英文维基上的汉帝国与罗马帝国
英语作文(古罗马帝国)
Roman Empire, the Chinese ancient books called the Qin Empire, is a stage of civilization of ancient Rome, the Roman republic had several hundred years of history, but since the Spartacus uprising after the Roman soldiers entered the era of exercising power, and through two "three the first power ", the self-proclaimed Octavian" Augustus "and become dictator of Rome, from Rome to enter the" Roman Empire "era. Roman Empire can be used to express all the land under Roman rule.Rome's expansion to Rome, a city beyond the concept of a superpower. The heyday of the Roman territory was during the reign of Trajan, the Roman Empire now controls about 5.9 million square kilometers of land, the ancient history of the world's largest nations.罗马帝国，中国古书称为大秦，是古代罗马文明的一个阶段，罗马曾经有数百年的共和制历史，但自从斯巴达克斯起义以后，罗马进入了军人执掌政权的时代，并通过两次“三头执政”后，屋大维自命为“奥古斯都”，成为罗马的独裁者，从此罗马进入了“罗马帝国”时代。
The Roman Empire
Roman expansion began in the days of the Republic, but the Empire reached its greatest extent under Emperor Trajan: during his reign (98 to 117 AD) the Roman Empire controlled approximately 6.5 million km2 of land surface. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of government in the territory it governed, particularly Europe, and by means of European expansionism throughout the modern world.
The Roman Empire
公元117年的罗马帝国版图
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, had been weakened and subverted through several civil wars. Several events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC), and the Roman Senate's granting to Octavian the honorific Augustus (16 January 27 BC).
罗马帝国衰亡史英文版
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire（罗马帝国衰亡史）In 395 AD, Theodore I (establishing Christianity as the state religion, which was also the main reason why Christianity became the authoritative religion in many later kingdoms) divided the Roman Empire into two sons, and from then on, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West. The official names of these two empires are: the Senate of the Roman Republic and the Roman people.1、The Fall of the Western Roman Empire1. In 410 AD, Alaric, the leader of the Visigoths (a branch of the East Germanic people), led an army to invade Italy and captured the city of Rome.2. In 418 AD, the Visigoths established the Visigothic Kingdom within the territory of the Western Roman Empire. In 452 AD, the Xiongnu (Mongolian) Attila captured the second capital of the Western Roman Empire, Ravenna, and drove away Emperor Valentinian III. The Western Roman Empire was in name only.3. In 455 AD, the Wandar people (a branch of the ancient Germanic people) captured the city of Rome and looted it for two weeks. A large number of ancient Roman artifacts were destroyed. In 476 AD, the Germanic Odoyac deposed the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus. Augustus, the fall of the Western Roman Empire.The invasion of foreign tribes was only an external cause of the downfall of the Western Roman Empire, but more importantly, it was an internal cause that cannot be ignored, such as the frequent ethnic uprisings and other social systems within the empire.2、The Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire1. In 1204 AD, the Fourth Crusade captured and looted Constantinople, and established a short-term feudal kingdom, the Latin Empire. It was not until 1261 that the Eastern Roman Empire was able to recover.2. In 1453 AD, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II led his army to attack Constantinople, officially ending the Eastern Roman Empire.Extended Information:The Western Roman Empire (395-476 AD) established its capital in Metiolanu (now Milan), but since its establishment, it has been peaceful for only a few days and constantly endured the invasion of barbarians.The Eastern Roman Empire (395-1453 AD) established its capital in Constantinople (now Istanbul), also known as the Byzantine Empire, and was the oldest monarchy in Europe. Compared to the unlucky Western Roman Empire, theEastern Roman Empire not only perfectly avoided the difficulties suffered by the Western Roman Empire, but also lived almost a whole thousand more years. When the Western Roman Empire was conquered multiple times, the Eastern Roman Empire chose