Chapter8 CommunicationSystem-B
Chapter 8 Language in Use语言的使用
semantic
pragmatics
1.What Is Pragmatics?
• It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. • It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. • A general definition of pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
• • • • • •
Prediction analysis: DOG(BARK);BAG(BEING HEAVY) An utterance In a certain situation with a certain purpose Some possible interpretations How to understand the sentences depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.
• 8.3.1 Relevance theory
英语语言学概论第八章笔记
英语语言学概论第八章笔记Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1.What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究社会环境中的语言。
nguage variation 语言变异a)S peech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.社会语言学研究中，说话者被当作是社会群体的成员。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
chapter8testingoralproduction
Testing oral production--presented by Cheng Liuwen Characteristics of oral activities1. Interactiveness: deliver the information by way of mutual communication2. purposefulness3. para-linguistic features: use of some intonation, stress or volume to express intention4. non-linguistic features: deliver information by means of body language, such as gesture, facial expressions.5. inseparability of listening from speakingThree types of oral ability:1. Routine skills: it refers to the common and typical oral language. It contains:-- skills to express greetings, introductions, thanks, apologies, regret, opinions, desires, complaints, advice, etc;-- skills to narrate or describe events, objects, people, etc;-- skills to elicit directions, service, help, permission, etc. 2. Improvisation skills: refers to the realization of the communication skill. And it contains:--skills to clarify and check on specific meanings;--skills to alter wording;--skills to correct mistaken interpretations;--skills to ensure adequate participation in the interaction, etc.3. Micro-linguistic skills include phoneme, grammar and vocabulary andare the foundation of the oral ability.I. What is meant by speaking a second languageFive components are recognized in analyses of the speech process:1.Pronunciation2.Grammar3.Vocabulary4.FluencyprehensionII. The major problem in measuring speaking abilityThe problem:1. We lack very reliable criteria for test2. The lack of agreement on what good pronunciation of a second language means: comprehensibility or phonemic accuracy?Other difficulties:1. In many tests of oral production it is neither possible nor desirableto separate the speaking skills from the listening skills. And this increases the difficulty of any serious attempt to analyze precisely what is being tested2. Difficulty of administration, because the actual scoring of thetests is not easy to be solved.III. Types of oral production testsThree categories in oral production tests1.Relatively unstructured interview, rated on a carefully constructedscale2.Highly structured speech samples, rated according to very specificcriteria3.Paper-and-pencil objective tests of pronunciation, presumablyproviding indirect evidence of speaking abilityOf the three, the rated interview is undoubtedly the most commonlyused technique, and the one with the longest history.Scored interviewsIt’s the simplest and most frequently employed method of measuring oral proficiency. It aims to have one or more trained raters interview each candidate separately and record their evaluations of his competence in the spoken language. It consists of (1) a set of qualities to be rated and (2) a series of possible ratings.Chief positive steps in achieving a degree of reliability: (1) providing clear, precise, and mutually exclusive behavioral statements for each scale point; (2) training the raters for their tasks; and (3) pooling the judgments of at least two raters per interview.Highly structured speech samplesItem types in English tests for foreign students:1.Sentence repetition2.Reading passage3.Sentence conversion. The examinee is instructed to convert ortransform sentences in specific ways (from positive to negative, from statement to question, from present tense to past, etc).4.Sentence construction5.Response to pictorial stimuli.In addition: short talk, group discussion and role playing.However, the scoring still requires human judgments, and satisfactory reliability can be achieved only if the raters are carefully selected and trained.Paper-and-pencil tests of pronunciationCharacteristic item types in paper-and-pencil pronunciation tests.1.Rhyme words.2.Word stress.3.Phrase stress.Deficiencies in paper-and-pencil tests:Firstly, some students with superior pronunciation have done poorly on the tests, while high scores obtained by students who could barely be understood.Secondly, one cannot help wondering about the technique of testing the production of the segmental phonemes by means of the segmental phonemes by means of rhyme items.Thirdly, even a casual examination of the range of problems treated in these tests inspires the strongest suspicions that they sample the total sound system most inadequately.The summary of oral testing techniques:1.The validity of paper-and-pencil objective techniques remains largelyunproven.2.The technique of eliciting and rating highly structured speech samplesshows much promise, but such testing is still in the experimental stage and requires very great test-writing skill and experience.3.The scored interview is still probably the best technique for use inrelatively informal, small-scale testing situations.IV.Ways to improving the scored interviewGeneral procedures1.Decide in advance on interview methods and rating standards.2.Carry out the interviews in quiet room with good acoustics.3.Reserve sufficient time for each interview.e at least two raters for each candidate.5.Rate the candidates without reference to other test scores.6.Record the ratings after the interview.7.Obtain each candidate’s final score by pooling or averaging the two(or more) ratings that have been given him.Suggestions for conducting the interviews1.Beginning the interview. The interview should begin with a couple ofbrief questions to make the candidate comfortable.2.Continuing the interview. The examiner may change questions or topicsfrom easy to difficult.3.Concluding the interview. The examiner should let the candidate feelpositive about the experience.Thanks!。
Language in Use-chapter8
1. Definition of pragmatics
The study of language in use The study of meaning in context The study of speakers' meaning, utterance meaning and contextual meaning
Direct and Indirect speech act
Direct speech act: the function that the sentence performs in a discourse is evident from its literal meaning. Indirect speech act: the function of the sentence is not literally indicated without a performative verb. Request: DSA: a. Take out the garbage. b. I request that you take out the garbage. IDSA: a. The garbage hasn't been taken out yet. b. I would like for you to take out the garbage. c. Could you take out the garbage? d. Would you mind taking out the garbage?
