1 Introduction to Databases(对应书第1章)

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An Introduction to Database Systems

An Introduction to Database SystemCONTENTSPART ⅠCHAPTER 1 Introduction1.1Brief introduction to database system1.1.1Data,database,database management system, database system 1.1.3Generation and development of Database Management Technology 1.1.3Characteristic of database system1.2Data Model1.2.1Two type data model1.2.2Main elements of data model1.2.3Conceptual model1.2.4Most frequently-used data model1.2.5Hierarchical model1.2.6Network model1.2.7Relational model1.3Database system structure1.3.1Concept of database system schema1.3.2 Tertiary pattern structure1.3.3 Secondary image function of database and Data independence 1.4 composition of the database systemCHAPTER 2 Relational database2.1 Relational Data structure2.1.1 relation2.1.2 relation schema2.1.3 Relational database2.2 Relational operation2.2.1Basic Relational operation2.2.2 Relational data language2.3 integrity of relation2.3.1 three types integrity constraints of relation2.3.2Entity Integrity2.3.3Referential2.3.4 User-defined Integrity2.4 Relational algebra2.4.1 traditional set operation2.4.2 special relational calculus2.5 Relational calculus2.5.1 ALPHA2.5.2 Tuple relational calculus2.5.3 QBECHAPTER 3 Relational database standard language SQL 3.1summary3.1.1 Generation and development of SQL3.1.2 Characteristics of SQL3.1.3 basic concept of of SQL3.2Student-corse database3.3 Data definition3.3.1 definition and delete of schema3.3.2 definition , delete and Modify of Basic table3.3.3 build and delete of index3.4 Data query3.4.1 Single-table queries3.4.2 Join query3.4.3 Nested queries3.4.4 Collection queries3.4.5 common form of SELECT statement3.5 Data update3,5,1 Inserting data3.5.2 Modify data3.5.3 Deleting data3.6view3.6.1 View definition3.6.2 Query view3.6.3 Update the view3.6.4view’s functionCHAPTER 4 Database security4.1 summary of computer security4.1.1three types problems of computer system4.1.2Introduction Of Safety standards4.2 Database security control4.2.1Identification&Authentication4.2.2 Access control4.2.3DAC Method4.2.4Authorization and retrieve4.2.5 Database role4.2.6MAC4.3 View mechanism4.4Audit4.5 Data encryption4.6 Statistical databases securityCHAPTER 5 Database integrity5.1 Entity integrity5.1.1 definition5.1.2 check and Default process of Entity integrity5.2 Referential integrity5.2.1 definition5.2.2 check and Default process of Referential integrity5.3 User-defined integrity5.3.1 Constraint conditions’ definition on attribute5.3.2 check and Default process of Constraint conditions on attribute 5.3.3 Constraint conditions’ definition on tuple5.3.4 check and Default process of Constraint conditions on tuple 5.4 integrity constraints Naming clause5.5 integrity constraints in the domain5.6 trigger5.6.1 define trigger5.6.2 activate trigger5.6.3 delete triggerCHAPTER 6 Relational data theory6.1 problem’s production6.2 standardization6.2.1 functionally dependant6.2.2 Code6.2.3 Normal Form6.2.4 2NF(The Second Normal Form)6.2.5 3NF(The Third Normal Form)6.2.6 BCNF6.2.7 Multivalued Dependency6.2.8 4NF6.3 axiomatics of data dependency6.4 decomposition of schemes6.4.1 three Definitions of schema decomposition6.4.2Lossless join and Keep function dependence of decomposition 6.4.3 arithmetic of schema decompositionChapter 7 database design7.1 summary7.1.1 characteristics of database design7.1.2 database design method7.1.3 basic step of database design7.1.4 all levels schema in the database design process7.2 Requirements Analysis7.2.1 Requirements Analysis’s tasks7.2.2 Requirements Analysis’s methods7.2.3 data dictionary7.3 conception structure design7.3.1 conceptual structure7.3.2 conception struct ure design’s methods and steps7.3.3 data abstraction and partial view design7.3.4 Integration views7.4 logical structure design7.4.1 converting Entity-Relationship Diagram into Relation Model7.4.2 Data model’s optimization7.4.3 design user sub-models7.5 Physical Design of database system7.5.1 Physical Design of database system ‘s contents and methods7.5.2 the choice between Relation Schema and Access Method7.5.3 ensure database’s storage structure7.5.4 Evaluation of physical structure7.6 implementing and safeguard of database7.6.1 Data loading and Application debugging7.6.2test run of database7.6.3 running and safeguard of databaseChapter 8 Database programming8.1 embedded SQL8.1.1processing procedure of embedded SQL8.1.2communication between embedded SQL statement and main language 8.1.3 SQL statement that don’t use Cursors8.1.4 SQL statement that use Cursors8.1.5 dynamic SQL8.2 Stored Procedure8.2.1PL/SQL’s block structure8.2.2 definition of variable and constant8.2.3 Control Structure8.2.4 Stored Procedure8.3ODBC programming8.3.1 summary of Database Connectivity8.3.2 summary of ODBC’s Operating Principle8.3.3 ODBC API foundation8.3.4ODBC’s WorkflowChaper 9 relational query Processing and query optimization9.1 query Processing of relational database system9.1.1steps of query Processing9.1.2 algorithm example of Implementing query operation9.2 query optimization of relational database system9.2.1summary of query optimization9.2.2 an example9.3 Algebra optimization9.3.1Relational algebra expression equivalence transformation rules 9.3.2Query Tree’s heuristic optimization9.4 Physics optimization9.4.1 heuristic rule-based access path optimization9.4.2 cost-based optimizationCHAPTER 10 Database recovery techniques10.1 The basic concept of Transaction10.2 Database recovery overview10.3 Fault types10.4 implementation techniques of Recovery10.4.1 Data dump10.4.2 Registry logging10.5 Recovery policy10.5.1 Recovery of Transaction failure10.5.2 Recovery of System fault10.5.3 Recovery of medium failure10.6 recovery technology with Checkpoint10.7database mirrorCHAPTER 11 Concurrency control11.1 Summary of Concurrency control11.2Locking11.3 livelock and deadlock11.3.1 livelock11.3.2 deadlock11.4 serializability of Concurrent schedules11.4.1 Serializable schedules11.4.2 Conflict serializable schedules11.5 Two phase locking protocol11.6 Granularity of blockade11.6.1 Multi-granularity blockade11.6.2 Intent locksCHAPTER 12 Database management system(DBMS)12.1 Basic function of DBMS12.2 Process structure and Multi thread mechanism of DBMS 12.2.1 N Scheme: integrating DBMS with Application12.2.2 2N Scheme:12.2.3 N+1 Scheme:12.2.4 N+M Scheme12.2.5 Concept of Multi_Threaded of DBMS12.3 DBMS System structure12.3.1 Hierarchical structure of DBMS12.3.2 example of RDBMS’s Operation process12.4Language processing12.4.1Task and work steps of Language processing layer12.4.2Interpretation method12.4.3 Pre compilation methodCHAPTER 13 New Development of database technology13.1 Summary13.2Three Stage of Development of database13.2.1 First generation database system13.2.2 The second generation database system13.2.3The third generation database system13.3 development Characteristics of database system13.3.1 development of Data model13.2.2 combining Database technology with other technology13.3.3New Database technology that face Application field13.4 Development trend of database technologyCHAPTER 14 Distributed Database System14.1 Summary(概述)14.1.1 Distributed Database System14.1.2 The characteristics of distributed database system14.2 The System structure of distributed database system14.2.1 The Mode structure of distributed database system14.2.2 Data slice14.2.3 Distributed transparency14.2.4 Distributed database management system14.3 Query processing and optimization14.3.1 an example14.3.2 problems need to solve of Query processing and optimization 14.3.3 aim of Query optimization14.3.4 optimization of Join query14.4 Distributed transaction management14.4.1 recovery of Distributed transaction14.4.2 Concurrency controlCHAPTER 15 Object relational database system15.1 Object oriented data model15.1.1 The core concept of OO Model15.1.2Class hierarchy15.1.3Inheritance15.1.4The nested objects15.2Object- relational database15.2.1Extended relational data type in the Object relational database system15.2.2Extended Object type in the Object relational database system and it’s definition 15.2.3Reference type15.2.4Inheritance15.2.5child table and Super TableCHAPTER 16 XML（Extensible Markup Language）Database16.1 Brief introduction16.2 Brief introduction to XML16.3 XML Data model16.3.1 XML DTD16.3.2 XML Schema16.4 SQL/XML16.4.1 XML Data type16.4.2 XML Release function16.4.3 XML Extraction functionCHAPTER 17 Data warehouse and OLAP Technology17.1 Data warehouse Technology17.2 On_Line Analytical Processing technology17.3 Data mining technology。