to turn a blind eye and contribute to avoid being invaded by barbarians who loved to plunder wealth.The fall of the Western Roman Empire marked the beginning of the European Middle Ages, while the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire marked the end of the European Middle Ages.The following is the arrangement of religious beliefs in Rome:The ancient Romans believed in Roman polytheism; In the early stages of the Roman Empire, they believed in Roman polytheism, and in the later stages, Christianity was adopted as the state religion; The main religion of the Western Roman Empire was Catholicism; The Eastern Roman Empire initially believed that Christianity was the foundation of its founding, but was influenced by Jewish theology and classical Greek philosophy. Later, this sect gradually developed into Eastern Orthodoxy. In addition, the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806 AD) was a feudal monarchy spanning across Western and Central Europe, with little to do with the Western or Eastern Roman empires.。
罗马帝国与汉帝国
随着中国的崛起，历史学家们开始专注于这样一个疑问：我们的世界——统一的中国和破碎的欧洲——是否以某种方式延续了罗马帝国和汉帝国的经验？罗马帝国与汉帝国 文·安德鲁·玛尔耶稣诞生时，地球上大约有一半的人口都生活在两大帝国中。
但他们自己并没有意识到这个事实：远离大城市的农民很难接触到外面的世界，他们只能了解到有限、失真的信息。
这是世界历史上空前绝后的情况。
罗马帝国和汉帝国大致同时兴起，其统治的人口也大体相当：在鼎盛时期，罗马帝国有4500 万人；根据税收状况推断，汉帝国有5760 万人。
两大帝国的领土面积也不相上下，大约都是400 万平方公里。
不同的是，一个帝国坐落在内陆海洋的边缘，另一个帝国坐落在河流交错的辽阔平原。
它们的军队看上去也很相似：统一配备了盔甲和武器，行军列队整齐划一，都有战车和骑兵配合作战。
罗马人崇拜家神和祖先，中国也是如此。
他们都讲求实际，注重现世生活。
他们也都唯我独尊，认为自己比任何潜在的对手都更严肃、守礼和文明。
罗马皇帝宣称要统治“全世界”，中国皇帝则认为“普天之下，莫非王土”。
罗马人修建了令人赞叹的高墙以抵御异族入侵，中国人也是如此。
罗马人拥有笔直的道路，中国人挖掘了漫长的运河。
两大帝国就连行政区划的数目也大致相当。
两国政府也都会用实际利益来激励军队——战斗结束后，中国军人可以凭敌人的首级获得金钱和更高的地位，而英勇的罗马军人则可以赢得家乡的土地。
在地中海世界的边缘，罗马帝国击败了众多敌人，崛起为强大的国家。
在中国，地处边鄙之地的秦国统一了六国，终结了战乱，为汉帝国的崛起奠定了基础。
罗马人和中国人彼此知之甚少。
他们相隔大约4500 英里，炙热的沙漠和高大的山脉阻挡了人员往来。
而海路则更长，比陆路远了大约2000 英里。
尽管如此，两大帝国仍存在微弱的交流。
罗马人对中国的认识很模糊。
在他们的头脑中，中国是个神话般的国家，位于遥远的东方。
在古罗马语言中，“赛里斯”一词可能就指中国人。
Roman Empire VS Han Dynasty罗马帝国和汉王朝比较英语短文
Roman Empire VS Han Dynasty王银风Over the years, once in the history of the coexistence of the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty ,were compaired many times in many aspect, such as territory, economic, military and so on .But the two coexistence of super power almost have no docking, whether it is a cultural exchange or a comparison of the battlefield. But the movie Dragon Blade gave us such an opportunity, let the Roman army and the Western Han Dynasty have a fight, but it also let them have a satisfactory cooperation.As far as I'm concerned, If the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire at war, the Han Dynasty may won. First of all, from the perspective of the social system we can know that the Han Empire was already a very advanced feudal system, while the Roman Empire was a slave state. Then, from the economic point of view, the Han Empire agriculture is very developed, the Empire of Roman commercial trade is developed, which makes Roman empire is not destined to the Han Empire, so social civilization is .After that, from the military point of view, both Han Empire and the Empire of Rome have a lot of war experience ,but China is a country with a vast territory and diverse climate, and the army can fight in all kinds of conditions, the Roman empire is located in Western Europe only in a single temperate marine climate, the army's ability to adapt to the environment worse than us. The Han Dynasty have plenty of soldiers、forage and advanced weapons ,so we are stronger than Roman Empire. Although we are constantly comparing Han Dynasty and Rome Empire, I still hope that if they do have the chance to communicate ,they can be more inclusive ,the cultures can complement, exchange and fusion, to jointly safeguard peace and stability in the world together.。
古罗马历史 Roman History Roman Culture英文课件 English Presentation
vCaesar vCaesar’s Dictatorship: Republic — Empire v vAugustus as1
Augustus
st
Emperor: Pax Romana
Social and Governmental reforms: vMarcus Aurelius vMarcus Aurelius in Nerva-Antonine Dynasty “dictator in perpetuity”: centralize the bureaucracy Julian Calendar vMarcus Aurelius and Stoicism Assassination 刺杀
Three great men with Roman’s Destiny
Caesar Augustus Marcus Aurelius
vCaesar vCaesar’s Dictatorship: Republic — Empire vAugustus vAugustus as1
st