2. Speech Act theory
John Austin (1911-1960) How to Do Things with Words (1962) Speech acts: actions performed via utterances
After-class Exercises for Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
After-class Exercisesfor Chapter 8 SociolinguisticsI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.1. In a speech community, people have something in common __________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it, interaction by means of speech, and a given range of attitudes toward linguistic norms.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically2. Different functional speech varieties known as __________ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sport broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents3. Standardization known as __________ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.A. language interpretationB. language identificationC. language choiceD. language planning4. The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between high and low language varieties in a __________ situation, on the other hand, are parallel but not identical.A. diglossicB. bilingualC. linguisticD. sociolinguistic5. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no __________ relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close6. __________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language7. Black English is a kind of __________ dialect.A. regionalB. standardC. ethnicD. situational8. A/An __________ dialect, is definitely another language variety than the language variety or varieties spoken by the majority of the population of the country. It is a social dialect of language that has experienced some form of social isolation.A. socialB. regionalC. personalD. ethnic9. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak with language features which derive from one's constant use of the __________ language.A. writtenB. spokenC. literalD. colloquial10. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title + last name, __________, and kin term.A. title + first nameB. title + titleC. title aloneD. title + first name + last namelI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you thinka statement is false, you are required to give the correct version.1. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same function in respect of speech situations known as domains.2. In writing one letter a person might start, “I am writing to inform you that …”, but in writing another he might write, “I just wanted to let you know that….”S uch examples indicate differences in dialect.3. It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.4. An official language is in fact a national language.5. A lingua franca may, but does not need to, be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.6. The sentences “He craz y” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in Black Engli sh vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.7. A pidgin is ordinarily a simplified version of one of the languages, usually European, such as English, modified in the direction of the other and characterized by an absence of any complex grammar, and its vocabulary is also very limited.8. There are differences among the ways people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.9. Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.10. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.III. Directions: Define the following terms.idiolect (P169)code-switching (P180-181)registers (P193)linguistic taboo (P201-202)euphemism (P203-204)IV. Answer the following questions.1. What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingual communities have one thing in common? (P179-180)2. Describe three features of Black English, including at least one phonological and one syntactic. (P182-184)3. Differentiate the following terms.speech community vs. speech variety (P164/P165) standard language vs. lingua franca (P170/P172) pidgin vs. creole (P172/P174)diglossia vs. bilingualism (P177/P179)ethnic dialect vs. social dialect (P181/P185)Keys to After-class ExercisesI.1-5 B A D A A 6-10 C C D A CII.错误的为1 2 3 4 8，其余正确。
英语语言学Chapter8
Ⅱ．Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1．P ________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication．2．What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered．3．The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language．4．If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u_______ ．5．The meaning of a sentence is a_______ ,and decontexualized．6．C_______ were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable．7．P_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable．8．A l_______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology．9．An i______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something．10．A c _______ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action．11．An e_______ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state．12．There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner．13．P _______ is the study of language in relation to the mind．14．Psycholinguistics adopts an e_______ approach．15．The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h_______ , one on he right and one on the left．16．The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular side of the brain is called l_______ ．17．Brain lateralization is g_______ programmed, but takes time to develop．18．According to Chomsky, c_______ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language．19．The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c_______ period for first language acquisition．20．The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic d_______ and linguistic relativism．21．Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background．This notion is called linguistic r_______ ．22．Langue comprehending is a complicated process that includes hearing and distinguishing the sound, comprehending the meaning and making r_______ ．23．Language production contains language f _______ and carrying our it24．According to the Cognitive Theory ,the development of the linguistic ability can’t precede that of the c _______ abilityIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the1. The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. sociolinguistics2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ come into being.A. syntaxB. SemanticsC. MorphologyD. pragmatics3. Which of the following statements is not the concern of psycholinguistics?A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use languageB. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquisition in childrenD. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.4. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?A. bookB. beautifulC. crashD. newspaper5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language？A. arbitrarinessB. competenceC. displacementD. productivity6. The difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar are all of the following EXCEPT --_______A. descriptive vs. prescriptiveB. non Latin-based vs. Latin-based frameworkC. spoken vs. writtenD. competence vs. performance7. The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stage.A. synchronicB. comparativeC. diachronicD. historical comparative8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. carefulB. handbagC. crackD. table9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics10. ______ is regarded as the “Father of modern linguistics”.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf11. Competence refers to ________.A. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his languageB. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterancesC. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesD. what speakers can actually do with language12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as _____ .A. anthropological linguisticsB. linguistic stylisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. mathematical linguistics13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between________.A. prescriptive & descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. langue & parole14. _____ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropological linguistics15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ______.A. language is arbitraryB. language is productiveC. language is used for communicationD. language is basically vocal16. _____ means the lack of logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. FuzzinessC. AbstractnessD. Arbitrariness17. Which of the following statements about language is NOT TRUE?A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabularyB. Language includes animal and artificial features of languageC. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purposeD. Language refers to the common features of all human languages18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level – meaningless, the grammatical level – meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _______.A. dualityB. changeableC. CreativeD. arbitrary19. ____ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. morphology and semanticsB. morphology and syntaxC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and phonology20. ____ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.A. LongmanB. OxfordC. Webster’sD. Johnson’s21. Langue & Parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by _______ .A. ChomskyB. LyonsC. SaussureD. Halliday22. Language has the feature of ____ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. interchangeabilityC. displacementD. productivity23. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because______.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languagesC. we have recording devices to study speech in modern timesD. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world24. The distinction between competence and performance is made by _____ in _______.A. F. de. Saussure; SwissB. Noam Chomsky; USAC. M. A. K. Halliday; UKD. L. Bloomfield; USA25. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic26. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness27. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable28. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above29. A historical study of language is a_______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative30. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic31. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language32. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas33. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission34. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B。
