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Wireless Mouse Manual

Name and function of each part各部分的名称及其作用各部位名稱及功能Nama dan Fungsi dari Setiap BagianWireless MouseManualENGLISHSpeciﬁcations1Insert the battery2Turning the Power On3Pairing with a PCPower-saving modeWhen the mouse is left untouched for a ﬁxed period of time while the power is ON, it automatically shifts to power-saving mode. The mouse is released from the power-saving mode when it is touched.* Mouse operation may be unstable for a few seconds after returning from the power-saving mode.Remove the battery cover.Re-attach the battery cover to its original state.Insert the battery.Slide the power switch to the ON position.The LED lamp will blink periodically according to theamount of battery left.* When the battery level is low, the number of times the LED lamp blinks will decrease.The pairing method may differ depending on the PC you are using.This section covers Windows and Macintosh standard Bluetooth functions. For more information, please read the instruction manual for your PC. Please carry out the pairing operation using your current mouse or touchpad on your device.Windows 10For macOS Catalina (10.15)From the Apple menu, click “System Settings...” to display the system environment settings screen.Click “Bluetooth” to display the“Bluetooth” environment settings screen.During the device search, hold down the pairing button on the bottomsurface for two to three seconds, and then release.Select “ELECOM IR Mouse”, and click “Connect” to start pairing.When it changes to “Connected”, pairing is completed.Click on the “Start” button on thelower left of the screen, and click on the “Settings” icon.Click on “Devices” on the “Windows Settings” screen.Click on “Bluetooth and Other Devices”, and click on “Add aBluetooth Device or Other Devices”.When the add device screen is displayed, hold down the pairingbutton on the bottom for two to three seconds, and then release.Click on “ELECOM IR Mouse” to begin pairing.When it changes to “Connected”, click on “Complete”.This product is added to “Mice, keyboards, pens”, displays“Connected” and pairing is complete.Click on “Bluetooth”.Pairing mode is activated, and the LED lamp blinks red.Pairing mode is activated, and the LED lampblinks red.Resolution1300 dpiCompatible standard Bluetooth 5.0 Class2Supported proﬁle HOGP (HID Over GATT Proﬁle)Radio wave method GFSK Radio frequency 2.4 GHz bandRadio wave rangeMagnetic surfaces (such as steel desks): approximately 3 mNon-magnetic surfaces (such as wooden desks): approximately 10 m * T hese are test values in company environment and are not guaranteed.Read method Optical sensor method Emitted light type Non-visible wavelength rangeDimensions (W × D × H)M-BY10BR /M-K5BR series : Approx. 53 mm × 93 mm × 37 mm M-BY11BR /M-K6BR series : Approx. 59 mm × 105 mm × 39 mm WeightM-BY10BR /M-K5BR series : Approx. 59 g *Including the battery M-BY11BR /M-K6BR series : Approx. 67 g *Including the battery Operational temperature/humidity 5°C to 40°C/ up to 90%RH (without condensation)Storage temperature/humidity -10°C to 60°C/ up to 90%RH (without condensation)Supported battery Any one of AAA alkaline battery, AAA manganese battery, AAA type nickel-metal hydride batteryOperational timeEstimate when using alkaline batteryContinuous operation time : Approximately 153 hours Continuous standby time : Approximately 500 days Estimated usage time : Approximately 309 days(The above is assuming the computer is used for eight hours a day with 5% of that time spent operating the mouse.)Supported OSWindows 10, Windows 8.1, macOS Catalina (10.15), Android OS 7 to 10, iOS iPadOS (13.4)(Updating the OS or installing a service pack may be necessary.)* C ompatibility information was retrieved during operation conﬁrmation in our veriﬁcation environment. There is no guarantee of complete compatibility with all devices, OS versions, and applications.123无线鼠标 / 蓝牙设备使用说明书基本规格1插入电池2接通电源3与计算机配对关于鼠标的省电模式为了抑制电池消耗，在将电源开关置于ON的状态时隔一段时间不操作，鼠标自动进入省电模式。

介绍韩国的英文ppt课件

It shares land borders with China, Russia, and North Korea
Neighbors
Korea has a rich history that dates back to the Neolithic period The first recorded mention of Korea is in Chinese chronicles from the 1st century AD
Introducing English PPT courseware for South Korea
Introduction to KoreaKorean cultureKorean educationSouth Korean economyKorean tourism
contents
目录
01
Introduction to Korea
The shipbuilding industry in South Korea has experienced ups and downs but remains an importantБайду номын сангаасpart of the country's economy
Shipbuilding industry
Vision 2025
Modern history
Population
South Korea has a population of approximately 51 million people, with the majority concentrated in the cities, specifically Seoul, the capital and largest city

Differential Privacy

Click streams, taxi data
Or in very coarse-grained summaries
Public health
Or after a very long wait
US Census data details
Or with definite privacy issues
The published table
A voter registration list
Quasi-identifier (QI) attributes “Background knowledge”
87% of Americans can be uniquely identified by {zip code, gender, date of birth}.
Just because data looks hard to re-identify, doesn‟t mean it is.
[Narayanan and Shmatikov, Oakland 08]
In 2009, the Netflix movie rental service offered a $1,000,000 prize for improving their movie recommendation service.
Differential Privacy
Part of the SIGMOD 2012 Tutorial, available at /publications.html
Part 1: Motivation
Yin Yang (slides from Prof. Marianne Winslett) Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Including slides from: Anupam Datta / Yufei Tao / Tiancheng Li / Vitaly Smatikov / Avrim Blum / Johannes Gehrke / Gerome Miklau / & more!

