.McLean.Vanishing point matching.International Conference onImage Processing,1996.Proceedings.,pages305–308,1996.[14]D.Liebowitz,A.Criminisi,and A.Zisserman.Creating architectural models from images.In Proc.EuroGraphics,volume18,pages39–50,September1999.[15]D.Liebowitz and A.Zisserman.Metric rectiﬁcation for perspective images of planes.In Proc.IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,pages482–488,June1998.[16]E.Lutton,H.Maitre,and J.Lopez-Krahe.Contribution to the determination of vanish-ing points using hough transform.In IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,volume16,pages430–438,1994.[17]M.J.Magee and J.K.Aggarwal.Determining vanishing points from perspective images.Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image Processing,26(2):256–267,May1984.[18]puter Vision IT412Lecture Notes,chapter1.University of Western Australia,1999.[19]C.Rother.A new approach for vanishing point detection in architectural environments.Pro-ceedings of the11th British Machine Vision Conference(BMVC’00),1:382–391,September 2000.[20]J.A.Shufelt.Performance evaluation and analysisof vanishing point detection techniques.In ARPA Image Understanding Workshop,pages1113–1132.Morgan Kaufmann Publish-ers,Palm Springs,1996.[21]M.Straforini,C.Coelho,and M Campani.Extraction of vanishing points from images ofindoor and outdoor scenes.In Image and Vision Computing,volume11(2),pages91–99, 1993.[22]T.Tuytelaars,M.Proesmans,and L.Van Gool.The cascaded hough transform.InternationalConference on Image Processing,1997.Proceedings,.[23]C.Tyler.The rules of perspective./CWTyler lab/CWTyler/PrePublications/ECVP1999/PerspectiveRules.html,1999.[24]Art Deparment University of Idaho.Introduction to perspective.Available at:/drawing/111/lectures/lecture04.html.[25]F.A.van den Heuvel.Vanishing point detection for architectural photogrammetry.In Inter-national Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Vol.XXXII part5,pages652–659, 1998.[26]G.Q.Wei and Z.Y.He.Determining vanishing point and camera parameter:New ap-proaches.In Ninth International Conference on Pattern Recognition(Rome,Italy,November 14–17,1988),pages450–452,Washington,DC,puter Society Press.E.Facilities1.SupervisionProfessor Robyn Owens and Dr Peter Kovesi are available to supervise this research project. 2.Special EquipmentThis project will require a computer terminal with a consumer-level3D graphics hardware.I currently have access to a computer terminal and have gained approval to purchase the necessary graphics hardware.3.Special TechniquesNo special techniques are required for this project.4.Special LiteratureNo special literature is required for this project.5.Statistical AdviceNo statistical advice is required for this project.F.Estimated CostsNo costs other than those normally borne by the Department are anticipated.G.Conﬁdentiality and Intellectual PropertyI intend to make the products of this research(source code etc.)freely available to the academic community.H.ApprovalsNo ethical or medical approvals are required for this project.。

Research paper proposal

Name:Course:Section number:I choose the energy problem as my topic. As the world economy growing, the world energy consumption increases correspondingly, while the energy in the world is very limited, therefore, it could not meet the need of social development. I think we can find many solutions to deal with this problem, and the government also did a lot of effort, such as the American government which put forward some measures and new products to increase energy efficiency. However, for those countries having relatively lesser energy reserves, the situation seems to be worse, because the storage of energy stands for the international status and the national competitiveness. Without enough energy, they have to import the energy from other countries which will bring huge economic burden to them. And at the same time, it will bring a lot of inconvenience to people’s life. The people in those countries have to pay more to get the energy and to save energy, they maybe get limited when using the public facility such as the transportation. Choosing the energy problem as my topic, I want to appeal people to pay more attention on this problem in the reason that it relates to the benefits of every person on the earth. And the energy is one of basic elements in our life, we can not live without them. There are also many other problems accompanying with the energy problem. Because the distribution of energy is very unbalanced, although in some places the reserve of energy is very rich, it puts a high demand for the transportation. To solve this problem, we still need to turn to acknowledge and technology and do alot of study and effort. As the global citizen, everyone should do their own contribution to the world. Even a little effort, it will bring huge change to the world.。