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(三)(填空题)
《英语语言学概论》配套习题（三）（填空题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguisticsnguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _________ communicaiton.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___________.nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is _______.4.Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.5.Modern linguistcs is _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.6.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______ study.7.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refrs to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.8.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s _______. Chapter 2 Phonology1.__________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech.2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movemnts have an effect on the ______ coming from the lungs.3.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ______.4.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____ and the lips.5.consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _______.6.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because ofthe two phonemes /f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating ________.7.In English there are a number of ______, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.8.________ is the smallest linguistic unit.Chapter 3 Morphology1.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ______ and ______ root.2.An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ________ is pronounced asa word.3.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _______.4.All words may be said to contain a root ________.5.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6.________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 7.words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _______level.8. A word formed by derivation is called a _______, and a word formed bycompounding is called a ________.Chapter 4 Syntax1. A _________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command.2.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time standsstrucutrally alone is known as a ______ clause.4.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place iscommonly termed ________ structure.5._______ construciton refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses havingquivalent syntactic status.6.IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting ofword groups first.7.XP may contain more than just X. e.g. the “NP”the girl who is watering theflowers” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the ____, N the head, and s the complement.8._____ relaitons refers to the strucutreal and logical funcitonal relations betweenevery noun phrase and sentence.Chapter 5 Semantics1._________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2.“Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _____ synonyms.3._______ opposites may be een in terms of degrees of quality involved.4.Predication analysis is to break down predicaitons into their constituents:_____and _____.5.______ sentences express judgment.6.we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.7.We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.8.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.In making conversation, the genral principle that all participants are expected toobserve is called the ______ Principle proposed by J. Grice.2. A ____ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.3._______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.4.______ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to somefuture course of action.5. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.6.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.7._________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and werenot verifiable.8.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or aparticular variety of language.2.3.The ______ language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.4. A _________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as anative language in some speech community.5. A linguistic ________ refer to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.6.Taboo and ______ are two faces of the same communication coin.7.Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _______.8.In terms of sociolinguistics, ________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of aperson’s language.9.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak morethan one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge.This process is called lanugage _______.2.Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _____.3.The __ of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrectforms resistant to further instruction.4.In second language learning, instrucmental motivation occurs when the learner;sgoal is functional, and _____ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.5.The description of a language development at some point in time is _____ study.6.______ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur;where they are diffferent, negative transfer, or interference, would result.7._________ Denativization an d____ are both thought to be the causes for theinterlanguage variation.8.____ holds L1 can be viewed as a kind of “input from the inside”, thus transfer isnot “interference” but a cognitive preocess.Chapter 12 Language and Brain1.The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere ofthe brain is called ___________.2.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the______ cortex.3.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nervecells called _________.4.Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres difer in the manner inwhich they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli ______ (as wholes) and the left _____ (by parts).5.The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within theconstraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _____ memory, and ______ memory, along with a set of contro processes that govern the flow of information within the system.6.Of particualr importance to speech and language funciton is the massivetransverse fiber tract called the _____, by means of which the two hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.7.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we mayregard thought as “_________ speech,” and speech as “over thought.” In such a case speaking and thingking take place simultaneously.8.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic ______ and linguistic____________.。
国际商务谈判（英文）教案讲义Chapter8LawofTrust信任法则
Chapter 8 Law o f Trust 信任法则I.How to decide a person trusts and is trusted? 如何决定信任与被信任II.Determinations affecting a person’s trustful or mistrustful behavior 决定信任与非信任的因素III.Effects of trust信任的效应munication Skills交际练习In a negotiation, trust between group leader and group members as well as trust between two negotiating parties is a decisive element of shaping relationship of all sides.trust leads to poor relationship and thus low degree of cooperation, on the other hand, trust leads to good relationship and high degree of cooperation.When people trust one another, relationship and are enhanced and when they each other, relationship and cooperation suffer.To enhance mutual trust and set up good relationship, negotiators should understand the meaning and pervasive effects of .Many people say trust means belief, , reliability, a good of a person, or a feeling of affection.These explanations are quite different.American professor Dale E. Zand elaborates the meaning of trust in his publication of Trust and Decision Process and points out:Trust consists of:1.Increasing your vulnerability2.To another person whose behavior is not under your control;3.In a situation in which the penalty, loss or deprivation you would suffer if theother person abuses or fails to protect your vulnerability;4.Is substantially greater than the benefit, reward or satisfaction you wouldgain if the other person fulfills or protects your vulnerability.The following simple example explains the meaning of the definition.Parents show trust when they hire a baby-sitter to take care of their baby so they do not have to their job or they may home to pay a visit to a friend or go for an entertainment.Leaving