第四章 建筑工程

第四章建筑工程Building Engineering
4.1 基本构件(basic member /component)
一、分类：
板(slab, plate , board )分为：单向板(single way slab) 双向板(two-way slab)
定义：平面尺寸较大而厚度较小的受弯构件，通常水平放置。

The construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a desk consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams in two directions topped with a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. 梁(beam, lintel)1、按截面形式分：矩形梁(rectangular beam )、T形梁、倒T 形梁、L形梁、Z形梁、槽形梁(channel beam )、箱形梁(box beam )、空腹梁(laced beam )、叠合梁(built-up beam , sandwich beam )等。

2、按支承方式分：简支梁(free beam , simple beam )连续梁(continuous beam )，悬臂梁(cantilever beam , overhanging beam )。

柱(post, column )定义：柱是工程结构中主要承受压力(compression, pressure )，有时也同时承受弯矩(bending moment )的竖向构件(vertical member /element ) 。

In post and lintel construction, a horizontal beam is placed across the
space between two supporting posts. In this type of construction, the post (or column) carries only a vertical weight, or load, and is therefore under compression, and the lintel (or beam) is bent by the loads acting transversely to its axis. Therefore, the post must have compressive strength, and the beam must have bending strength.
Modern building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete are used to advantage in post and lintel construction.
拱(arch )定义：为曲线结构，主要承受轴向压力(axial pressure)。

Arches consist of masonry blocks in the form of a curved line. Thus, the whole arch form remains stable as long as a force is applied at the base to keep it from spreading. This force is called a horizontal thrust.
4.2 单层与多层建筑(single layer/ one-course and multi-story
building /structure)
1 单层建筑：按使用目的可分为单层民用建筑(civil architecture )
和单层工业厂房(manufactured factory building )。

单层装配式钢筋混凝土(fabricated reinforced /steel/armoured
concrete)厂房。

轻钢结构(lightweight steel construction)别墅和厂房。

大跨度结构是指跨度大于60m的建筑。

它常用于展览馆
(exhibition building/hall)、体育馆(gymnasium, indoor stadium)、飞机机库(airplane hangar)等，其结构体系有很多种，如网架结构(grid structure) 、网壳结构(net-shell structure) 、悬索结构(suspension
structure)、悬吊结构(suspended structure) 、索膜结构
(cable-membrane/diaphragm structure) 、充气结构(pneumatic structure) 、薄壳结构(thin shell structure) 、应力蒙皮结构(stressed skin structure)：应力蒙皮结构一般是用金属薄板做成很多块各种板片单元焊接而成的空间结构。

考虑结构构件的空间整体作用时，利用蒙皮抗剪可以大大提高结构整体的抗侧刚度，减少侧向支撑的设置；利用面板的蒙皮效应，可以减小所连杆件的计算长度。

铝质应力蒙皮穹顶(sky dome, cupola, vault)是美国Temcor公司的里克特在六十年代开发的，其基本原理是将予应力铝板加工成钻石形的结构板块，沿板边缘镶固在钢框架上，组成结构单元，根据穹顶的分格作成尺寸不同的单元，只由这些单元组成穹顶，不需要网架的杆件(member bar)、节点(node, panel point, nodal point)。

2多层建筑：我国以8层为界限，低于8层者为多层建筑。

常用结构形式为混合结构(combination construction )、框架结构(frame, frame structure/ construction, framework)。

混合结构(composite construction, mixed construction)指用不同的材料建造的房屋，通常墙体采用砖砌体，屋面(roof)和楼板(floor )采用钢筋混凝土结构，故亦称砖混结构。

框架结构指由梁和柱刚性连接而成骨架的结构。

4.3 高层与超高层建筑(tall and super high building)：我国规定
超过100 m的为超高层。

无疑，现代超高层建筑从一定意义上是城市现代化标志。

高层结构的主要结构形式：1、框架结构(frame, framework, frame structure)2、框架－剪力墙结构(frame structure with shear wall, frame- shear wall structure )3、剪力墙结构(shear wall structure)4、框支剪力墙结构(frame-supported shear wall structure)适用于上部为住宅楼(residential construction/building)
或办公楼(office construction/building) ，而下部开设商店。

需在其交界位置设置巨型的转换大梁，将上部剪力墙的力传至下部柱子上。

5、筒体结构(hull core structure, tube structure)筒体结构是由一个或多个筒体作承重结构的高层建筑体系，适用于层数较多的高层建筑筒体在侧向风荷载的作用下，其受力类似刚性的箱型截面的悬臂梁，迎风面将受拉，而背风面将受压。

筒式结构分类：框筒体系(frame-tube structure) 、筒中筒体系(tube in tube structure) 、桁架筒体系(truss-tube structure)(在筒体结构中，增加斜撑来抵抗水平荷载，以进一步提高结构承受水平荷载(horizontal load)的能力，增加体系的刚度(rigidity , stiffness )。

这种结构体系称为桁架筒体系。

)、成束筒体系等。

4.4 特种结构(special structure)特种结构是指具有特种用途
的工程结构，包括高耸结构(tall/ high building)、海洋工程结构(sea engineering stru cture)、管道结构(duct structure, pipeline
engineering)和容器结构(container structure)等。

常见种类：烟囱(chimney ),水塔(water tower),水池(reservoir ),筒仓(silo),核电站(nuclear power plant/station)。