《IntroductiontoDatabaseSystemsChapter1》

Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke
3
Historical Perspective

Late 1960s
– IBM developed Information Management System (IMS), used even today in many major installations – IMS formed the basis for hierarchical data model – American Airlines and IBM jointly developed SABRE for making airline reservations – SABRE is used today to populate Web-based travel services such as Travelocity
1
What Is a DBMS?
A very large, integrated collection of data. Models real-world enterprise.

–
–
Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Madonna is taking CS564)
Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 10
Why Study Databases??

?
Shift from computation to information
– –
at the “low end”: scramble to webspace (a mess!) at the “high end”: scientific applications Digital libraries, interactive video, Human Genome project, EOS project ... need for DBMS exploding OS, languages, theory, “A”I, multimedia, logic

数据库系统概论课件3

An Introduction to Database Systems
联系的属性
联系的属性：
联系本身也是一种实体型，也课程 m 选修 n 学生
可以有属性。如果一个联系具
有属性，则这些属性也要用无向边与该联系连接起来
成绩
An Introduction to Database Systems
两个实体型之间的联系
An Introduction to Database Systems
两个实体型之间的联系 (续)
多对多联系（m:n）
实例课程 m 选修 n 学生
m:n联系
课程与学生之间的联系：
一门课程同时有若干个学生选修
一个学生可以同时选修多门课程
定义：
如果对于实体集A中的每一个实体，实体集B中有n个实体（n≥0）与之联系，反之，对于实体集B中的每一个实体，实体集A中也有m个实体（m≥0）与之联系，则称实体集A与实体B 具有多对多联系，记为m:n
可以是具体的人、事、物或抽象的概念。
(2) 属性（Attribute）
实体所具有的某一特性称为属性。一个实体可以由若干个属性来刻画。
(3) 码（Key）
唯一标识实体的属性集称为码。
An Introduction to Database Systems
信息世界中的基本概念(续)
(4) 域（Domain）
用E-R图来描述现实世界的概念模型
E-R方法也称为E-R模型
An Introduction to Database Systems
E-R图三要素
实体属性联系
An Introduction to Database Systems