researchproposal

Research ProposalAbstractThis research proposal aims to investigate the effects of using virtual reality (VR) in education. Through this research, we aim to understand the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing VR technology in the traditional classroom setting. The study will explore the impact of VR on student engagement, knowledge retention, and overall learning outcomes. By examining the current literature, conducting surveys, and analyzing qualitative data, this research seeks to provide insights into the effectiveness of VR in enhancing the educational experience.IntroductionWith advancements in technology, virtual reality is becoming increasingly accessible and affordable. This immersive technology has the potential to revolutionize education by providing interactive and engaging experiences for students. By transporting students to virtual environments, VR has the ability to enhance their understanding of complex concepts, improve critical thinking skills, and foster creativity.However, before integrating VR into mainstream education, it is crucial to conduct research on its effectiveness and potential drawbacks. This research proposal outlines a systematic approach to investigate the impact of VR in education.Research ObjectivesThe primary objectives of this research proposal are as follows:1.To examine the benefits of using VR in the classroomenvironment.2.To evaluate the impact of VR on student engagementand motivation.3.To assess the effectiveness of VR in increasingknowledge retention.4.To identify potential challenges and limitationswhen implementing VR in education.5.To provide recommendations for integrating VR intothe traditional classroom environment.MethodologyThis research proposal will employ a mixed methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.Literature ReviewTo establish a theoretical framework and understand the current state of research on VR in education, a comprehensive literature review will be conducted. This review will cover studies published in academic journals, conference proceedings, and relevant books. It will explore the advantages,limitations, and best practices of integrating VR into educational settings.SurveysTo gather quantitative data, surveys will be administered to teachers and students who have experienced VR in the classroom. The surveys will focus on assessing the perceived benefits, challenges, and overall satisfaction with using VR. Questions will also be included to measure student engagement, knowledge retention, and motivation levels.InterviewsIn addition to surveys, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with teachers and students to gather qualitative data. These interviews will provide more in-depth insights into the challenges and advantages associated with implementing VR in the classroom. Participants will be asked about their experiences, perceived impact on learning outcomes, and any suggestions they may have for improving VR integration.Data AnalysisThe collected data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for the qualitative data. The findings will be synthesized, and common themes and patterns will be identified.Expected OutcomesBy conducting this research, we anticipate the following outcomes:1. A better understanding of the benefits andlimitations of using VR in education.2.Insights into the impact of VR on studentengagement, motivation, and knowledge retention.3.Identification of potential challenges andrecommendations for integrating VR into the traditionalclassroom environment.4. A comprehensive report summarizing the researchfindings and recommendations for future implementation and research.ConclusionImplementing virtual reality in education has the potential to transform the way students learn and engage with content. This research proposal outlines a systematic approach to investigate the impact of VR in education. By collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, this research aims to identify the benefits, limitations, and best practices associated with VR integration. The findings of this study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the use of VR in education and provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers.。

research proposal 范文

research proposal 范文Today's technology and the advancement of modern medicine offers us many possibilities, and I am proposing research into using stem cell therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases. My research is important because neurodegeneration can be a serious illness and lead to a decline of intellectual health and loss of cognitive and physical abilities.This research will seek to study the safety, efficacy and applicability of stem cell therapy in neurodegeneration patients. It is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to understand how stem cells interact with the existing neurodegenerative environment. The objective of this research is to further explore the potential of stem cell therapy as a treatment for neurodegeneration.I plan to use a variety of methods to conduct the research. These methods will include scientific literature reviews and data analysis to gain a better understanding of the current state of stem cell therapy as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, I will recruit participants living with neurodegenerative diseases to undergo stem cell therapy treatments and evaluate them afterward. Further exploration of the efficacy of stem cell therapy in clinical trials and the analysis of long-term outcomes will be necessary components of the research.The research I am proposing is an important step in understanding the potential of stem cell therapy in treatingneurodegenerative diseases. By understanding the potential of stem cell therapy this research will help to progress treatments of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.。

Research Proposal writing‘(开题报告)’