Emperor: Pax Romana
03
Marcus Aurelius 马可 奥勒留 with Roman’s Destiny
Nerva- Antonine Dynasty 安敦尼王朝 Five Good Emperors 五贤帝时代（罗马治世）
Three great men with Roman’s Destiny
Caesar Augustus Marcus Aurelius
Caesar Augustus Marcus Aurelius
vCaesar vCaesar’s Dictatorship: Republic — Empire vAugustus vAugustus as1
单词记忆密码之 音变规律 (考研)
单词记忆密码之音变规律版权作者: 杨政英语音变的历史一.罗马帝国(Roman Empire，公元前1世纪)Julius Caesar 把拉丁文引入二.西日尔曼民族(Anglo-Saxon，5世纪)古德语构成了古英语的基础.当时岛上的西日尔曼民族主要是Anglo-Saxon人，其中又以Anglo人居多，所以英国的名字就是Anglaland=land of the AnglesEnglaland=England在法语中依然称英国为Anglais, 在西班牙语Inglaterra，这说明…a-e-i‟ 这三个元音由于口音的不同是可以互换的。
三.北欧海盗(Scandinavia，8世纪)四.诺曼征服(Norman=North Man，1066年)有-que的单词都是法语词汇: etiquette, chequefiancé, fiancée (法语单词有阴阳之分)五.文艺复兴(Renaissance，14-16世纪)alto男高音, solo独唱, soprano女高音六.英文第一部词典问世, 英语才停止了音变. (Samuel Johnson，1775年) 。
七. 中国文化的影响(20世纪以来)toufu, jiaozi, hutong, lychee, typhoon, shanghai, dim-sum, cumquat（金橘）借自粤方言kumquatTea, Silk音变的残留例子AustraliaTo die is man die. [ai]Today is Monday [ei]元音音变e- i互换emperor n.皇帝形容词？imperial a.皇帝的e-i互换-or名词后缀, -ial形容词后缀appreciate, depreciate ?价格围绕价值上下波动appreciate = ap(ad) + preci (price) + atev.升值；涨价;(派生意义)欣赏；感激depreciate = de(down) + preci(price) + atev.贬值; 跌价;(派生意义)贬低; 轻视precious = preci + ous(形容词)a.极其珍贵的以下单词的意思你都熟悉吗?他们的意思有什么共同点?middle, medium, immediate, meddle, mediate, mediocre, medieval, Mediterraneanmed = mid = middlemedium1 a.中等的衣服尺码: S, M, L, XL, XSS(small), M(medium), L(large)extraordinary= extra(超过) + ordinary(普通的)XS(extra-small), XL(extra-large)2 n.媒介[复] media小翻译: 大众传媒Mass Mediameddlev.管闲事,干预(在中间捣乱:贬义)mediatev.调解, 斡旋(在中间撮和: 褒义)immediate= im(not) + mediate[助记] 没有中间隔开的a.立即的, 直接的; 紧挨着的小翻译: 隔壁的邻居immediate neighbor直接原因/结果immediate reason/resultmediocre = med + iocre (在中间,不突出)a.平常的；平凡的；中庸的Mediterranean=med(中间)+ i + terr(土地) + anean(an ocean)n. 地中海.medieval=med + i + ev(年代,年龄) + ala. 中世纪的; 陈旧的小翻译: Parents have a medieval attitude toward my dress.父母对于服装的守旧态度longevity =long +ev + ityn.长寿=long lifeterr = terior = territ 表示土地, 词根的根: ter单词组记:deteriorate, interior, exterior, territorydeteriorate = de(down) + terior(土地) +ate(动词)[助记] 品格败坏的人就应该入土活埋。
汉朝与罗马帝国的对比(英文版)
About two thousand years ago, there are two superpowers in the world, the han dynasty and Roman empire .There was a very interesting topic on the internet, if the han army met the army of the Roman empire at that time, what the outcome would be. It is difficult to say,and the two armys had not been met from beginning to end. But we can have a look at the strength of the two countries first.At that time ,Han dynasty had a population of 60 million ,and Roman empire had a population of 88 million.Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking,One of the four great inventions , the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, 地形图，the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer（，employing an inverted pendulum.The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynastyUnlike Han dynasty, the main advantages of Roman empire were its Architecture and engineering.The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch, vault and the dome. Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand, due in part to sophisticated（复杂的）methods of making cements and concrete(水泥和混凝土).Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century.The Romans also built many dams and reservoirs for water collection.Although Han dynasty had many scientific and technological achievements, the most famous was the military.Emperor Wu of Han launchedseveral military campaigns against xiongnu. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal statusas Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the T arim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world.For Imperial Rome, the military was a full-time career in itself.Spanning over four centuries , the period of the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history.To thisday, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".Han dynasty is a Powerful empire in the ancient Chinese history,and created a brilliant civilization .The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, political,cultural, and military forces in the world of its time. It was the largest empire of the Classical antiquity period, and one of the largest empires in world