华为Sybase数据库培训教材

Sybase数据库培训教材华为技术有限公司版权所有侵权必究目录第1章Sybase数据库简介 (5)1.1 版本 (5)1.2 Sybase数据库的特点 (5)1.3 Sybase数据库的组成 (6)第2章SYBASE有关概念 (8)2.1 数据库设备 (8)2.2 段 (9)2.3 系统数据库 (9)2.4 用户数据库 (12)2.5 数据库对象 (12)第3章SQL 查询语言 (20)3.1 简单查询 (20)3.2 连接查询 (20)3.3 子查询 (21)3.4 集函数、分组与排序 (21)第4章数据库、数据库对象的增、删、改 (23)4.1 数据库 (23)4.2 表 (23)4.3 索引 (24)4.4 默认 (25)4.5 规则 (25)4.6 视图 (26)4.7 存储过程 (26)4.8 触发器 (27)第5章批处理和流控制语言 (29)5.1 批处理 (29)5.2 流控制语言 (29)5.3 启动SQL Server (30)5.4 启动SQL Server的单用户模式 (31)5.5 关闭服务器 (31)5.6 Sybase数据库目录说明 (31)第6章SQL Server的用户及权限 (33)6.1 建立SQL服务器用户名（登录帐号） (33)6.2 增加数据库用户名 (33)6.3 数据库操作授权 (35)第7章数据库备份与恢复 (37)7.1 系统软件故障恢复 (37)7.2 介质故障的恢复 (37)第8章几个实用程序 (41)8.1 bcp (41)8.2 isql (41)8.3 showserver (42)8.4 startserver (42)8.5 syman (42)8.6 dbcc 数据库一致性检查 (43)第9章Sybase客户端软件 (44)9.1 安装 (44)9.2 运行 (44)第10章附录 (46)10.1 附录1：只有在master数据库中才能有的系统表 (46)10.2 附录2：Sysusages一行记录了分配给一个数据库的每一个磁盘分析4610.3 附录3：由SQL Server提供的系统过程功能和执行权 (47)10.4 附录4：常用SQL命令 (49)关键词：SYBASE SQL 数据库摘要：本文主要介绍了Sybase数据库的基础知识和常用维护操作及其工具的使用，可以与N2000产品基础共用的培训教材。

RDBMS Evolution Of Database Management System.1

• Data Integrity : Since a large number of users cloud be using a database concurrently, technical safeguards are necessary to ensure that data remain correct during operation.
• Authorization and Integrity manager : It tests for satisfaction of integrity constraints and checks the authority of users to access data.
• Transaction Manager : It ensures concurrent transaction executions processed without conflicting.
• Query evaluation engine : It executes lower level instructions generated by the DML compiler
Storage manager component
• It is an Interface between the data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
for managing the database • Database – storehouse of the data • Application Programs – software using the data • User Interface – text and graphical displays to users • Data Administrators – personnel responsible for

数据库系统概论(王珊萨师煊)课件,河北大学学生专用

数据库在建立、运行和维护时由DBMS统一管理和控制保证数据的安全性、完整性、多用户对数据的并发使用发生故障后的系统恢复
数据库的建立和维护功能(实用程序)
数据库初始数据装载转换数据库转储介质故障恢复数据库的重组织性能监视分析等
其它功能
DBMS与网络中其它软件系统的通信两个DBMS系统的数据转换异构数据库之间的互访和互操作
上机软件 SQL Server 2000
An Introduction to Database Systems
考试成绩
平时成绩（书面作业、上机练习、综合练习）期末考试
An Introduction to Database Systems
内容安排(1)
基础篇

第一章第二章第三章第四章第五章
An Introduction to Database Systems
文件系统中数据的结构
记录内有结构。
数据的结构是靠程序定义和解释的。
数据只能是定长的。
可以间接实现数据变长要求，但访问相应数据的应用程序复杂了。
文件间是独立的，因此数据整体无结构。
可以间接实现数据整体的有结构，但必须在应用程序中对描述数据间的联系。
数据的独立性：独立性差，数据的逻辑结构改变必须
修改应用程序数据控制能力：应用程序自己控制
An Introduction to Database Systems
应用程序与数据的对应关系(文件系统阶段)
应用程序１应用程序２ ...…
文件１文件2 ...…
存取方法
应用程序ｎ
文件n
文件系统阶段应用程序与数据之间的对应关系

数据库系统概念原书第5版(英文)第一章ppt

Database designers: design database ―schema‖ to model aspects of the real world Database application developers: build applications that interface with databases Database administrators (a.k.a. DBA‘s): load, back up, and restore data, fine-tune databases for performance DBMS implementors: develop the DBMS or specialized data management software, implement new techniques for query processing and optimization inside DBMS
August 15, 2013
Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Tech., Tongji Uni.
4
What is a database?

A very large, integrated collection of data

The amount of data is very large The data is structured and interrelated The data is integrated Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Li is taking Database and Knowledge) More recently, also includes active components (e.g. “business logic”)