Ellis-Corrective-Feedback

T tries to elicit correct pronunciation and the corrects
S: alib[ai]
S fails again
T: okay, listen, listen, alb[ay] T models correct pronunciation
SS: alib(ay)
Theoretical perspectives
1. The Interaction Hypothesis (Long 1996) 2. The Output Hypothesis (Swain 1985;
1995) 3. The Noticing Hypothesis (Schmidt
1994; 2001) 4. Focus on form (Long 1991)
2. In the course of this, they produce errors. 3. They receive feedback that they recognize as
corrective. 4. The feedback causes them to notice the errors they
first row. (uptake)
The complexity of corrective feedback
Corrective feedback (CF) occurs frequently in instructional settings (but much less frequently in naturalistic settings)
Commentary
Initial focus on meaning Student perceives the feedback as corrective

如何认识欧盟的“民主赤字”问题？

如何认识欧盟的“民主⾚字”问题?2019-04-23从20世纪50年代初的煤钢联营到90年代初欧盟的建⽴，欧洲⼀体化主要由政治精英所推动。

然⽽，1992年丹麦公决否定《马约》之后，⼈们发现欧洲⼀体化的进⼀步发展离不开⼈民⼤众的⽀持，“民主⾚字”的字眼也常常出现在有关的⽂献之中。

欧盟层⾯上的民主建设引起⼤家的重视，如何“使欧盟更接近⼈民”成为欧盟决策者的当务之急，它被列为《尼斯条约》的⽬标之⼀，2001年欧盟委员会在《欧盟治理⽩⽪书》中也强调了民主建设的重要性。

与此同时，⼀些学术刊物和论坛也就有关问题展开了热烈的讨论，欧美⼀些知名学者就如何认识和解决欧盟的民主问题，纷纷提出⾃⼰的见解。

本⽂以⽂献综述的⽅式，⾸先评介其中⼀些较有影响的观点，然后谈谈笔者本⼈的⼏点思考。

欧盟民主制度的缺陷简单地说，民主作为⼀种政治思想，以“⼈民主权论”为根本宗旨，即统治者的权⼒来⾃⼈民，其职责在于保护⼈民的权利并得到⼈民的认可。

为了保障这⼀点，公民通过政党选举等渠道选择政策的制定者和执⾏者，同时⼜要求整个决策过程公正和透明。

这样，民主⼜成为⼀种制度。

⾃近代以来，西⽅民族国家的民主制度经由⼏百年的发展⽽臻于成熟，⽽在西欧民族国家基础上发展起来的欧共体和欧盟，必然也存在着⼀个如何建设民主制度的问题。

1979年，当欧洲议会第⼀次进⾏公民选举时，⼈们曾预⾔泛欧洲政党将会形成。

然⽽，新的政党联盟到80年代仍在为⽣存⽽⽃争，这种乐观主义破灭了。

在《马约》的“政党条款”提出之后，90年代的泛欧洲政党活动趋于活跃，社会党、基督教、⾃由党和绿党联盟采⽤了更加⼀体化的新章程，开始重视欧洲议会的选举。

与此同时，欧洲议会对欧盟的财政预算有了较为严密的控制权，并获得了任命欧盟委员会主席和成员以及通过弹劾迫使其辞职的权⼒。

然⽽，从传统议会民主制的⾓度来看，欧盟还存在着明显的“民主⾚字”，主要表现在以下⼏个⽅⾯：⾸先，在决策机构得到公民的认可和⽀持⽅⾯，欧盟与成员国相⽐仍然存在着相当的差距。