their baby to someone they do not know very well or have no affection to their vulnerability significantly because they cannot the baby-sitter’s behavior after leaving home.If the baby-sitter their vulnerability and hijack the baby, the tragedy will surely adversely the rest of their lives.But if the baby-sitter their vulnerability and take good care of the baby, then the parents can keep their mind on their work or enjoy their meeting with their friend or a party.There are three fundamental elements: information, influence and control.A person shows trust when he reveals he need not disclose.He increases his by telling others his goals, purpose, plans, alternatives or his problems.Others may make use of the information to impede or undermine his efforts.For example,A designer struck on a brilliant idea which he told a colleague working in the same office. The colleague used the idea to advance his own interests and was promoted soon.So a person who does not others will conceal or distort relevant information.He will facts, his purpose and his feelings.A person show trust when he shows others to his decisions since he increases his by asking for others’ advice which may deliberately him.For example,As a China’s famous story of Fighting in Chibi in Tale of Three States depicts Caocao (premier of East Han Dynasty) asked for Pangtong’s (a counselor secretly working for Dongwu, Caocao’s enemy) advice for defeating Dongwu. Pangtong offered him a seemingly clever advice, which turned out to be a part of fatal plot inducing him and his troops into a trap.Therefore, a person who shows will resist others’influence, deny and reject their suggestions and advice.A person shows when he delegates and permits others to act on their own on his behalf.By this way he increases his because he has to rely on others to make a judgment and to implement his plan and others may serious errors, ____ implementation and his plan.So if a person does not trust, he will try to impose over others and ____ his dependence on others.For example,The principal of a middle school had peep holes installed in all the doors of classrooms in order for the administrative to have a tighter over students.However the device produced skeptical atmosphere among staff members as wellbecause anyone teaching or staying in the classroom feels he is being watched over and he is not .In negotiation or in people’s daily life, elements affecting a person’s trustful or mistrustful behavior come form main sources: which is inalterable and grown-up experiences, which are changeable.Childhood educationStudies on childhood education on trust began in the 1950s, with the publication of Erik Erikon’s Childhood and Society. Since then many developmental psychologists have viewed trust and; mistrust as the cornerstones of human development.A child’s understanding of trust is from his own and the environment he is up.When a child’s desires and reliability are fulfilled in most cases, he tends to conclude that people are , otherwise, he may draw the from his unfulfillment that people are trustful.A child will tend to trust others if he is brought up in a simple, warm and _____ environment, and he is told the stories of help and trust.However in other context, a child’s parents and other people intentionally inform him of examples of mistrust to drive the that “Y ou can’t trust people”.Understandably, such child inclines not to others when he grows up.Professional or special trainingA person’s professional or special training can incline him a different orientation to .For instance, accountants and financial workers are oriented to be of financial statements full of identical numbers and how much they may differ from the real data.People working in human resources department appear to more the accuracy of a person’s description of his educational and working background, and it is an important reason that the application documents should be, at the request, _____by official certificates.Past credit recordA person’s willingness to trust another person on his knowledge of the other’s past record.We will not rust someone who to perform his duty or is to complete a task or fails to keep his .The reason for the failure may differ from time to time, however, if there isrepeated record of the person’s failure, is the natural results.Surely, a person can do better to improve his record and thus win others’trust.Competence of others to perform a taskA person’s willingness to trust another person depends on his estimation of the other’s ability to complete a task .At this point, there should be a distinction between capability and affection.For instance, you will not trust a teenager to send a large sum of money to a far away place although you him very much.When is confused with capability in one’s trust decision, more often than ____his plan will be undermined.Intentions of othersOur willingness to trust another person is determined by our interpretation of the other’s intentions. i.e. We will not trust those we believe who have intention, and who will exploit our resources and take of our trust to advance his own interests.We will not trust such kind of person even though he is and he has a good _____record.People’s interpretation of others’intentions and motives can be different from time to time depending on their understanding of others.Reward systemIn win-lose reward system, when competition is rewarded, i.e., our gain is the other’s loss and our loss is the other’s gain, trust the other is clearly not in our self-interest.Companies selling the same products are rivals in business and understandably they will conceal or information, withhold facts and their ideas.Things will be different in joint reward system in which is encouraged because in such reward system things won’t be done without joint efforts, so it is all natural that the two sides will each other, information, each other’s advice and reach common conclusion.Of course, in today’s world there are neither competitors nor cooperators. Where will things be directed depends on our efforts. It is hoped that trustful relationship among people should be on account of positive effects of trust.Trust is a decisive element in people’s relationship. We need trust between peers, superiors and , between producers and , teachers and .Studies show that trust intellectual development and originality, and leadsto emotional stability and self-control.Trust acceptance and openness of expression.Trust cooperation and mutual understanding, and it is fundamental for establishing sound relationship among negotiating team as well as between negotiating .People working in a team high in trust signal of trust to each other and _____trust form each other, which will increase level of trust among the members. Negotiations based on high level of trust can increase of double win results.Conversely, mistrust rejection and defensiveness, collaboration and relationship of team members and negotiating parties.The striking contrast of trust and mistrust between negotiating parties tells us that it is worthwhile we take great pains to find out ways to mutual trust.Some tentative suggestions are made here for consideration:1.Encourage mutual trust by establishing trust-rewarded system in_____education, in training and in .2.Buildup people’s confidence in trust bit by bit through giving ,influence, self-control and concessions, and seek reciprocation from theother.3.Discuss frankly with the other party what is generating innegotiation.4.Be sincere and honest to your negotiating team members andyour .1. What comment would you make in the following situations?1)Y ou’ve just heard news of a train crash.2)One of your colleagues is always chatting to everybody.3)One of your colleagues regularly works a twelve-hour day.4)Y ou’ve just had a very good meal.5)One of your colleagues keeps himself to himself.6)Y ou’ve just seen an exhibition you expected to be good; in fact it was not.7) A person you’ve just met says he is a film director.8)One of your colleagues looks very smart today.2. Answer the following questions1)How many means are needed for the sellers to inform the buyers of the quality? What are they?2)When selling some mechanical and electrical products, what means are generally used to express their quality?3)When negotiating on the packing, what aspect should the buyers pay attention to besides the right type of packing?4)When goods are sold on a CIF basis, who is under obligation to present a marine insurance policy or an insurance certificate at the time of negotiation, the seller or the buyer?5)Which method is safer and better for the seller, D/P or D/A?6)Why is commodity inspection indispensable in international trade?7)What’s the first step in a successful sales negotiation?8)Is it necessary for the seller to make an equal concession when the buyer grants him or her a concession?9)At the beginning of the negotiation, should the sellers open high or modest?10)When you meet with negotiators who harshly bargain with you, will you cancel the negotiation or continue?11) If a negotiator s ays: “I don’t have the authority to grant you that concession”, does it really mean that he or she hasn’t such authority or is it only negotiating tactics?5. Translate the following situational dialogue into English（交货Delivery）贺先生，我很高兴我们就价格和付款方式问题达成了协议。
语言学填空题