history. At its height under Trajan, it covered 680 square kilometers and held sway over some 70 million people, at that time, 21% of the world's entire population. The longevity(长期) and vast extent of the Empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language, culture, inventions, architecture, and forms of government on the Empire's descendants.We can see that the two countries have their own advantages, it is difficult for us to say the ranking of the two empires, the specific answer to the question is left to the scholars.The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana,which means peace.The three major divisions of the military were:。
古代中国与罗马帝国：东西方帝国对比【英文】
Roman Republic 509 bce -27 bce
The Italian Peninsula PreRoman Domination 800-600 bce
Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bce
Etruscans may have migrated to Italy from Anatolia (Turkey) Thriving cities with paved streets, defensive walls and large temples Skillful bronze, iron and gold work Challenged by Greeks from sea and by Celts from Gaul (France)
Mausoleum of Qin Emperor ShiHuangdi (First Emperor)
Qin ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his tomb. Terra Cotta Army Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210 bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of rule
Etruscan joie de vivre
From the tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia
古代并存超级大国：汉帝国与罗马帝国对比
古代并存超级大国：汉帝国与罗马帝国对比前2世纪至公元2世纪，乃为古代世界史上一个重要时期。
在这之前百年内，欧亚大陆形势巨变，先后经历了希腊亚历山大帝国东扩、印度孔雀王朝的短暂统一、中国秦朝的瞬息兴衰；三者都不长久。
这三大国解体后，西起地中海、东至中国东海的辽阔的欧亚大陆上，面临着重建世界秩序的大问题。
汉帝国（包括西汉与东汉）兴起于公元前3世纪末，灭亡于公元3世纪初，统治中国延续约400年。
几乎同时稍后，罗马勃然兴起，逐步称霸于地中海文明区域，建立大帝国，直到公元3世纪走向衰落。
476年灭亡于蛮族入侵。
汉帝国处于欧亚文明地带最东端。
跟西汉同时兴起的匈奴不仅威胁汉朝，而且也威胁河西走廊西域各族。
月氏人正是在这威胁下西迁，引起中亚塞种人的迁徙，最后形成贵霜帝国。
汉帝国在与匈奴的长期艰巨斗争中终于获胜，公元1世纪末，北匈奴西迁，南匈奴内附于汉，逐渐转向农耕生活。
而北匈奴挥师往东欧，号称“上帝直鞭”所向披靡，在4世纪推动了日耳曼族大迁徙，终于造成西罗马帝国的毁灭。
公元1至2世纪，世界上存在着罗马、安息（波斯）、贵霜、汉四大国，就领土、人口、经济、文化发展水平而论，罗马帝国与汉帝国的实力空前、旗鼓相当，人口各有五千万以上；而其他两国无法同日而语。
（又，据Aldebert，J.等：《欧洲史》所载，罗马帝国全盛期领土约350万平方公里、人口7000万）。
中国人想象中的大秦人（罗马帝国人），收录在明朝人王圻所著的类书《三才图会》罗马帝国的征服，与汉帝国的统一汉跟罗马两大帝国，都是在战争中产生的，但是罗马帝国表现为武力征服，而汉帝国则表现为武力统一。
罗马帝国的广大版图，是在罗马共和国后期征战的基础上，进一步拓展而得。
早在共和国前期，罗马作为一个城邦把本城和周围的人当作“公民”、把战败后与罗马结盟的拉丁人、意大利人当作同盟者；到公元前227年在西西里建立行省时，又把西西里人当作臣民。
共和国晚期，拉丁人和意大利人都获得了罗马公民权，行省数目大为增多。
威尔士介绍
The Millennium Stadium
Millennium Stadium is located in Cradiff and unveiled in 1999. The stadium had held several sports matches during the 2012 London Olympic Games. It’s aiso a wonderful place to hold some concerts.
The Castles of Wales
Pembroke Castle
Conwy Castle
Caern
Pembroke Castle
It was built in 1093 when Normans invaded Wales. Now, it’s the biggest private castle in Wales.
History
In 1536, Wales and England signed
《Act of Union》, from then on,
Wales and England united.
Foods
Shellfish meat with Laverbread
Welsh steak
fried fish Ch
Hi , Wales
History Foods Scenery Culture
The geographical position
Wales is a part of the United Kingdom. It is located in the southwest of the island of Great Britain, the east of England, St. George's Channel in the west, the south Bristol channel, north depends on the Irish sea.
罗马帝国与中华汉帝国 The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty China
Roman Empire
Militarism: Both emphasized territorial Han China expansion
Perceived threats to security led to wars and conquests, which only increased the length of borders and led to more perceived threats…which led to more conquests. A pattern.
Citizenship and Colonies
• Large colonies of ethnically Han (northern) Chinese were planted in newly conquered territories • Use of Mandarin language required by the elite and bureaucrats • Ideology of Confucianism enforced by the central authority
Yep – that’s a Roman Road, still around today. Looking good after 2,000 years.
Mechanisms for political integration in China
• Confucianism identified principles necessary for political and social order • Emphasized the emperors’ divine majesty, links to Heaven, and morality through correct ritual (ancestor veneration • Developed a sophisticated bureaucracy with gov’t officials in the provinces (staffed by middle class) • Imperial Academy and exam system meant ALL areas of China were cohesive & Confucian
Han Dynasty 汉代 中英文介绍
❖ The Chinese also imported what they needed from other countries.