【基础】中英文翻译数据库基础精品

【关键字】基础Database FundamentalsIntroduction to DBMSA database management system (DBMS) is an important type of programming system, used today on the biggest and the smallest computers. As for other major forms of system software, such as compilers and operating systems, a well-understood set of principles for database management systems has developed over the years, and these concepts are useful both for understanding how to use these systems effectively and for designing and implementing DBMS's. DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMS's, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.There are two qualities that distinguish database management systems from other sorts of programming systems.1) The ability to manage persistent data, and2) The ability to access large amounts of data efficiently.Point 1) merely states that there is a database which exists permanently; the content of this database is the data that a DBMS accesses and manages. Point 2) distinguishes a DBMS from a file system, which also manages persistent data. A DBMS's capabilities are needed most when the amount of data is very large, because for small amounts of data, simple access techniques, such as linear scans of the data, are usually adequate.While we regard the above two properties of a DBMS as fundamental, there are a number ofother capabilities that are almost universally found in commercial DBMS's. These are:(1) Support for at least one data model, or mathematical abstraction through which the user can view the data.(2) Support for certain high-level languages that allow the user to define the structure of data, access data, and manipulate data.(3) Transaction management, the capability to provide correct, concurrent access to the database by many users at once.(4) Access control, the ability to limit access to data by unauthorized users, and the ability to check the validity of data.(5) Resiliency, the ability to recover from system failures without losing data.Data Models Each DBMS provides at least one abstract model of data that allows the user to see information not as raw bits, but in more understandable terms. In fact, it is usually possible to see data at several levels of abstraction. At a relatively low level, a DBMS commonly allows us to visualize data as composed of files.Efficient File Access The ability to store a file is not remarkable: the file system associated with any operating system does that. The capability of a DBMS is seen when we access the data of a file. For example, suppose we wish to find the manager of employee "Clark ". If the company has thousands of employees, It is very expensive to search the entire file to find the one with NAME="Clark ". A DBMS helps us to set up "index files," or "indices," that allow us to access the record for "Clark " in essentially one stroke no matter how large the file is. Likewise, insertion of new records or deletion of old ones can be accomplished in time that is small and essentially constant, independent of the file length. Another thing a DBMS helps us do is navigate among files, that is, to combine values in two or more files to obtain the information we want.Query Languages To make access to files easier, a DBMS provides a query language, or data manipulation language, to express operations on files. Query languages differ in the level of detail they require of the user, with systems based on the relational data model generally requiring less detail than languages based on other models.Transaction Management Another important capability of a DBMS is the ability to manage simultaneously large numbers of transactions, which are procedures operating on the database. Some databases are so large that they can only be useful if they are operated upon simultaneously by many computers: often these computers are dispersed around the country or the world. The database systems use by banks, accessed almost instantaneously by hundreds or thousands of automated teller machines (ATM), as well as by an equal or greater number of employees in the bank branches, is typical of this sort of database. An airline reservation system is another good example.Sometimes, two accesses do not interfere with each other. For example, any number of transactions can be reading your bank balance at the same time, without any inconsistency. But if you are in the bank depositing your salary check at the exact instant your spouse is extracting money from an automatic teller, the result of the two transactions occurring simultaneously and without coordination is unpredictable. Thus, transactions that modify a data item must “lock out” other transactions trying to read or write that item at the same time. A DBMS must therefore provide some form of concurrency control to prevent uncoordinated access to the same data item by more than one transaction.Even more complex problems occur when the database is distributed over many different computer systems, perhaps with duplication of data to allow both faster local access and to protect against the destruction of data if one computer crashes.Security of Data A DBMS must not only protect against loss of data when crashes occur, as we just mentioned, but it must prevent unauthorized access. For example, only users with a certainclearance should have access to the salary field of an employee file, and the DBMS must be able associate with the various users their privileges to see files, fields within files, or other subsets of the data in the database. Thus a DBMS must maintain a table telling for each user known to it, what access privileges the user has for each object. For example, one user may be allowed to read a file, but not to insert or delete data; another may not be allowed to see the file at all, while a third may be allowed to read or modify the file at will.DBMS TypesDesigners developed three different types of database structures: hierarchical, network, and relational. Hierarchical and network were first developed but relational has become dominant. While the relational design is dominant, the older databases have not been dropped. Companies that installed a hierarchical system such as IMS in the 1970s will be using and maintaining these databases for years to come even though new development is being done on relational systems. These older systems are often referred to as legacy systems.数据库基础DBMS 简介数据库管理系统是编程系统中的重要的一种，现今可以用在最大的以及最小的电脑上。

SQLServer教程(1)(1)

⒌ 处理过程

处理过程的具体处理逻辑一般用判定表或判定树来描述。数据字典中只需要描述处理过程的说明性信息
处理过程说明性信息的描述处理过程描述＝｛处理过程名，说明，输入:｛数据流｝，输出:｛数据流｝，处理:｛简要说明｝｝

An Introduction to Database System
处理过程（续）

⒊Hale Waihona Puke 数据流数据流是数据结构在系统内传输的路径。对数据流的描述数据流描述＝｛数据流名，说明，数据流来源，数据流去向，组成:｛数据结构｝，平均流量，高峰期流量｝数据流来源是说明该数据流来自哪个过程数据流去向是说明该数据流将到哪个过程去平均流量是指在单位时间（每天、每周、每月等）里的传输次数高峰期流量则是指在高峰时期的数据流量 An Introduction to Database System
数据字典
某种数据模型关系非关系
Creat…… Load……
概念结构设计
系统结构图（模块结构）
IPO表…… 输入：输出：处理：
物理设计实施阶段
存储安排方法选择存取路径建立
模块设计 IPO表程序编码、编译联结、测试
编写模式装入数据数据库试运行
分区1 分区2
Main( ) …… if…… then …… end
运行、维护
性能监测、转储/恢复数据库重组和重构
……
新旧系统转换、运行、维护（修正性、适应性、改善性维护）
An Introduction to Database System
模式的形成过程
应用1 应用2 应用3
现实世界
应用要求

An Introduction to Database System

Homeworks
Some paper-based, some may involve light programming No late homework will be accepted Project Select an application that needs a database Build a database application from start to finish Significant amount of programming Will be done in stages you will submit some work at the end of each stage
Grading Breakdown
Homework: 10% Class:10% Project: 10% Final: 70%
The content of the course
基础篇
第一章：绪论(Introduction) 第二章：关系数据库(Relational Database) 第三章：关系数据库标准语言SQL( Structured Query Language) 第四章：数据库安全性(Database Safety) 第五章：数据库完整性(Database Integrity)
accountnumber A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217 A-201
A Sample Relational Database
EntityEntity-Relationship Model
Entity Sets Relationship Sets Design Issues Mapping Constraints Keys E-R Diagram Extended E-R Features Design of an E-R Database Schema Reduction of an E-R Schema to Tables

