介词

介词的定义

介词又叫前置词，顾名思义，介词放在名词或相当于名词的前面。


介词和其后的名词构成介词短语。


介词短语主要用来表示时间、地点、目的、程度和方式等。


介词还可同动词配合构成短语动词。

介词的分类（1）

从介词本身的结构来看，介词可以分成四个种类：


1. 简单介词 at in on since from


2. 复合介词 as for 至于 as to 关于 out of 从，出自 into 进入 onto 到...上面去


3. 二重介词 from under 从...的下面 from behind 从...的后面 until after 直到...之后 from among 从...当中


4. 短语介词 according to 根据 ahead of 在...之前 apart from 在...之外 because of 由于 by means of 以...之手段 by way of 作为

介词的分类（2）

从介词本身的意义来看，介词可以分成十个种类：

1. 表示时间的介词

about, around, before, by, at, after, in, on, around, between, during,

for, from, since, till, until, within.

2. 表示地点的介词

about, at, in, on, over, through, across, along, around, before, between,

beyond, down, up, to, toward, under, near.

3. 表示方式的介词

by bus 乘公共汽车

see with one’s own eyes 亲眼看...

write in ink 用墨水写...

on foot 步行，徒步

He looked at me without expression.

他毫无表情地看着我。

4. 表示原因的介词

for：He was punished for stealing.

他因偷窃而被惩罚。

from：suffer from a cold 患伤风

of：be ashamed of 因...而感到羞愧

with：shake with cold 因寒冷而发抖

5. 表示关于的介词

about 关于（一般情况）

on 关于（理论，学术）

of ：a long story of adventure 一个长篇冒险故事

6. 表示比较的介词

as：His face is as black as coal.

他的脸跟煤炭一样黑。

like：He saw a number of small hard things like stones.

他看见一些像石头一样的小小的坚硬的东西。

7. 表示除外的介词

but：He works every day but Sunday.

除星期天外，他每天都工作。

except：We all went except Tom.

除汤姆外，我们都去了。

except for：The letter is good except for the spelling.

这封信除了拼写错误之外，还算是很通顺的。

besides（besides中文译成，除...外，实则表示包含在内。）

Besides English, he studies German and French.

除英语外，他还学习德语和法语。

8. 表示条件的介词

with：With all his faults, I like him.

尽管他有种种缺点，我还是喜欢他的。

without ：Man cannot live without water.

如果没有水人就不能活。

9. 表示结果的介词

to：She tore the letter to pieces.

她把信撕个粉碎。

10. 表示对于的介词

for：Sea air is good for the health.

海上的空气对健康有好处。

to：To her it was all unusual.

这一切对

她都很不平常。
时间介词辨异

by 与 before

"before + 某时"只是单纯的指"在某时以前"；

"by + 某时"指"不迟于某时"。

The sun will rise before six o’clock.

太阳会在六点之前出来。

The sun will rise by six o’clock.

太阳最迟在六点出来。

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to, till与until

1. 和from的搭配

from...to

from...till

from...until

He teaches from midday to four o’clock.

他从中午教书一直到四点。

They are out together with their friends from morning till night.

他们从早到晚和朋友一起在外面。

It was cold from Christmas until April.

从圣诞节直到四月份天气一直是冷的。

2. 不和from的搭配

till

until

They talked till dawn.

他们交谈直到天亮。

Wait until tomorrow.

等到明天。

3. 和not搭配

（如果和not搭配，不要用to）

not until

not till

He didn’t return till ten o’clock.

直到十点他才回来。

He didn’t go until night.

直到夜晚他才走。

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since和from

1. since自从...以来（包含有从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在之意）

常用于现在完成时。

I haven’t been home since 1995.

从一九九五年以来我都没有回过家。

2. from从...（有：从...开始之意）

I shall be in New York one week from today.

从今天算起我要在纽约和你在一起一个星期。

from March to June从三月份到六月份

from morning till night从早到晚

from now on从现在起

from then on从那时起

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during和for

1. for达...（多长）时间

We have been here for a week.

我们在这儿已有一周之久。

2. during在...期间

He swims every day during the summer.

夏天期间他天天去游泳。

during常和"the"连用。有时也可见for和"the"连用，但是在这

种情况下for不是表示时间，而是表示目的；

Are you stopping at this hotel for the night?

你要在这个旅馆过夜吗？

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in和during

in和during这两个单词有时好像可以互换。但是，实际上这两个介词

分别表达不同的内含。

No visitors called in your absence.

No visitors called during your absence.

你不在的时候没有人来访。

in 侧重表达动作方面；

during 侧重表达时间方面，"在这段时间，而不是在那段时间。"
方位介词辨异

at, in, on

at：原则上，指位置的某一点。

They built a nest at the top of the tree.