❖ Import means goods that are brought in.
❖ Traders traveled from China with silk.
❖ They returned with lumber, horses, and other products the Chinese people needed.
The Silk Road
❖ The Chinese used the Silk Road to export their silk.
❖ Trade with Central Asia increased even more
Chinese Trade
❖ The Chinese product most in demand by other people was silk.
❖ The trade route from China to Arabia and Europe takes its name from silk. It was called the Silk Road.
Han Achievements
Technology
• One of most important Han inventions - paper • Made by grinding plant fibers into paste, paste dried in sheets • Created “books” by connecting several sheets of paper into long scroll
罗马帝国论文
120816220Roman empire英语国际贸易系122班王钟苹Roman empire can be used to represent all of the land under the Romans. Rome's expansion of Roman beyond the concept of a city-state, become an empire. The heyday of the Roman territory is trajan in last years (in 117), the Roman empire at this time in total control of about 590 square kilometers of land, is one of the ancient history of the largest of the monarchy countries in the world.The Rise of Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a German empire that existed from962 to 18 06 in Central Europe. It was ruled by the HolyRoman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Agesand the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperorgradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its lastcenturies, its character became quite close to a union of territories.The empire's territory was centered on the Kingdom of Germany, and i ncluded neighboring territories, which at its peakincluded the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy.For much of its history, the Empire consisted of hundredsofsmaller sub-units, principalities,duchies,counties,FreeImperial Cities and other domains.In 962 Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, although theRoman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne in800. Otto w as the first emperor of the realm , who wasnota member of the earlie r Carolingian dynasty. The lastHoly Roman Emperor was Francis II, wh o abdicated and dissolved theEmpire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. In a decreefollowing the 1512 Dietof Cologne, the name was officiallychanged to Holy.Roman Empire of the German NationThe territories and dominion of the Holy Roman Empire in terms of pr esent-day states comprised Germany (except SouthernSchleswig), Austr ia (except Burgenland), the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Liechten stein, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Slovenia(except Prek murje), besides significant parts of eastern France (mainly Artois, Alsace,Franche-Comté, FrenchFlanders, Savoy and Lorraine), northern Italy (mainly Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Trentino and South Tyrol), and western Poland (mainly Silesia, Pomeraniaand Neumark).Carolingian forerunnersThe Holy Roman Empire looked to Charlemagne, King of theFranks, as its founder, who had been crowned Emperor of theRomans on Christmas day in 800 by Pope Leo III. TheWesternRoman Empire was thus revived (Latin: renovatio Romanorum imp erii) by transferring it to the Frankish king. Thistranslatio imperii, remained the basis for the Holy RomanEmpire, at least in theory, until its demise in 1806.The Carolingian imperial crown was initially disputed amongthe Carolingian rulers of Western Francia (France) and EasternFranci a (Germany), with first the western king (CharlestheBald) and then the eastern (Charles the Fat) attainingtheprize. However, after the death of Charles the Fat in 888,the Carolingian Empire broke asunder , never to be restored. According to Regino of Prüm, each part of the realm electeda "kingle t" from its own "bowels."After the death ofCharlesthe Fat, those cro wned Emperor by the Pope controlled onlyterritories in Italy. The last such Emperor was BerengarI of Italy who died in 924.FormationAround 900, East Francia saw the reemergence of autonomous stem duchies (Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, Saxony and Lotharingia). A fter the Carolingian king Louis the Child died withoutissue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingianruler of West Francia to take over the realm but electedone of the dukes, Conrad of Franconi a, as Rex FrancorumOrientalum. On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to hismain riv al, Henry of Saxony (919-36), who was elected kingat the Diet of Fri tzlar in 919. Henry reached a truce withthe raidingMagyarsand in 933 won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade.Henry died in 936 but his descendants, the Liudolfing (or Ottonian) dynasty, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdomfor roughly a century. Henry's designated successor, Otto, was elected King in Aachen in 936. He overcame a series ofrevolts--both from an elder brother and from several dukes.After that, the king managed to control the appointment ofdukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs. The Kingdom had no permanent capital city and the kings travelled fr om residence to residence to discharge affairs. However, each king p referred certain places, in Otto's case, thecity of Magdeburg.Kingsh ip continued to be transferred byelection, but Kings often had their sons elected during theirlifetime,enabling them to keep the crown for theirfamilies. This only changed after the end of the Saliandynastyin the 12th century.In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the Magyars intheBattle of Lechfeld. In 951, Otto came to the aid of Adelaide, the widowed quee n of Italy, defeating her enemies. Hethen married her and took contr ol over Italy. In 962, Ottowas crowned Emperor by the Pope. From then