Chapter 1 Introductionnguage is a system of a _____vocal symbols used for human communication. arbitrary2.The description of a language as it changes through is a d _____ study. diachronic3.L ____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared all the members of a speech community. Langue4.The desire features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, andd_____.displacement5.The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal, performative,emotive, phatic, recreational and m_____metalingual.6.The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, s_____ and pragmaticssemantics.7.The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, a_____linguistics, and computational linguistics. anthropological8.The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, or c____relation. CHOICE9.The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTALrelation or c______ relation. CHAIN1.Linguistics is generally defined as the.scientific study of language2.The study of language as a whole is often called. general linguistics.3.The study of used in linguistic communication led to the establishment ofphonetics. Sounds4.The study of is known as semantics. meaning5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to. psychology6.The study of is generally known as applied linguistics. applications7.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be. descriptive8.The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic. history;changes9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing. prior10. _refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of aspeech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.langue; parole11.Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is. prescriptive12.Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.spoken13.Many of the rules of traditional grammar apply only to the language.written14.When the study of meaning is,not in isolation ,but in the context oflanguage use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. conducted15.Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.types21. Chomsky defines“ competence” as the ideal user’ s k__________ of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions andapplication of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaninglessindividual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called s________.26.Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.21. knowledge22. abstract23. Duality24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech sounds1.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is a ____phonetics. articulatory2.The four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one feature in common, i.e. , they are all b______. bilabial3.In English there are a number of d______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.diphthongs4.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a ______ of that phoneme. allophones5.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are m ______ . morphemes6.Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m ______, involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.metathesis7.Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas, which are a_____ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.10.The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) wasdeveloped in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J_____, who put forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging. Jones11.The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition,metathesis and a_____. assimilation12.Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetictranscriptions are placed between s______brackets. square brackets.13.There are usually two terms of number: Singular and p_____.Plural14.P____is a branch of linguistics that studies how speech sounds are producedand classified. phonetics1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.phonic medium2. The three branches of phonetics are, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics beled articulation phonetics3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _and the other is in terms of. manner of articulation; place of articulation4.Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language_______.the speech sounds5.The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics environments are called the of that phoneme. allophones6. The assimilation rules assimilates one sound to another by“copying” a feature ofa_______; thus making the two phones similar sequential. phoneme7.The assimilation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations. varying pronunciation8.The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.orthographically representednguage is first ______through its sounds perceived.10.The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner ofarticulation is _______. bilabial; stops11. _______, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language phonetic similarity .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the _______. oral cavity13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of_____and______ vowels .tense; lax14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______. simultaneous distinctive features15.Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements. compound noun1.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongue2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p_______ of articulation. place3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop4.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.Suprasegmental5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language arecalled s____ rules. sequential6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation8.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology9.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentence1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.Aspiration2.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ. Articulatory3.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. they areall b_______ sounds. bilabial4.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongue5.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p_______ of articulation. place6.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop7.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental8.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language arecalled s____ rules. sequential9.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation11.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology12.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. oral 13.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone 14.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentenceChapter 3 Morphology1. M____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology2.Noun, verb, adj. and adv. are m_____ lexical categoriesmajor.3.An a _____ is a shortened form of a word or phrase which representsthe complete form. abbreviation4.Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: i ______morphology and lexicalor derivational morphology. inflectional5.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds______ and suffixes. prefixes6.The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching of English as a ForeignLanguage) is referred to as a_____. acronym7. A W_____ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, alexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phonetics WORD8.M_____ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which wordsare formed. MORPHOLOGY9.Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are createdby means of invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,analogical creation and b_____. borrowing10.W _____ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words workin the grammar of a language. Word11.B______ advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form ”and word“ the minimum free form （Bloom”. Field ）12.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified intoGRANNATICAL WORDS and L______ WORDS. LEXICAL13.English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L_____. Latin.14.A s _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. stem15. Affix is limited in number in a language, and is generally classified into threesubtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i____. infix16. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, folk e_____ and orthographic change.etymologypounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the e_____ compound. exocentric.18.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. They areLoanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t_____. translationChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language. free form2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about meaning orfunction. smallest unit of language3.The root constitutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components ofits meaning. core4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no natural connection between theirsound and meaning. arbitrary5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new wordsare derived , or formed. derivational morphemes6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinctfrom that of its bases. affixational process7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound, words_______.carry meaning8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language. words9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that isconcerned with ______ and ________. word formation; word structure10.The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs, aresometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs; adjectives11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.do not12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers andsignify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________. inflectional morphemes13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words. derivation; compounds14.The ways word are formed are called _______. morphological rules15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in this category.grammatical category1.