四川大学数据库系统(双语)Database System教学大纲

College of Software EngineeringUndergraduate Course SyllabusCourse ID 311038040Course Name Database SystemsCourseAttribute■Compulsory □Selective Course Language■English □Chinese Credit Hour 4 Period80Semester□First Fall □First Spring □Second Fall □Second Spring■Third Fall □Third Spring □Fourth Fall □Fourth Spring Instructors Ruan Shuhua, Liang Gang, Lu ZhengtianDescription This course introduces the crucial topics for database systems: Database Planning, Design, Implementation, and Administration. The course concentrates on centralized, relational database systems used for business data processing. The course covers the fundamental concepts and techniques of database systems: Database System Architectural Principles, Data Modeling, Fact-Finding Techniques, Theory and Methodology of Database Design, Query Processing, Storage Strategies, Query Optimization, and Transaction Management. The course then turns to on-going research in database systems, focusing on techniques that have recently been transferred from research to wide-spread commercial implementation. Finally, there is an introduction of new trends in database systems, focusing on applications for supporting decision-making in light of fully distributed and ubiquitously connected world consisting of all range data store and management.Students successfully completing this database fundamentals course will be equipped to handle small to medium size database projects. They will be able to design a database from scratch, design user interface and transaction, write queries against it, and build applications that use the database.Prerequisites 3Programming Fundamentals3Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming 3Discrete Mathematics3Data Structures and Algorithm/Course Design 3Computer Architecture3Operating SystemsTextbook Thomas M. Connolly, et al. Database Systems: A practical approach to Design, Implementation, and Management. 4th Edition ISBN: 0321210255 Addison-Wesley, 2004.Resource 1./~ruanshuhua/index_7.htm2./learning/sql/2008/thankyou/default.mspx3./developerworks/cn/db2/v94./database/index.html5.6.7.8./dist/jakarta/tomcat-59./downloads/packagesGrading 3Assignments and Class Participation: 10% 3Term Project: 20%3Midterm: 20%3Final Exam: 50%Topics 1Background (5 Periods )1.1Introduction to Databases (3 Periods )1.1.1History and Motivation for Information Systems1.1.2Characteristics and Limitations of File-Based Systems *1.1.3Motivation for Database Approach *1.1.4Some Common Database Applications1.1.5Meaning of the Term Database, Database Management Systems (DBMS), andDatabase Systems *1.1.6Typical Functions of a DBMS1.1.7Major Components of the DBMS Environment1.1.8History of the Development of DBMSs1.1.9Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs *1.1.10Phone Number Programing on any one Language and on any one DBMS (2Practice Periods) #11.2Database Environment (2 Periods )1.2.1Personnel Involved in the Database Environment *1.2.2The Concepts of Data Abstraction *1.2.3The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Database Architecture *1.2.4Contents of External, Conceptual, and Internal Levels **1.2.5The Concepts External, Conceptual, and Internal Schemas **1.2.6Purpose of External/Conceptual and Conceptual/Internal Mappings **1.2.7Meaning of Logical and Physical Data Independence *1.2.8Database Languages DDL, DML and Distinction between Them *1.2.9 A Classification of Data Models *1.2.10Purpose/Importance of Conceptual Modeling **1.2.11Meaning of Client–Server Application Architecture and Advantages of This Typeof Architecture for a DBMS2The Relational Model and Languages (20 Periods )2.1The Relational Model (5 Periods )2.1.1Terminology of Relational Model **Topics2.1.2How Tables Are Used to Represent Data2.1.3Connection Between Mathematical Relations and Relations in the RelationalModel2.1.4Properties of Database Relations *2.1.5How to Identify Candidate, Primary, and Foreign Keys **2.1.6Meaning of Null *2.1.7Meaning of Entity Integrity and Referential Integrity **2.1.8Meaning of Enterprise Constraints *2.1.9Purpose and Advantages of Views *2.1.10Setting Integrity Constraints on any one DBMS (2 Practice Periods) #22.2Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus (5 Periods )2.2.1Meaning of the Term Relational Completeness *2.2.2How to Form Queries in Relational Algebra **2.2.3How to Form Queries in Tuple Relational Calculus **2.2.4How to Form Queries in Domain Relational Calculus **2.2.5Categories of Relational DML2.3SQL: Data Manipulation (5 Periods )2.3.1Purpose and Importance of SQL *2.3.2How to Retrieve Data From Database Using SELECT and **2.3.2.1Use Compound WHERE Conditions2.3.2.2Sort Query Results Using ORDER BY2.3.2.3Use Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX)2.3.2.4Group Data Using GROUP BY and HAVING2.3.2.5Use Subqueries2.3.2.6Join Tables Together2.3.2.7Perform Set Operations (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)2.3.3How to Update Database Using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE *2.3.4Using SQL Data Manipulation on any one DBMS (2 Practice Periods) #32.4SQL: Data Definition (5 Periods )2.4.1Data Types Supported by SQL Standard *2.4.2Purpose of Integrity Enhancement Feature of SQL **2.4.3How to Define Integrity Constraints Using SQL **2.4.3.1Required Data2.4.3.2Domain Constraints2.4.3.3Entity Integrity Constraints2.4.3.4Referential Integrity Constraints2.4.3.5Enterprise Constraints2.4.4How to Use the Integrity Enhancement Feature in the CREATE and ALTERTABLE Statements *2.4.5How to Create and Delete Views Using SQL *2.4.6How the DBMS Performs Operations on Views *2.4.7Under What Conditions Views Are Updatable **2.4.8Advantages and Disadvantages of Views2.4.9How the ISO Transaction Model Works *2.4.10How to Use the GRANT and REVOKE Statements as a Level of Security *2.4.11Using SQL Data Definition on any one DBMS (2 Practice Periods) #4Topics 3Database Analysis and Design Techniques (20 Periods )3.1Database Planning, Design, and Administration (2 Periods )3.1.1Main Components of an Information System3.1.2Main Stages of Database Application Lifecycle *3.1.3Main Phases of Database Design: Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Design **3.1.4How to Evaluate and Select a DBMS *3.1.5Distinction Between Data Administration and Database Administration *3.1.6Purpose and Tasks Associated with Data Administration and DatabaseAdministration3.2Fact-Finding Techniques (3 Periods )3.2.1Most Commonly Used Fact-Finding Techniques *3.2.2How to Use Each Fact-Finding Technique and the Advantages and Disadvantagesof Each3.2.3Significance of Applying Fact-Finding Techniques to Early Stages of DatabaseApplication Lifecycle *3.2.4How to Use Fact-Finding Techniques in the Database Application Lifecycle3.2.5Types of Facts Collected in Each Stage of Database Application Lifecycle *3.2.6Types of Documentation Produced in Each Stage of Database ApplicationLifecycle *3.2.7Introduction of DreamHome3.2.8Discussing and confirming the Database Project Requirements in the Group (2Practice Periods) #53.3Entity-Relationship Modeling (6 Periods )3.3.1How to Use Entity–Relationship (ER) Modeling in Database Design3.3.2Basic Concepts Associated with ER Model **3.3.3Structural Constraints in ER Model **3.3.4Diagrammatic Technique for Displaying ER Model Using Unified ModelingLanguage (UML) *3.3.5How to Identify and Resolve Problems with ER Models Called Connection Traps3.3.6How to Build an ER Model From a Requirements Specification **3.3.7Building an ER Model by Using Eclipse with UML (2 Practice Periods) #63.4Enhanced Entity-Relationship Modeling (4 Periods )3.4.1Limitations of Basic Concepts of the ER Model and Requirements to RepresentMore Complex Applications Using Additional Data Modeling Concepts3.4.2Most Useful Additional Data Modeling Concepts of Enhanced ER (EER) ModelCalled:3.4.2.1Specialization/Generalization **3.4.2.2Aggregation *3.4.2.3Composition *3.4.3 A Diagrammatic Technique for Displaying Specialization/Generalization,Aggregation, and Composition in an EER Diagram Using UML3.4.4Building an EER Model by Using Eclipse with UML (2 Practice Periods) #73.5Normalization (5 Periods )3.5.1Problems Associated with Redundant Data *3.5.2Identification of Various Types of Update Anomalies Such as Insertion, Deletion,and Modification Anomalies *Topics3.5.3How to Recognize Appropriateness or Quality of the Design of Relations *3.5.4Purpose of Normalization *3.5.5How to Use Functional Dependencies to Group Attributes into Relations being ina Known Normal Form **3.5.6How to Undertake Process of Normalization **3.5.7How to Identify Most Commonly Used Normal Forms, Namely 1NF, 2NF, 3NF,and Boyce–Codd Normal Form (BCNF) *3.5.8How to Identify Fourth (4NF) and Fifth (5NF) Normal Forms3.5.9An Actual Application Example for Normalization (2 Practice Periods) #84Methodology (15 Periods )4.1Conceptual Database Design (7 Periods )4.1.1Purpose of Conceptual Database Design4.1.2How to Decompose the Scope of the Design into Specific Users’ Views of theEnterprise *4.1.3How to Use ER Modeling to Build a Local Conceptual Data Model Based onInformation Given in a View of the Enterprise **4.1.4How to Validate Resultant Conceptual Model to Ensure it is a True and AccurateRepresentation of a View of the Enterprise *4.1.5How to Document Process of Conceptual Database Design *4.1.6End-Users Play an Integral Role Throughout Process of Conceptual DatabaseDesign4.1.7Building ER or EER Model for the Database Project (4 Practice Periods) #94.2Logical Database Design (5 Periods )4.2.1Purpose of Logical Database Design4.2.2How to Remove Features From a Local Conceptual Model that are notCompatible with the Relational Model *4.2.3How to Derive a Set of Relations From a Local Logical Data Model *4.2.4How to Validate These Relations Using the Technique of Normalization *4.2.5How to Validate a Logical Data Model to Ensure It Supports Required UserTransactions *4.2.6How to Merge Local Logical Data Models Based on Specific Views into a GlobalLogical Data Model of the Enterprise **4.2.7How to Ensure that the Resultant Global Model is a True and AccurateRepresentation of Enterprise *4.2.8Building Global Logical Model for the Database Project (2 Practice Periods) #104.3Physical Database Design (3 Periods )4.3.1Purpose of Physical Database Design4.3.2How to Map the Llogical Database Design to a Physical Database Design4.3.3How to Design Base Relations for Target DBMS *4.3.4How to Design Enterprise Constraints for Target DBMS *4.3.5How to Estimate the Size of the Database *4.3.6How to Select Appropriate File Organizations Based on Analysis of Transactions*4.3.7When to Use Secondary Indexes to Improve Performance *4.3.8How to Design Security Mechanisms to Satisfy User Requirements *4.3.9Building the Project Database on the Selected DBMS (2 Practice Periods) #11Topics 5Selected Database Issues (5 Periods )5.1Transaction Management (5 Periods )5.1.1Function and Importance of Transactions5.1.2Properties of Transactions **5.1.3Concurrency Control **5.1.3.1Meaning of Serializability5.1.3.2How Locking Can Ensure Serializability5.1.3.3Deadlock and How It Can Be Resolved5.1.3.4How Timestamping Can Ensure Serializability5.1.3.5Optimistic Concurrency Control5.1.3.6Granularity of Locking5.1.4Recovery Control *5.1.4.1Some Causes of Database Failure5.1.4.2Purpose of Transaction Log File5.1.4.3Purpose