on, the affairsof the German kingdom were intertwined with that of Italyand the Papacy. Otto's coronationas Emperor made the Germankings successors to the Empire of Charlemagne, which through translatio imperii, also made them successors to AncientRome.This also renewed the conflict with the Eastern Emperor in Constantinople, especially after Otto's son Otto II (967--83) adopted the designation imperator Romanorum. Still, Ottoformed marital ties with the east, when he married the Byzantine princess Theophanu. Their son, Otto III, focused his attention on Italy and Rome and employed widespread diplomacy bu t died young in 1002, to be succeeded by his cousin Henry II, who fo cused on Germany.When Henry II died in 1024, Conrad II, first of the SalianDynasty, w as then elected king in 1024 only after some debate among dukes and nobles, which would eventually developinto the collegiate of Electors.The fall of The Rome EmpireAs we all know, the Rome Empire,once a mysterious andgreatcountry, had disappeared for a very long time. From themovie, “The Fall of Rome Empire”, we can learn aboutRome’s politic, culture, and economy, and gradually realizethat the fall of Rome Empire is inevitable. The EmpireRomecame to the perdition because its internal disunity,the king’s brutal rules, the eastern country’s rebellion, and Rome people’s arrogant and folly.First of all, the Rome Empire faced the internal disunity.The king in his old age, decided to give the throne toLewis, rather than the prince, so he was poisoned. That isto say, the son killed his father in order to have power.And, in the army, dif ferent people support different people.They were not unity and only concerned about their own internets. Second, the king’s brutal rules make the situation worse.Thenew king was addicted to enjoy the powerful and killed hisown fat her. He liked to watch duels and start wars to enlarge his territory . He enhanced the tax for his luxurious life. His measures made people hate him and lost the favor.In addition, some eastern countries were betrayed the RomeEmpire. They can not stand the brutal rules. Because oftheweakness of Rome, it’s chance to rebel and struggle forthemselve s. And the strength of Rome Empire does not matchits ambitious. It’s time to liberate themselves.At last, the reason is Rome people’s arrogant and folly. Variety of wars makes people more and wealthier. The Rome people are steep to the spread and join the army to obtain more money. They loved wars. They don not know thatwherethere is a force, there is a fight.The fall of Rome Empire is certain and inescapability. We should fol low the necessary of history.ConclusionThe rise of ancient Rome in the Italian peninsula is adjacent to the Greece. Roman culture which is inextricably linked with the Greek culture is an important part of the Western classical culture. No matter architecture, religion, science, or literature, art, etc. can all see the impact and the imprint of Greek culture, It's very prominent to the constitutional development and improvement in Rome to the impact of culture. Roman society has gone through the Wang era, the Republican era and the Age of Empires. Therefore, the political practice of the Romans has added many new elements to the Western political tradition, such asthe concept of state, the rule of operation, legal, military technology and engineering, etc., and advocating moral in the citizens such as perseverance, obedience, responsibility and so on.In the literature, Roman literature development was achieved because of largely accepting the impact of Greek culture, and migration and transformation of Greek poetry, drama. Rome cultural works are very rich, such as Cicero with 57 speeches and more than 800 letters.In the text, the Romans created the Latin alphabet. After constant improvement，the Latin alphabet was become foundation in many other nations to create their own text. This is one of the major contribution to world culture of ancient Romans.Rome has also had a tremendous impact on Western cultures following it. Many aspects of Classical culture have been incorporated into the cultures of those states rising from the ashes of the Roman Empire. Latin, the empire's primary language, remains used in religion, science, and law. Christianity was adopted by the official culture in the later 4th century; its triumph over rival can be partly attributed to its promotion by Roman authorities.。
西方文化入门Rome History
Tyrants
Nero(尼禄)
Valentine’s Day
基督徒被投入狮口
Theodosius (狄奥多修), the last emperor who ruled the united Empire, separated the Empire into two. His elder son ruled the east part called East Empire, the younger son ruled West Empire. Constantine, the Great of East Empire moved its capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople). In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令) was issued by him and granted religious freedom to all; The first emperor to legalize Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century Who made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar
• (如果埃及艳后的鼻子再短一点,整个世界史的面貌都会为之改观。)
Cleopatra and Caesar
M3U3-reading
With the stepping stones along the road, people didn't have to step in the mud on rainy days.(Line20)
Part 2
6. Tell if the following sentence is T or F.
Professor Zhang discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Sven Hedin
(Line37)
You needn’t answer any question. Just tell us some old or lost civilizations in Zhenjiang.
3. Comrehensive reading
What is the text made up of?
5 diary entries
Task 1
Skimming: Choose the correct
Pamratin1 idea for each part.
Diary 1
Diary 2 Part 2 Diary3
1. Dates and place name 2. Facts and historical information (events) 3. Personal feelings and opinions
Task two
Find the historical informatLeabharlann on about Pompeii.