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme2.The affix -ish“” in the wordboyish‘’conveys a g____ meaning. grammatical3.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Bound4.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes. derivative5.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create wordsDerivative.6. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may case change its part of speechsuffix.7.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new pounding8.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.morphological9.In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as theaddition of affixes to stems to form new words. derivation10.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself towhich a derivational affix can be added.stem1.Morpheme2. grammatical3. Bound4. derivative5.Derivative6.suffix7. Compounding8. morphological9. derivation 10. stemChapter 4 Syntax1.Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a s____ such as "that", "if", and" before". subordinator2.S____is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Syntax3.A s ______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command. Sentence4.The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentencesin a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s_____. syntax5.There are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger andM_____. Move6.In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposed alinguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase Structure Component, T_______Component and Morpho-phonemic Component. Transformational7.The base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories andl______. lexicon8.Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes:SUBORDINATE and c_________ constructions. COORDINATE9.Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language: ideational,interpersonal and t_____. textual1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usuallyemployed:,,. meaning，inflection, distribution2. The XP rule is. XP→(specifier)X(complement)3. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rulesthat. govern the formation of sentences4.The S rule is. S→NP VP5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure. XP rule , head’ s6. questions begin with a wh- word are called. questions7. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called. suffice structure8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is. qualifier9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds:and. major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category arecalled. phrases11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are . coordinate structures 12.The informationabout is included in the head and termedsubcategorization. a word’s complement13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of handis. modifiers14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is. transformation15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded iscalled. matrix clause1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. simple2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command. .sentence3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate.subject4.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and whichsays something about the subject is grammatically called p_________predicate. 5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the plex6.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normallycalled an e_______ clauseembedded.7.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.open8. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a caserecipient should stay adjacent to each otheradjacency.9.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate inone way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languagesParameters.10.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear onlyin subject and object positions.CaseChapter 5 Semantics1.S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. sense2.The c ______ view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic formand that it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. conceptualist3.The word which is more general in meaning is called the s ______ . superordinate4.The seven types of word meaning recognized by G. Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,co locative meaning and th _____ meaningthematic. meaning5.The representative approaches to syntax are the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach and f_____ approachthe. functional6.In Saussure's view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of signified (concept) and S_____.SIGNIFIER7.The theory of meaning that relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for, is known as the r_____ theory. the referential theory8.For componential analysis or semantic components, the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed into“ Human” ,“ AdultF”and” . Female“9.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, Sameness relation, Oppositeness relation, and I______ relation. inclusivenessor labeis for things .1.According to the naming theory , words arejust names2.referent3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe. linguistic context4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and. native words, borrowed words5.Synonyms can be divided into the, stylistic synonyms,and collocational synonyms. Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.When two words are identical in,they are.When two words areidentical in ,they are homographs. homophones, spelling 7.. swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms is morespecific8. three kinds of antonymy are recognized： Gradable antonymys,,and. complementary antonyms, relational opposites, 9. There are four certain relations between sentences,they are:,and preswpposes.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning grammatical meaningand meaning . semantic11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is. entails12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by. primary , related , coincidence13.Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience. linguistic ,non-linguistic14.held the view that “ we shall know a word by the company it keeps” . J.R.Firth15.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of. meaning1.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. Semantics2.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguisticform and what it refers to. direct3.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Reference4.Words that are close in meaning are called s________. synonyms5.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________. homophones6.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items. Relational7.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components. Componential8.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. selectional9.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal element(s) in a sentence. argument10.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are takento be labels of the objects they stand for. namingFill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items.17.C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are takento be labels of the objects they stand for.11.Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. namingChapter 6 Pragmatics1.A l____act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act ofconveying literal meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary2.C____were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. Constatives3.C _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speakerto some future course of action. Commissives4.A p ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. perlocutionary5.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in c_____. context13.P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.14.What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18.C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19.P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the actof conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker intention; it is’s theact performed in saying something.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23.An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive24. quantityChapter 7 Discourse analysis。
信息技术专业英语-第8章
信息技术专业英语
第 八 章
English for Information Technology
Chapter 8.rk and Computer Security 1. Lead in 2. Passage A (Text, Words and Phrases, Notes, Chinese Version) 3. Exercises (Exercise 1, Exercise 2, Exercise 3, Exercise 4, Exercise5, Exercise6)
A white hat hacker：A white hat hacker is a computer security specialist who breaks into protected systems and networks to test and check their security. White hat hackers use their skills to improve security by exposing vulnerabilities before malicious hackers (known as black hat hackers) can detect and exploit them.