of Checkpointing5.1.4.4How to Recover Following Database Failure5.1.5Alternative Models for Long Duration Transactions5.1.6The Database Project Application Design, Such as Transaction Design, UserInterface Design (2 Practice Periods) #126Current Trends (5 Periods )6.1Distributed DBMSs - Concepts and Design (5 Periods )6.1.1What is a Distributed DBMS6.1.2Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Databases6.1.3Functions and Architecture for a DDBMS *6.1.4Distributed Database Design *6.1.5Levels of Transparency6.1.6Comparison Criteria for DDBMSs *6.1.7Building the Database System (2 Practice Periods) #137Emerging Trends (10 Periods )7.1Web Technology and DBMSs (5 Periods )7.1.1Basics of Internet, Web, HTTP, HTML, URLs7.1.2Multi-Tier Client-Server Architecture *7.1.3Advantages and Disadvantages of Web as a Database Platform *7.1.4Approaches for Integrating Databases into Web7.1.4.1Scripting Languages7.1.4.2Common Gateway Interface (CGI)7.1.4.3HTTP Cookies7.1.4.4Extending the Web Server7.1.4.5Java and JDBC, SQLJ, Servlets, and JSP7.1.4.6Microsoft Web Solution Platform: ASP and ADO7.1.5Building the Database System (2 Practice Periods) #147.2The Concepts of Data Warehousing and Data marts (5 Periods )7.2.1How Data Warehousing Evolved *7.2.2Main Concepts and Benefits Associated with Data Warehousing7.2.3How Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Systems Differ From DataWarehousing *Topics7.2.4Problems Associated with Data Warehousing7.2.5Architecture and Main Components of a Data Warehousing *7.2.6Important Information Flows or Processes of a Data Warehouse **7.2.7Main Tools and Technologies Associated with Data Warehousing7.2.8Issues Associated with the Integration of a Data Warehousing and the Importanceof Managing Meta-Data *7.2.9Concept of a Data Mart and the Main Reasons for Implementing a Data Mart *7.2.10Advantages and Disadvantages of a Data Mart7.2.11Main Issues Associated with the Development and Management of Data Marts7.2.12Testing the Database System (2 Practice Periods) #15Notice:3* for emphases3** for emphases and difficulty3#x for the xth Practice Periods (Total 32 Practice Periods)Tools & Environment 3Microsoft Windows Server 200X3J2SDK 1.5 + Tomcat 5.0 + Eclipse 3.3 with UML 3Microsoft SQL SERVER 200XProjects A Web-Based Database SystemStudents will be able to plan, design, create, and maintain a Web-accessible database for a real estate company to keep track of their business, such as the parts, suppliers, and purchase orders, lease renewals, and so on. Included will be the tasks to write Web front-ends for users of the system, such as for the purchasing department to seek quotes, for the suppliers to place bids for work-orders, for the managers to monitor inventory, for client to maintenance personnel, for staff to manage property, and others.Phase 1 (5%)Goal: BackgroundProcedure: Students select a database project, capture necessary facts to build the required database application by using fact-finding techniques, analyse information about the part of organization to be supported by the database application, and use this information to identify users’ requirements for the new database system. Students must learn about the terminology, problems, opportunities, constraints, requirements, and priorities of the organization and the users of the new database system.Deliverables: The collection information and the report of requirements collection and analysis.Due on the fourth week in class. [Late submission policy – you lose 5% (of the maximum points) per day]Phase 2 (5%)Goal: Related Theories and TechniquesProjectsProcedure: Students discuss related theories in the new database system, select a development plaform and evaluate it, select an appropriate DBMS to support the new database application and evaluate it, and after singled out, are familiar with them as soon as possible.Deliverables: The collection information and the report of related theories and techniques.Due on the eighth week in class. [Late submission policy – you lose 5% (of the maximum points) per day]Phase 3 (5%)Goal: The Database System DesignProcedure: Students build data model by using the information in users’ requirements specification, refine conceptual data model, map it to a logical data model, select storage structures and access methods used to achieve efficient access to data on a specific DBMS.At the same time, students define the scope and boundaries of the new database system and the major user views, define the new system and database role (such as Manager or Supervisor), and give the design of user interface and application programs that use and process the database.Deliverables: The report of the database system design.Due on the twelfth week in class. [Late submission policy – you lose 5% (of the maximum points) per day]Phase 4 (5%)Goal: The Database System Implementation and EvaluationProcedure: Students implement the database system design in phase 3, build working model of a database application and evaluate if the database and application programs appear to be working according to requirements, such as to identify features of a system that work well, or are inadequate, to suggest improvements or even new features, to clarify the users’ requirements, to evaluate feasibility of a particular system design.Deliverables: The source code, the implementation state and result of the new database system, and the report of the database system implementation and evaluation.Due on the sixteenth week in class. [Late submission policy – you lose 5% (of the maximum points) per day]Version: 2008-07-15Author: Shuhua Ruan Date: 2008/ 07/ 15Auditor:Mei Hong Date: 2008/07/15Signature of leader：Date： 2008-7-30。