英语作文(古罗马帝国)
Roman Empire, the Chinese ancient books called the Qin Empire, is a stage of civilization of ancient Rome, the Roman republic had several hundred years of history, but since the Spartacus uprising after the Roman soldiers entered the era of exercising power, and through two "three the first power ", the self-proclaimed Octavian" Augustus "and become dictator of Rome, from Rome to enter the" Roman Empire "era. Roman Empire can be used to express all the land under Roman rule.Rome's expansion to Rome, a city beyond the concept of a superpower. The heyday of the Roman territory was during the reign of Trajan, the Roman Empire now controls about 5.9 million square kilometers of land, the ancient history of the world's largest nations.罗马帝国，中国古书称为大秦，是古代罗马文明的一个阶段，罗马曾经有数百年的共和制历史，但自从斯巴达克斯起义以后，罗马进入了军人执掌政权的时代，并通过两次“三头执政”后，屋大维自命为“奥古斯都”，成为罗马的独裁者，从此罗马进入了“罗马帝国”时代。
用英语说中国汉朝
用英语说中国汉朝提高英语水平的方法有很多，在阅读中加入英语也是常见的一种。
小编在此献上用英语来了解中国的历史文化，希望大家喜欢。
用英语说中国汉朝：General 概况At the end of the Qin Dynasty (221—206 B.C.), a present army led by Liu Bang conquered the Xianyang City in 207 BC, putting an end to the despotic period.秦朝(公元前221年至公元前206年)末期，刘邦率领的军队于公元前207年占领了咸阳，结束了这个暴虐的时代。
After four years war with his rival, Xiang Yu, Liu Bang finally got command of the whole country and established his reign----Han Dynasty in 202 BC.经过和项羽四年的战争，刘邦最终控制了整个国家并于公元前202年建立了他的王朝——汉朝。
The new dynasty has been divided into two historical periods.这个新朝代被分为两个历史时期。
The first period is called the Western Han (206 B.C. ---- 24 A.D.) as the capital was Chang'an (the present city of Xian in Shaanxi Province).第一个时期是西汉(公元前206年至公元24年)，都城为长安(今天的陕西省西安市)。
The second period is known as the Eastern Han (25 A.D.--- 220 A.D.) as Luoyang became the capital city.第二个时期是东汉(公元25年至220年)，都城为洛阳。
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英文维基上的汉帝国与罗马帝国
汉朝与罗马位于欧亚大陆两端托勒密绘制的世界地图，最右边一大片便是传说中的塞西里亚帝国（汉朝）
特使甘英中国人想象中的大秦人，收录在明朝人王圻所著的类书《三才图会》97年（永元九年），汉朝名将班超派遣特使甘英出使大秦。
甘英经塔里木盆地一直走到安息国并到达波斯湾。
但由于安息国害怕汉朝直接开通了与大秦的商路会损害其垄断利益，于是没有向甘英提供更直接的经叙利亚的陆路，而是备陈渡海的艰难，又以传说渲染海上航行的恐怖，谓甘英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。
海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。
”使甘英相信了渡海的艰难，止步于安息，没有到达罗马。
后来，班超返回汉朝，并向世人讲述了他在西方国家的所见所闻。
[15]尽管甘英并没有成功到达罗马，但他也曾向世人介绍了他所了解到的罗马概况：“ 大秦国，一名犁鞬，以在海西，亦云海西国。