Example
• Although some items on the questionnaire seem to be useful, Huang and Van Naerssen assessed student strategies for oral communication by correlating them with other learning strategies unrelated to oral communication. It could be argued that they should have focused only on speaking and listening skills in order to evaluate the signiﬁcance of strategy use for communication on learner progress.
Example
• Vandergrift (1996) used a structured interview to identify the types and number of the distinct strategy use of high school Core French students at different course levels. Learners reported using during different types of listening tasks.
scheduleandoutlineofthewritingresearchproposalforempiricalslatopicarearesearchquestionsignificancetoknowledgeliteraturereviewpreviousresearchyourpreliminaryworkonthetopictheremainingquestionsrepriseofyourresearchquestionsinthiscontextmethodologyapproachdataneedsanalytictechniquesplanforinterpretingresultsresultsdiscussionandconclusionsbibliography?????????????????introductiontitle?bedescriptiveoffocusconciseeyecatchingandpreferablyusekeywordsrelevanttopreviousstudiesbackgroundandneedforthestudy?mayincludeverybriefhistoricalculturalsocialororganizationalinformationaboutthecontextoftheresearch

学术英语写作Unit 7 Research Proposal

Your Role
The research is (hopefully) your own. You have to display your knowledge and points of view to be taken seriously. First and foremost, you must be extremely familiar with what you are setting out to do (hence the research proposal). When you quote sources and references, use the information to propel your points of view rather than those of the sources.
Once developed, the research proposal serves as a plan for conducting the research.
Purpose of a research proposal
Research proposals serve a number of purposes. Among them:
➢ They convince others that your research is worth undertaking.
data, materials 6. Expected outcomes (if any)
The purpose of the research (1)
There are many reasons for doing a researchbased program. Research is, after all, finding out something you don't know. One could write a thesis to review and explain collated（核对的） factual data. One could also conduct analytical research to study a particular subject in depth. One could discuss, debate and/or argue a certain topic, or come out with a new hypothesis/theory. On the other hand, one could also try persuading others to believe in what s/he is proposing.

How to write a research proposal

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.Title:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .”could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.Abstract:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.Introduction:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a veryfocused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot”area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players”and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)Literature Review:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)Methods:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze yourdata. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?Results:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.Discussion:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map”without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.下面是来自其他一些学术从业者关于如何写proposal的意见：* Writing Research Proposals, Drew University On-line resources for writers.* Guide to Writing a Research Proposal, University of Technology, Sydney. (A research proposal is required for admission to the program.)* Beginners Guide to the Research Proposal, University of Calgary Centre for Advancement of Health.* The Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Social Science Research Council Competitions, Adam Przeworski and Frank Salomon.* The Elements of a Proposal, Frank Pajares, Emory University.以及，关于如何写学位论文proposal的指导（Dissertation Proposal Writing and some strategies for completing the dissertation）* Dissertation Proposal Workshop, Institute of International Studies, UC-Berkeley.* Writing and Presenting your Thesis or Dissertation , .* Dissertation/Project Hints: Proposal Writing, Hazel Hall, School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK. * Writing Theses and Dissertations, Claremont Graduate University Writing Center.。