数据库原理第一章数据库基础

- 例如：计算机中的一张二维表，该数据辽东学院学生的基本信息 - 其表现形式包括数字、文字、图形、图像和声音等等
客观世界存在
（3）数据与信息的联系
– 数据是信息的符号表示或载体 – 信息则是数据的内涵，是对数据的语义解释
第1章数据库基础
1.数据和信息
引人数据就是为了处理现实世界的信息
2.数据库, 数据库管理系统, 数据库系统, 数据库管理员
主流稳居前3
文档型键值对型
为了适应数据的变化拓展了多种模型
数据库原理
第1章数据库基础
辽东学院鲁琴
本章要点
数据和信息数据库, 数据库管理系统, 数据库系统, 数据库管理员通识性、常识性的概念
数据库系统的体系结构数据库基础概念
数据模型数据管理技术的产生和发展
关系数据库
数据库原理
常识性
（4）数据库管理员很厉害的岗位
– 数据库管理员(Database Administrator,简称DBA) – 负责全面管理和控制数据库系统，是数据库系统中最重要的人员。
DBA的主要职责
– 设计和定义数据库系统 – 帮助最终用户使用数据库系统 – 监督与控制数据库系统的使用和运行 – 改进和重组数据库系统 – 调优数据库系统的性能 – 转储和恢复数据库 – 重构数据库
关系模型实际上是一张二维表
2.数据库,数据库管理系统,数据库系统,数据库管理员
（2）数据库管理系统一句话管理数据的
– 数据库管理系统（Database Management System，简称DBMS）是位于用户与操作系统之间的一层数据管理软件加载在操作系统上
– 科学地组织和存储数据、高效地获取和维护数据

第1章DataBase绪论课件教程

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数据库系统概论An Introduction to Database Systems任课教师：任课教师：杜华E-mail: duhua_18@/doc/b92787737.html, 教材数据库系统概论》第四版) 萨师煊，《数据库系统概论》(第四版) 萨师煊，王珊高等教育出版社，珊高等教育出版社，2006.5 参考书数据库系统概论(第三版) 数据库系统概论(第三版)萨师煊，萨师煊，王珊王珊，王珊，陈红高等教育出版社，高等教育出版社，2000 清华大学出版社，清华大学出版社，2000《数据库系统原理教程》数据库系统原理教程》上机软件MS SQL Server 2000 上机参考： Server2000实用教程实用教程》上机参考：《SQL Server2000实用教程》范立南刘天惠编著清华大学出版社内容安排(1)基础篇第一章绪论第二章关系数据库关系数据库标准语言SQL 第三章关系数据库标准语言第四章数据库安全性第五章数据库完整性设计与应用开发篇第六章关系数据理论数据库设计第七章数据库设计内容安排(2)系统篇第九章关系查询处理和查询优化第十章数据库恢复技术第十一章并发控制数据库系统概论An Introduction to Database Systems第一章绪论绪论（目录）第一章绪论（目录） 1.1 数据库系统概述 1.2 数据模型 1.3 数据库系统结构 1.4 数据库系统的组成 1.5 小结1.1 数据库系统概述数据库技术产生于六十年代末，是数据管理的最新技术，也是计算机科学的重要分支。

数据库技术是信息系统的核心和基础，它的出现极大地促进了计算机应用向各行各业的渗透。

数据库的建设规模、数据库信息量的大小和使用频度已成为衡量一个国家信息化程度的重要标志。

华盛顿大学公开课Introduction to Data Science 001_context

Introduction to Data Science
Bill Howe, PhD
Director of Research, Scalable Data Analytics University of Washington eScience Institute
What is Data Science?
4/28/13
Bill Howe, UW
4
Mike Driscoll’s three sexy skills of data geeks
• Statistics
– traditional analysis
• Data Munging
– parsing, scraping, and formatting data
4/28/13 Bill Howe, UW 2
Drew Conway’s Data Science Venn Diagram
4/28/13
Bill Howe, UW
3
What do data scientists do?
“They need to find nuggets of truth in data and then explain it to the business leaders” -- Rchard Snee, EMC
An Introduction to Data Science Jeffrey Stanton Syracuse University School of Information Studies
4/28/13
Bill Howe, UW
6
“A data scientist is someone who can obtain, scrub, explore, model and interpret data, blending hacking, statistics and machine learning. Data scientists not only are adept at working with data, but appreciate data itself as a first-class product.”

数据库系统概论AnIntroductiontoDatabaseSystem第一章绪论

An Introduction to Database Systenm 34
数据模型

在数据库中用数据模型这个工具来抽象、表示和处理现实世界中的数据和信息。通俗地讲数据模型就是现实世界的模拟。现有的数据库系统均是基于某种数据模型，数据模型是数据库系统的核心和基础。
数据模型应满足三方面要求

An Introduction to Database Systenm 36
数据模型(续)

客观对象的抽象过程---两步抽象

现实世界中的客观对象抽象为概念模型；把概念模型转换为某一 DBMS 支持的数据模型。
概念模型是现实世界到机器世界的一个中间层次。
An Introduction to Database Systenm 37
1.1 数据库系统概述
1.1.1 数据库的地位
1.1.2 四个基本概念 1.1.3 数据管理技术的产生与发展
An Introduction to Database Systenm 3
数据库的地位

数据库技术产生于六十年代末，是数据管理的最新技术，是计算机科学的重要分支

数据库技术是信息系统的核心和基础，它的出现极大地促进了计算机应用向各行各业的渗透数据库的建设规模、数据库信息量的大小和使用频度已成为衡量一个国家信息化程度的重要标志
An Introduction to Database Systenm 13
DBMS的主要功能

数据组织、存储和管理
分类组织、存储和管理各种数据基本目标是提高存储空间利用率和方便存取，提供多种存取方法来提高存取效率

数据库的运行管理
保证数据的安全性、完整性、多用户对数据的并发使用发生故障后的系统恢复