它们在树梢筑巢。

There’s a police station at the end of the street.

在街道的尽头有一个警察局。

on：原则上，指在位置的某一平面上（包括向上的平面，向下的平面，以及侧面的表面。）

How beautiful the moonlight on the lake is!

湖上的月色多美呀！

What’s that black mark on the ceiling?

天花板上的那个黑点是

什么？

You used to have a picture on the wall, didn’t you?

过去墙上有一幅画，是吗？

in：相对at，in用于比较大的地点。

This is the only shop in the village.

这是这个村子唯一的店铺。

He enjoys traveling in every quarter of the globe.

他喜欢到世界各地旅游。

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arrive in和arrive at

arrive in：到达国家，都市

arrive at：到达村庄，地点

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at work, at play, at table, at school

at常用来表示从事某种活动。

at work：在工作

at play：在做游戏

at table：在吃饭

at school：在求学

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at the corner, in the corner, on the corner

in the corner：在内角

at the corner：在外角

on the corner：在转角上（如交叉口的房屋，可以体会到表面之意。）

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in bed, on the bed, on a bed

in bed：在床上正式睡觉，卧病在床

on the bed：指人在床上休息，东西放在床上

on a bed：指人在床上休息，东西放在床上
介词的宾语

一.名词作介宾

We often play football in the afternoon.

我们经常在下午踢足球。

二.代词作介宾

No one knows except you and me.

除了你和我之外，没有人知道这件事。（作介宾的代词用宾格）

三.动名词作介宾

Thank you for helping me.

谢谢你帮了我的忙。（作介宾的动词应采用动名词）

四.介词短语作介宾

A man came out from behind the door.

一个人从门后出来。

五.“疑问词＋不定式”作介宾

They failed to agree on where to spend their holidays.

到哪里度假他们无法取得一致意见。

六.从句作介宾

I quite agree with what you say.

我很赞成你所说的话。
介词的宾语（高级部分）

一、形容词作介宾


for short 简称，简略之 in short 简而言之，总而言之


二、副词作介宾


I have trusted her till recently.


三、不定式作介宾


He did nothing but cry. He knew better than to trust the hypocrite.


四、介词短语作介宾


He came out from behind the door. They came from across the river.


五、（疑问词+不定式）作介宾


That depends on which method to take. I have no idea as to what he will do there.


六、名词性从句作介宾


He doesn’t care about who will be promoted.


I would go with you but that I am too busy.


Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.

不定式作介宾

一、当介词 but, besides, except, save 前有实意动词 do 时，

其后用不带 to 的不定式作宾语。

They could do nothing but wait.

He stayed at home and did everything except make the bed.

What do you like to do besides climb mountains.

He did well save fail in math.

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二、此外在 can’t but, can’t choose but, can’t help but 后也用不带 to 的不定

式作介宾。

I can’t but think so.

我不得不这样想。

He can’t help but speak.

他不得不说。

被动语态中的逻辑介宾

被动语态中，谓语动词的逻辑介宾：


This rare opportunity should be made good use of.


This rare opportunity 是 of 的逻辑介宾。


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The trouble has been done away with


The trouble 是 with 的逻辑介宾。


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The children must be take good care of.


The children 是 of 的逻辑介宾。


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A child waas run over by the bus.


A child 是 over 的逻辑介宾。


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He will be spoken to.


He 是 to 的逻辑介宾。

ing形式之后的逻辑介宾

ing形式之后的逻辑介宾：


Man can’t bear being laughing at.


Man 是 at 的逻辑介宾。


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She is looking forward to being operated on.


She 是 on 的逻辑介宾。


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He’s tired of being sponged on.


He 是 on 的逻辑介宾。


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The matter needs looking into.


The matter 是 into的逻辑介宾。

定语从句中的逻辑介宾

在非正式场合中，定语从句里面的关系代词宾语经常被省略。


He is the man whom you are looking for.


whom 经常被省略。而 whom 又是 for 的逻辑介宾。


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That is something I refuse to put up with.


with 的逻辑介宾是 that，that 被省略了。


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I will give you anything you ask for.


with 的逻辑介宾是 that，that 被省略了。


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Do you remember the girl I told you about?


with 的逻辑介宾是 whom，whom 被省略了。

什么叫做介词短语

介词 + 名词（或者代词）＝介词短语


in the morning 在早晨


under the tree 在树下


from China 来自中国


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注意区别“介词短语”和“短语介词”：


介词短语是（介词 + 名词性短语），可以单独作为句子成分；


短语介词是（一个相当于介词的短语），不能单独作为句子成分。


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短语介词


according to 根据


ahead of 在...之前


apart from 在...之外


because of 由于


by means of 以...之手段


by way of 作为
介词短语的位置

一.位于动词之后表示位置

She lives in Shanghai.