Network and Computer Security A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In socalled bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.
chapter8 intercultural marketing communication
Consequences for Advertising
2- Individualism/collectivism * Individualistic cultures : - frequent use of « You, We, I » - « Treat yourself right » * Collectivistic cultures : - showing people as part of groups - being alone means you have no friends
Chapter 8 Intercultural Marketing Communication
LOGO
Objectives:
Understand the role culture plays in international marketing and advertising. Gain insight into controversial issues of global marketing and advertising. Analyze consumer behavior from different cultural viewpoints. Understand the importance of appropriate translation of advertisements.
Chapter8-Customer-Service-management
顾客服务管理
本章目录
1
顾客服务概述
2
服务质量管理
3
顾客投诉处理
第一节 顾客服务概述
一、相关概念介绍
什么是顾客服务？ 指所有一线人员通过设施、设备、方
法、手段等途经来满足顾客（消费者）在 购物过程中的一系列需求。目的是让顾客 产生惬意和满足感，从而促使其消费。
（３） 定期对服务质量进行监督和检查，发现问题，及时改进。
神秘顾客 （Mystery Customer ）
由上至下改进服务
要提供优质服务, 必须使“顾客满意”的理念扎根于基层员工的价 值观中, 使“顾客满意”成为全体员工的责任。
向员工授权, 顾客服务将得到及时改进。在员工被授权的情况 下, 他们会更加积极主动, 做他们认为必要而且是有道理的事情, 以使顾客感到满意。
什么是服务质量？
❖ 服务质量是指零售企业提供的商品或服务满 足顾客规定或潜在需要的特征和特性的总和。其 客观标准是顾客在购物过程中甚至在购物后的消 费活动中对卖场所提供服务的满意程度。
❖ 零售企业的服务质量好坏归根到底取决于顾 客的感知, 是由顾客“经历”的服务质量与“期望” 的服务质量共同决定的。
四、澄清顾客服务中的八大误区
❖重视销售, 轻视服务 ❖重视新顾客, 忽略老顾客 ❖只见承诺, 不见兑现 ❖热情无“度”, 亲密无“间” ❖卑躬屈膝, 丢失尊严 ❖没有投诉, 高枕无忧 ❖过分感激, 喜形于色 ❖以我之心, 度你之谋
第二节 零售企业服务质量管理
1
了解顾客的真实需求
2
设计具体的服务项目
神上、情感上得到亲切感而实行的服务模式。
Chapter_8_pragmatics
The language is unambiguous. The referred item doesn’t have other references doesn’ except the meaning covered in the utterance The communicative intention is determined by the meanings of the sentence. Speakers only speak literally. Speakers only speak directly. Speakers use language only to communicate. No consideration for context
16
Communicating a message is not always the purpose of our remarks, but just gives unidirectional acts without replying. Boss: You are fired. Man. 喰らえ、ハーディス！これは怒りの鉄拳だ！ 廬山昇竜覇！（聖闘士星矢・冥王編）
3
Speaker’s meaning (A father is trying to get his 3-year3-yearold daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her new underwear to the assemble.)
17
The Conditional summation of MM
Linguistic communication is successful if the hearer receives the speaker’s message. It works speaker’ because messages have been conventionalized as the meaning of expressions and by sharing knowledge of the meaning of an expression, the hearer can recognize a speaker’s message—the speaker’ message— speaker’ speaker’s communicative intention. Idealized condition for MM
第八章未来通信技术展望TowardsFutureCommuni-资料
Integrated Devices
Environment-Friendly Design
Human-Human Interactions
Self-Learning Distributed Architecture
3D, 4D, x-D
– Consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others
8.2.1 Quantum Teleportation
• History
– Energy, continuous or discrete?
– Infinite division? Oh NO!
– Uncertainty of Quantums
• The more accurately an object is scanned, the more it is disturbed by the scanning process, until one reaches a point where the object's original state has been completely disrupted, still without having extracted enough information to make a perfect replica.