Research-Proposal资料

R e s e a r c h-P r o p o s a lResearch ProposalTitle of the ProjectInfluences from mother tongue upon writing among the Chinese English learnersSummaryA learner’s mother tongue that we also call one’s first language (L1) always has great impact on his or her second language (L2). Therefore, transfer is a common phenomenon foreign language learning. It results from the similarities and differences between a target language and any other language that has been previously acquired. The research in this thesis is undertaken to explore the relation between the native language transfer and the English writings by Chinese students. This thesis lists manifestations of language transfer and put emphasis on making a contrastive study of the different character between Chinese and English while analyzing the various errors in Chinese students’ English writings caused by negative transfer of Chinese at the levels of lexis and syntax as well as Chinese expression. Finally, corresponding certain strategies are put up to help achieve the purpose of avoiding negative transfer and to promote target language acquisition and teaching as well.Overall Propose of the ProjectThis research attempts to investigate the main types of errors made by Chinese students in their English writing , then to explore the sources of the identified errors ,and finally to find out the interference of mother tongue transfer and the strategies to avoid negative transfer and to promote target language acquisition and teaching as well.Relevant Background LiteratureIt has been assumed that where there are differences between the L1and L2, the le arners’L1 knowledge would interfere with the L2, and where the L1 and L2 are similar, the L1 would actively aid L2 learning. The process that is held responsible for this is called language transfer (Rod Ellis, 1999).Earlier understanding and prediction of the L1-L2 relationship and its role in SLA are proposed largely in a behaviorist paradigm and are encapsulated most popularly and influentially in Fries’ and Robert Lado’s study (Fries1945, Lado1957). The behaviorist Bloomfield (1933) believes that errors occur primarily as a result of interference when the learner transfers native language habits into the second language. Wherever the structure of the target language differs from that of the mother tongue, acquisition of L2 will be more difficult and take longer because of the “newness” of the L2 structure, hence we can expect both difficulty in learning and error in performance, which is called negative transfer (Lado, 1957).Teachers are encouraged (e.g. by Brooks, 1960 and Lado, 1964) to focus teaching on the areas of difficulty created by negative transfer.Contrastive Analysis is a way of comparing languages(e.g. L1 and L2) in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation(Grass andSelinker ,2001).The gold of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn .However, not all errors are explicable by CA resulted in a disillusionment with contrastive analysis.In the early 1970s, the interlanguage notion was introduced into the research of Second Language Acquisition. According to Selinker (1972), interlanguage is a separate linguistic system resulted from the learner’s attempted production of target language It id used to refer to learner’s systematic knowledge about a language which is in dependent of both their first language and second language system they are trying to learn (Ellis ,1999). Interlanguage theory is closely associated with Error Analysis, (Ellis, 1994) a major claim of which is that made by L2 learners are caused by factor other than L1 interference. In the literature on erroranalysis, errors and mistakes are often differentiated. Corder associates errors with failures in competence and mistakes with failures in performance, making use of Chomsky’s distinction (1965). According to Chomsky (1965), competence consists of the mental representation of linguistic rules which constitute the speaker-hearer’s internalized grammar. Performance consists of the comprehension and production of language .Language acquisition studies are interested in how competence is developed. Much of the work in the field of Error Analysis is attributed to Corder, who, in 1967, first suggested that a better understanding of language learning would come from a more systematic investigation of learner’s errors Error Analysis examines the actual errors produced by the learner in the target language. It views both first and second language acquisitions as a process involving he active participation of the leaner. The approach of Error Analysis is the mind of the learner. In this approach, errors are seen as a natural phenomenon that occurs when learning the first or second language before correct language rules completely internalized.The procedure for Error Analysis is spelled out by Corder (1974).It consists of three steps that are recognition, description and explanation.The sources of errors are complicated .Interlingual errors and intralingual errors are the major two types. (Richard, 1971)).In this thesis, we will not only discuss the historical development of views on errors but also analyze the errors in the compositions of Chinese students in detail. Finally, some strategies to improve the Chinese students’ English will be given.Significance of the ProjectThis research can help English teachers in China get a further understanding of the errors made by Chinese students, and in the meanwhile, it enables both teachers and students to be more aware of the effect mother tongue transfer on the English writing of Chinese students, hence stimulate them to treat the errors properly and improve their English teaching and learning.Research Questions:1.What are the main types of errors in the Chinese students’ English writing and what are thesources of these errors?2.How does the mother tongue transfer interfere the Chinese students’ English writing?3. What should we do to avoid the negative transfer?Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction1.1Origin of the research1.2Objective of the research1.3Organization of the researchChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Behaviorist View and Contrastive Analysis2.2 Interlanguage and Error Analysis2.2.1Interlanguage2.2.2Error AnalysisChapter 3 Discussion and Analysis3.1 Transfer Errors in the Term of Lexicon3.1.1 Errors in Articles3.1.2 Errors in Prepositions3.1.3 Errors in Conjunctions3.1.4 Errors in Nouns3.1.5 Errors in Adjectives3.1.6 Summary3.2 Transfer Errors in Syntax3.2.1 Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement3.2.2 Errors in Tense3.3 Chinglish expression3.3.1 Chinglish at Pragmatic3.3.2 Chinglish at Lexicon Level3.3.3 Chinglish at Syntactic LevelChapter 4 Suggestions for Language Learning and Teaching in China4.1 U nderstanding Cross-Linguistic Differences between English and Chinese4.2 Thinking in China4.3 Avoid Negative Transfer4.3.1 Avoid Negative Transfer in V ocabulary4.3.2 Avoid Negative Transfer in GrammarChapter 5 Conclusion5.1 Major Findings5.2 Pedagogical StrategiesReferencesBloomfield(ed.),1933,nguage. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and WinstonBrooks N. (ed.), 1960, Language and language learning .New York: Harcourt Brace and World. Chomsky N.(ed.), 1965, .Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge ,Mass: MIT PressCorder S P. (ed.) ,1967, The significance of learners’errors in International Review of Applied LinguisticsCorder and Allen (eds.), 1974, Error analysisEllis R(ed.) , 1985, Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.Ellis R.(ed.) , 1999,The Study of Second Language Acquisition .Shangshai: Foreign Language Education Press.Fries C.(ed.) ,1945, Teaching and Learning English ad a Foreign Language. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Gass S.(ed.),1984 ,A review of interlanguage syntax :language transfer and language universals in Language LearningLado R.(ed.),1964, Language Teaching :A Significance Approach. New York: McGraw Hill. Selinker L.(ed.),1972,International Review of Applied Linguistics. New York: McGraw Hill俞理明，2004,《语言迁移与二语习得－回顾、反思和研究》。