地方数千里，有四百余城。
小国役属者数十。
以石为城郭。
列置邮亭，皆垩塈之。
有松柏诸木百草。
人俗力田作，多种树蚕桑。
皆髡头而衣文绣，乘辎軿白盖小车，出入击鼓，建旌旗幡帜。
”
—后汉书“ 所居城邑，周圜百余里。
城中有五宫，相去各十里。
宫室皆以水精为柱，食器亦然。
其王日游一宫，听事五日而后遍。
常使一人持囊随王车，人有言事者，即以书投囊中，王室宫发省，理其枉直。
各有官曹文书。
置三十六将，皆会议国事。
其王无有常人。
皆简立贤者。
国中灾异及风雨不时，辄废而更立，受放者甘黜不怨。
其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦。
”
—后汉书“ 土多金银奇宝，有夜光璧、明月珠、骇鸡犀、珊瑚、虎魄、琉璃、琅玕、朱丹、青碧。
刺金缕绣，织成金缕罽、杂色绫。
作黄金涂、火浣市。
又有细布，或言水羊毳，野蚕茧所作也。
合会诸香，煎其汁以为苏合。
凡外国诸珍异皆出焉。
”
—后汉书一些史学家认为班超自己到达过里海，但是这种说法并未被大多数人所承认，很多人认为这种说法是错误的。
[16][17][编辑] 旅行家梅斯
梅斯·提提阿努斯最远到达过塔什库尔。
塔什库尔又称石塔，是汉朝的边界。
梅斯·提提阿努斯是一位古希腊的旅行家，[18]他曾经从地中海穿越丝绸之路到达汉朝的边界。
公元前二世纪早期，[19]梅斯趁着罗马帝国与安息国之间的战争平息下
来，带领这自己的商队穿过丝绸之路抵达石塔。
有考古学家分析称，石塔便是现今帕米尔高原的塔什库尔干。
[20]另一种说法则称梅斯是在公元前一世纪晚期带领商队穿越丝绸
之路，抵达石塔的。
[21][编辑] 首位罗马使者
托勒密所绘的世界地图，这张地图显示了相对于罗马帝国，中国位于世界的极右边。
地中海沿岸国家早在公元前一世纪就与印度建立了贸易航线。
在古希腊航海家发现季风可以辨别方向后，商队便开辟了地中海至印度的海上航线，这条海上航线位于印度洋。
考古学家在印度海岸线上挖掘出大量的罗马钱币证明了罗马与印度之间存在贸易往来。
为了更好的与罗马帝国进行贸易活动，人们在印度和斯里兰卡建立了许多通商口岸。
根据最早的记录，在166年（延熹九年），罗马帝国派遣出第一批特使抵达汉朝。
这些使者到达汉朝后以罗马帝国国王安敦的名义向汉朝皇帝汉桓帝进献了礼物。
（由于安敦宁·毕尤死于161年（延熹四年），他死后由马尔库斯·奥列里乌斯继承王位，使者们不知道该用哪个国王的名义参拜汉朝皇帝，所以便称罗马国王为安敦。
）罗马的使者从济南北部出海，通过海路，抵达越南的东京，并在东南亚采购了犀牛角、象牙、玳瑁等奢侈品。
汉朝也从罗马使者手中得到了有关天文学的书籍。
虽然罗马帝国早已知道汉朝位于欧亚大陆的另一端，但是，从托勒密所绘的世界地图上来
看，罗马对于汉朝的具体位置并不是十分清楚。
在地图上，汉朝的领土实际上是在东南亚。
这表明了托勒密知道汉朝在欧亚大陆的最东端，但是并不清楚汉朝的具体位置。
托勒密世界地图中的亚洲，恒河的海湾在左侧，东南亚在中间，汉朝则在右端。
[编辑] 其他罗马使者首位使者抵达汉朝后，罗马帝国可能又派出了其他的使者出访汉朝，但是没有任何记录能证实这一点。
直到公元三世纪，有记载称中国北方的魏国皇帝魏明帝接见了来自罗马帝国的使者。
罗马使者给魏明帝送上了包括玻璃制品在内的许多礼物。
如果此记录属实，根据罗马使者抵达魏国的时间推算，这些使者是由罗马国王亚历山大·塞维鲁在平息内乱后派遣的。
另一记录称，在284年（太康五年），有罗马使者向晋朝进献礼物。
这可能是罗
马皇帝卡鲁斯在波斯战争后派遣的使者。
根据中国的史册记载，商人福林曾在643年（贞观十七年）抵达拜占庭帝国。
当时拜占庭帝国的统治者是康斯坦丁二世(641-688)。
[22]也有记载称，在667年（乾封元年）、701年（大足元年）和719年（开元七年），均有中国人通过中亚抵达罗马帝国。
[23][编辑] 假设军事接触
帕提亚国王奥罗德斯二世（Orodes II of Parthia）将卡雷战
役中的罗马俘虏送到马尔吉安那，但这些俘虏后来下落不明。
历史学家霍默·H·达布斯（Homer H. Dubs）推测，被送到帕
提亚东部边境地区的罗马俘虏可能曾与汉族士兵发生过冲突。
[24]公元前54年（五凤四年），在卡雷战役（Battle of Carrhae）战败后，估计为数约10,000名的罗名俘虏被帕提亚流放至马尔吉安那（Margiana），成为前线作战士卒。
大约18年后，匈奴的郅支单于于塔拉斯河附近建城（现今塔拉兹附近）。
基于这两点，达布斯引用了班固《汉书》所载“明日，前至郅支城都赖水上，离城三里，止营傅陈。
望见单于城上立五采幡帜，数百人披甲乘城，又出百余骑往来驰城下，步兵百余人夹门鱼鳞陈，讲习用兵。
”[25]他认为文中的“鱼鳞阵”可能是指罗马军队作战时的“龟甲阵”（testuto formation），而这些被中国俘虏的士兵后来于永昌县的骊轩村定居下来。
[26]但是，达布斯的假设并未为现代学者所接受。
目前，没有任何证据能证明这些人是罗马人，[27]而在测试骊靬村附近男性居民的DNA后，其结果亦不支持这假设。
[28]而且，张掖郡骊靬县的建置年代也早于郅支城之战，因此骊靬县不会因罗马战俘而得名。