她住在上海。

The children are playing in the street now.

现在孩子们在街上玩。

二.位于动词之后表示方向

He went into the kitchen.

他到厨房里去。

三.位于句首表示突出、对照

In the garden everything was so beautiful.

在花园里一切都是那么美丽。

四.位于句首，倒装主谓

Behind me lay the fields.

在我的后面是一片田野。

On the desk is a bag.

桌子上有一个袋子。

五.位于名词之后，用于限制前面的名词

The ap

ple on the plate is for you.

盘子上的苹果是给你的。
介词短语的句法功能

一.作表语

The book you want is on the table.

你要的那本书在桌子上。

二.作宾补

I saw a tall man under the tree.

我看到树下有个高个子的男人。

三.作定语（后置定语）

The man under the tree is my father.

树下的那个男人是我爸爸。

四.作状语

1.作地点状语

We live in Hangzhou.

我们住在杭州。

2.作时间状语

She got here at four.

她在4点到这儿的。

3.作方式状语

They came here by train.

他们乘火车来这儿。

4.作原因状语

The game was postponed because of rain.

因为下雨运动会被推迟了。

5.作条件状语

There will be no living things without water.

没有水就没有生物。

6.作目的状语

He ran for shelter.

他跑去避雨。

7.作让步状语

They play football in spite of the rain.

他们冒雨踢足球。

8.作程度状语

To what extent would you trust them?

你对他们信任程度如何？
介词和名词的搭配

at all， at dinner

at first ，at home

at hospital， at last

at least， at night

at noon， at once

at school ，at table

at the back of， at the beginning of

at the end of， at the foot of

at the same time ，at work

by bus， by hand

by spaceship， by the end of

by the way， by train

day by day， one by one

in a hurry， in a low voice

in a minute， in a short while

in a word， in all

in bed ，in English，in fact ，in front of

in life， in line

in no time， in order

in public， in silence

in space， in surprise

in the day， in the distance

in the end， in the middle of

in the street， in the sun

in the tree， in time

in town， in trouble

of course

on duty， on foot

on one hand…， on the other hand

on one’s way to， on the left

on the other side of， on the radio

on the right， on time

on top of， out of sight

out of work， to one’s joy

to one’s surprise， to this day

with a smile
介词和动词的搭配

look after，laugh at

shout at，look at

smile at，look for

leave for， wait for

ask for，send for

go in for，look like

hear from，learn from

do well in，believe in

arrive in/at， turn into

hear of， think of

die of， go on

depend on， call on

speak to， talk to

point to， belong to

listen to， get to

write to， help with

begin with， meet with

fill with， deal with

do with， be covered with

be filled with， be made of

be made in， be made from
介词和形容词的搭配

be worried about

be good at

be good for

be bad for

be late for

be ready for

be sorry for

be different from

be interested in

become interested in

be weak in

be tired of

be af

raid of

be sure of

be full of

be angry with

be busy with
介词后多数情况下接动名词

紧接在介词后的动词必须用动名词形式：

He left without paying his bill．

他没有付账就走了。

I apologize for not writing before．

我此前未能写信，谨表歉意。

She insisted on paying for herself．

她坚持要付她自己的那一份钱。

Before signing the contract，read the small print．

在签署合约以前，请详读小号字印出的内容
名词 + 介词 + 动名词结构

还请注意某些名词 + 介词 + 动名词结构：

There′s no point in taking your car if you can′t park．

如果那里不能停放车子的话，你开车去就没多大意思了。

What′s the point of taking your car if you can′t park？

如果无处停放车子，你开车去还有什么意思呢？

Is there any chance／likelihood of his changing his mind？

他有可能改变主意吗？

Have you any objection to changing your working hours？

你反不反对改变你的工作时间？

I am in favor of giving everyone a day off．

我赞同给大家放一天假。
介词有时接动词原形

介词后面必须带动词的动名词形式。

这一规则的唯一例外是except和but（介词）。在它们后面带动词原形：

I could do nothing except agree．

我除了同意，没有别的办法。

He did nothing but complain．

他只是抱怨，什么也不做。

特别注意：

介词之后接动词原形的情况比较少见。
except与except for的用法区别

Except后排除的内容与主语往往是同一类的，而except for后所排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的。例如，试比较：

All the buildings are excellent except this one.

除了这一幢楼房之外，（其它）所有的楼房都很优秀。

（All the buildings 和 this one 是同类。）

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All the buildings are excellent except for their location.

所有的楼房都很优秀，就是地点差一些。

（All the buildings 和 their location 是不同类。）