怎样做开题报告英文

怎样做开题报告英文How to Write an Effective Research ProposalIntroduction:Writing a research proposal is an essential step in the academic journey, especially for those pursuing higher education. Whether you are a graduate student or an aspiring researcher, crafting a well-structured and persuasive research proposal is crucial to secure funding and gain approval for your study. This article aims to provide guidance on how to write an effective research proposal in English, focusing on the key components and strategies for success.1. Title and Abstract:The title of your research proposal should be concise, informative, and captivating. It should clearly convey the main focus of your study and grab the reader's attention. The abstract, on the other hand, should provide a brief overview of your research objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should be clear, concise, and engaging, enticing the reader to delve deeper into your proposal.2. Introduction:The introduction sets the stage for your research proposal. Start by providing background information on the topic, highlighting its significance, and identifying any existing gaps in knowledge or understanding. Clearly state your research problem or question, and explain why it is worth investigating. This section should also include a concise literature review, summarizing relevantstudies and theories that support your research objectives.3. Research Objectives and Questions:Clearly define your research objectives and questions. What do you aim to achieve with your study? Be specific and measurable in stating your objectives. Your research questions should align with your objectives and guide your investigation. They should be clear, concise, and answerable through your proposed research methodology.4. Methodology:Describe the research methodology you plan to employ in your study. Explain the type of research design, whether it is qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both. Detail the data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments, and justify their appropriateness for your research objectives. Provide a clear outline of your data analysis techniques and any ethical considerations that need to be addressed.5. Expected Outcomes and Significance:Discuss the potential outcomes of your research and their significance. How will your study contribute to the existing body of knowledge? Highlight the potential practical implications and benefits that can arise from your research findings. Emphasize the novelty and relevance of your study, and explain how it fills the identified gaps in the literature.6. Timeline and Resources:Provide a realistic timeline for your research, outlining the various stages andmilestones. This will demonstrate your ability to manage your time effectively and complete the study within a reasonable timeframe. Additionally, mention the resources you will require, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding. Be clear about the potential limitations or challenges you may encounter and how you plan to address them.7. Conclusion:Summarize the key points of your research proposal and restate its significance. Emphasize the potential impact of your study and the benefits it can bring to the academic community or the broader society. End with a compelling closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.Conclusion:Writing an effective research proposal requires careful planning, attention to detail, and a persuasive writing style. By following the guidelines outlined in this article, you can craft a compelling research proposal that stands out and increases your chances of success. Remember to revise and edit your proposal thoroughly, ensuring clarity, coherence, and adherence to the required format. Good luck with your research endeavors!。