14
现代通信新技术导论 第八章 未来通信技术展望
8.2.2 Internet of Things
• The development of Internet based on Internet
数字与模拟通信系统英文版第八版教学设计
Digital and Analog Communications Systems Teaching Design forEighth EditionIntroductionDigital and analog communication systems are imperative in today’s world as they allow people to exchange information and ideas over long distances. The communication systems range from simple computer networks to advanced satellite and radio communication systems. The eighth edition of theDigital and Analog Communications Systems book provides students with an in-depth understanding of digital and analog communication systems. This teaching design will outline the different topics covered in the book and how instructors should approach teaching them.Course ObjectivesInstructors should m to achieve the following objectivesat the end of the course:•Understanding the fundamentals of digital and analog communication systems.•Developing the knowledge and skills required to design and analyze communication systems.•Understanding the design principles of carrier modulated communication systems, spectral analysis, andnoise in communication systems.•Developing the ability to solve practical communication system problems.•Understanding the implementation, performance analysis, and design of digital communications systems.Course Content and TopicsThe eighth edition of Digital and Analog Communication Systems covers a wide range of topics that are crucial to understanding digital and analog communication systems. Here is an overview of the topics covered in the book: Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Systems•Overview of communication systems•Types of communication systems•Elements of Communication systemsChapter 2: Fourier Analysis of Signals and Systems•Introduction to Fourier series and Fourier transform•Properties of Fourier transform•Fourier spectrum analysis for periodic signals•Fourier transform analysis for non-periodic signalsChapter 3: Amplitude Modulation•Amplitude modulation and demodulation•DSB modulators•Single sideband (SSB) modulation•Vestigial sideband (VSB)Chapter 4: Angle Modulation•Phase Modulation•Frequency Modulation•Frequency DiscriminatorsChapter 5: Probability and Random Variables •Probability Theory•Uniform Distribution•Gaussian Distribution•Chi-Square Distribution•Properties of Random Variables Chapter 6: Random Processes•Stationary Random Processes•Gaussian Random Process•Narrowband Random Process•Power Spectral DensityChapter 7: Noise in Analog Communication Systems•Introduction to Thermal Noise•Signal-To-Noise Ratio•Noise in Amplitude Modulation•Noise in Angle ModulationChapter 8: Digital Communications Principles•Introduction to Digital Communications•Source Coding Principles•Channel Coding Principles•Error Detection and Correction Codes•Digital Modulation PrinciplesChapter 9: Information Theory and Coding•Entropy and Information rate•Noiseless Coding and Huffman Codes•Shannon’s Source and Channel Coding Theorems•Error-Correcting CodesTeaching Methods and EvaluationThe teaching of digital and analog communication systems requires a mix of theoretical and practical knowledge. Instructors can adopt various teaching methods, including:•Lectures, which provide students with theoretical knowledge and principles of communication systems.•Tutorials, which involve solving practical communication system problems.•Assignments, which can be given to evaluate the students’ knowledge of different communication systemtopics.•Projects, which provide students with the opportunity to design and implement a communicationsystem of their choice.Students’ progress can be evaluated thr ough continuous assessment via assignments, projects, oral presentations, and exams. Instructors can use various evaluation criteria, such as the ability to solve communication system problems, the ability to identify and analyze communication system faults, and knowledge of communication system design principles.ConclusionThe eighth edition of Digital and Analog Communication Systems provides a comprehensive overview of digital and analog communication systems. Instructors can use this teaching design to guide students in understanding the various concepts covered in the book. The course contentcovers the essential topics that students need to develop the skills and knowledge required to design and analyze communication systems. With the knowledge gned from this course, students can effectively design and implement digital and analog communication systems that meet various communication needs.。
第8章通信理论 principles of communications systems,modulation,and noise 课后答案第六版
N0 = 10
5;
and R = 1000 bits/second, we get 10
5
Ps, required = z jrequired N0 R = 4:76 R, bps 1; 000 10; 000 100; 000 PE = 10 3 ; A2 and 4:76 10 2 W; 1 4:76 10 1 W; 10 4:76 W; 100 BW kHz kHz kHz
6CHAPTER 8. FUNDAMENTALS OF BASIC BINARY DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS where BN is the noise equivalent bandwidth of the …lter. Thus SNR = 2 A2 1 e 2 s2 0 (T ) = E [N 2 ] N0 f3
1000 = 4:76
10
2
W
Similar calculations allow the rest of the table to be …lled in, giving the following results. PE = 10 4 6:9 10 2 W 6:9 10 1 W 6:9 W PE = 10 5 9:08 10 2 W 9:08 10 1 W 9:08 W PE = 10 6 11:3 10 2 W 11:3 10 1 W 11:3 W
4 5 6
8.39 (6.9) 9.58 (9.08) 10.53 (11.3)
231.9 176.2 141.6
Problem 8.7 (a) For the pulse sequences ( A; A) and (A; A), which occur half the time, no degradation p results from timing error, so the error probability is Q 2Eb =N0 . The error probability for the sequences ( h A; A) and (A; A), which i occur the other half the time, result in the p error probability Q 2Eb =N0 (1 2 j T j =T ) (sketches of the pulse sequences with the integration interval o¤set from the transition between pulses is helpful here). Thus, the average error probability is the given result in the problem statement. Plots are shown in Figure 8.1 for the giving timing errors. (b) Blowing up the plots of Figure 8.1 show that the intercepts of PE = 10 4 are about 8.4, 9.9, 12.4, and 15.9 dB, respectively, for timing errors of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. The corresponding degradations are 1.5, 4, and 7.5 dB for timing errors of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively.
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) chapter 8 Culture and Business Etiquette
Rank and title
time names
Gift giving
Drink
Commu nication s
behavior
Food
2 Creating a Powerful First Impression
First impressions are made only once but are remembered forever.
3. Business Scheduling
3.1Appointing Making The ways in which you make initial contact and an appointment can range from a brief telephone call to writing a formal letter of request or the use of a “go-between” or emissary.
职业便装Business Casual:
两件套裙装或裤装（休闲款式）或连身裙或针织衫 Suit(casual type) or one-piece dress 长袖衬衫shirt with long sleeves 皮鞋shoes
Business Dress for Lady
皮鞋shoes
Female in Iran (Arabic world)
Punctuality Make appointments in advance. Intermediary Emotional ties
3.2 Recognizing Rules and Customs
When scheduling business, you need to take into consideration various rules of engagement with people from different cultural backgrounds. The first thing you should know is their typical hours of work, lunch, and break time so as to make appointments at a proper time.