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• 故，一份理想的开题报告，就是（或者已经是）论文终稿的前三章。换言之，当开题的时候，论文已经完成2/3了！
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题目的写作及其注意事项 •1、选题：合适原则及其3准则 •Principles are what regulate human behaviors or what bind us in practice or what we basically follow our pursuit of life. A working principle in topic-choosing is appropriateness, which exhibits 3 concrete features: currency, novelty, doability. 选题要合适得体，要求有时代性、创新性、可做性。
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4）通过开题报告的写作，学会管理时间，提升与学者交际的能力，学会建立和经营社会和人际关系。 5）通过开题报告，发现个体间的差异和因材施教、因材施导的意义，因而鼓励学生在学术上的竞争，通过竞争来激励学生奋发向上，快速成长。 6）学院今后会采取“成熟一个，开题一个”的办法，不搞一哄而起的计划性开题。同样，对开题后的论文，也采取“完成一个，答辩一个” 的办法，从根本上调动大家的积极性和自觉性。 7）开题和答辩公开化和学术报告化，以海报的形式公示，以学术演讲形式展开，给学生更多的学术锻炼和提升自己知名度的机会。
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可做性准则：Choose a topic that is within the interest as well as current ability or identity of the author. Choose a topic that is narrow enough for you to handle. Topics that demand resources, material or temporal, out of availability or away from the author’s role as a social being constitute difficulties. This reflects the doability aspect of consideration
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• “提要” = “摘要”（abstract）吗？功能相当，但概念不一。如果说，论文的写作是由许多步骤或阶段构成的过程的话，还处于计划阶段或者说在考虑开题报告的时候，对所研究的对象和内容的（预测性）提及或介绍，就是 “提要”；当处于计划实施完毕的时候，对所研究的对象和内容的（回顾性）提及或介绍，就叫做“摘要”。
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• In terms of length: ----the length consideration: usually a topic should be as concise, short and clear as possible. ----16 words
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开题报告答辩怎么写？
• • • • • • • 开题报告的组成部分：开题报告的内容一般包括： 1）题目 2）提要 3）立论依据 4）研究方案 5）条件分析
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创新性准则：Ride on a topic that is in line with the author’s professional knowledge or one that coincides with the author’s permanent academic interest. Topics aligned with the author’s concentration or expertise are easier for the author to relate and assert new visions from the perspective of theories or concepts familiar to the author. This dictates the originality aspect of consideration.
on Degree Paper Writing
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时代性准则：Mount on a topic that is of current interest. For publication purposes, write on a topic addressing the concerns of both a journal’s readers and publishers, i.e., the marketability aspect of consideration.
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Culture of “Synopsis” writing
• A neat statement of purpose. • Neatly spread out to committee members author’s research intent and rough roadmap to the said intent. • Include 4 elements: 1) openly indicate what the author (will) probe into;2) discuss why this is important or significant; 3) depicts how the author proceeds; 4) assures self and others some basic conditions to start with the project.
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2个检测工具
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• In terms of themes: mono-element topic, dyadic relation topic, triadic relation topic ----a topic of mono-relation (such as What is pragmatics? A linguistic perspective into the teacher’s language ) ----a topic of dyadic relation (such as topic Grammar and FL teaching, China’s entry into the WTO and its impact on FL teaching ) ---- a topic of triadic relation (such as Language, thought and culture, Language, culture and FL teaching)
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• 2、表述：概括原则及其3准则题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括，要求准确、规范、简洁。准确准则：准确地将自己拟好的题目意思表达出来，表作者的意图表达出来。把可能引起歧义的词统统移除。规范准则：根据业内规范，将所要研究的问题的深度和广度，性质和范围，实验处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等，认真概括；用词造句要科学，符合学术规范和行业语言惯例。简洁准则：一要用尽可能少的文字表达题目意思，二要对选择的词有所筛选，把不做贡献的词一一删去。
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3）正是由于这是一次有培养单位的教授们向学生指导的机会，老师们的集体意见，就是今后学生做论文的路线图和一份很严肃的学术合同，原则上不能再改动。一般情况下，改题、改方向必须重新开题。 4）开题报告通过后，论文写作的工作大致得了三分之一。正因为这样，导师和学生会为此而高兴，因为师生前期的合作已经在小范围内得到同行们的肯定。
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• 以上5项内容，将基本与论文终稿的以下部分对应： • 1）Title (题目及封面页) • 2）Chapter 1 Introduction (第一章引言) • 3）Chapter 2 Review of related literature (第二章文献述评) • 4）Chapter 3 Method of study (第三章研究方法) • 5）References (参考文献)
On research proposal writing and defense
论开题报告的写作与答辩
刘绍忠教育研究哲学/北卡大学语用学文学博士/广东外语外贸大学 2012年12月12日
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Lectures on Degree Paper Writing