2005-A global Malmquist productivity index

A global Malmquist productivity indexJesu ´s T.Pastor a ,C.A.Knox Lovell b ,TaCentro de Investigacio ´n Operativa,Universidad Miguel Herna ´ndez,03206Elche (Alicante),SpainbDepartment of Economics,University of Georgia,Athens,GA 30602,USA Received 2June 2004;received in revised form 24January 2005;accepted 16February 2005Available online 23May 2005AbstractThe geometric mean Malmquist productivity index is not circular,and its adjacent period components can provide different measures of productivity change.We propose a global Malmquist productivity index that is circular,and that gives a single measure of productivity change.D 2005Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Malmquist productivity index;Circularity JEL classification:C43;D24;O471.IntroductionThe geometric mean form of the contemporaneous Malmquist productivity index,introduced by Caves et al.(1982),is not circular.Whether this is a serious problem depends on the powers of persuasion of Fisher (1922),who dismissed the test,and Frisch (1936),who endorsed it.The index averages two possibly disparate measures of productivity change.Fa ¨re and Grosskopf (1996)state sufficient conditions on the adjacent period technologies for the index to satisfy circularity,and to average the same measures of productivity change.When linear programming techniques are used to compute and decompose the index,infeasibility can occur.Whether this is a serious problem depends on0165-1765/$-see front matter D 2005Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.02.013T Corresponding author.Tel.:+17065423689;fax:+17065423376.E-mail address:knox@ (C.A.K.Lovell).Economics Letters 88(2005)266–271/locate/econbasethe structure of the data.Xue and Harker(2002)provide necessary and sufficient conditions on the datafor LP infeasibility not to occur.We demonstrate that the source of all three problems is the specification of adjacent periodtechnologies in the construction of the index.We show that it is possible to specify a base periodtechnology in a way that solves all three problems,without having to impose restrictive conditions oneither the technologies or the data.Berg et al.(1992)proposed an index that compares adjacent period data using technology from a baseperiod.This index satisfies circularity and generates a single measure of productivity change,but it paysfor circularity with base period dependence,and it remains susceptible to LP infeasibility.Shestalova(2003)proposed an index having as its base a sequential technology formed from data ofall producers in all periods up to and including the two periods being compared.This index is immune toLP infeasibility,and it generates a single measure of productivity change,but it fails circularity and itprecludes technical regress.Thus no currently available Malmquist productivity index solves all three problems.We propose anew global index with technology formed from data of all producers in all periods.This index satisfiescircularity,it generates a single measure of productivity change,it allows technical regress,and it isimmune to LP infeasibility.In Section2we introduce and decompose the circular global index.Its efficiency change componentis the same as that of the contemporaneous index,but its technical change component is new.In Section3we relate it to the contemporaneous index.In Section4we provide an empirical illustration.Section5concludes.2.The global Malmquist productivity indexConsider a panel of i=1,...,I producers and t=1,...,T time periods.Producers use inputs x a R N+toproduce outputs y a R P+.We define two technologies.A contemporaneous benchmark technology isdefined as T c t={(x t,y t)|x t can produce y t}with k T c t=T c t,t=1,...,T,k N0.A global benchmarktechnology is defined as T c G=conv{T c1v...v T c T}.The subscript b c Q indicates that both benchmark technologies satisfy constant returns to scale.A contemporaneous Malmquist productivity index is defined on T c s asM scx t;y t;x tþ1;y tþ1ÀÁ¼D scx tþ1;y tþ1ðÞD scx t;y tðÞ;ð1Þwhere the output distance functions D c s(x,y)=min{/N0|(x,y//)a T c s},s=t,t+1.Since M c t(x t,y t,x t+1, y t+1)p M c t+1(x t,y t,x t+1,y t+1)without restrictions on the two technologies,the contemporaneous index is typically defined in geometric mean form as M c(x t,y t,x t+1,y t+1)=[M c t(x t,y t,x t+1,y t+1)ÂM c t+1(x t,y t,x t+1, y t+1)]1/2.A global Malmquist productivity index is defined on T c G asM Gcx t;y t;x tþ1;y tþ1ÀÁ¼D Gcx tþ1;y tþ1ðÞD Gcx t;y tðÞ;ð2Þwhere the output distance functions D c G(x,y)=min{/N0|(x,y//)a T c G}.J.T.Pastor,C.A.K.Lovell/Economics Letters88(2005)266–271267Both indexes compare (x t +1,y t +1)to (x t ,y t ),but they use different benchmarks.Since there is only one global benchmark technology,there is no need to resort to the geometric mean convention when defining the global index.M cGdecomposes as M G c x t ;y t ;x t þ1;f y t þ1ÀÁ¼D t þ1c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞD t c x t ;y t ðÞÂD G c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞD t þ1c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞÂD t cx t ;y t ðÞD Gc x t ;y t ðÞ&'¼TE t þ1c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞTE t c x t ;y t ðÞÂD G c Àx t þ1;y t þ1=D t þ1c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞÁD G c x t ;y t =D t cx t ;y t ðÞÀÁ()¼EC c ÂBPG G ;t þ1cx t þ1;y t þ1ðÞBPG cx t ;y tðÞ()¼EC c ÂBPC c ;ð3Þwhere EC c is the usual efficiency change indicator and BPG c G,s V 1is a best practice gap between T c Gand T c s measured along rays (x s ,y s),s =t ,t +1.BPC c is the change in BPG c ,and provides a new measure of technical change.BPC c f 1indicates whether the benchmark technology in period t +1in the region[(x t +1,y t +1/D ct +1(x t +1,y t +1))]is closer to or farther away from the global benchmark technology than is the benchmark technology in period t in the region [(x t ,y t /D ct (x t ,y t ))].M c G has four virtues.First,like any fixed base index,M cGis circular,and since EC c is circular,so is BPC c .Second,each provides a single measure,with no need to take the geometric mean of disparate adjacent period measures.Third,but not shown here,the decomposition in (3)can be extended to generate a three-way decomposition that is structurally identical to the Ray and Desli (1997)decomposition of the contemporaneous index.M cGand M c share a common efficiency change component,but they have different technical change and scale components,and so M c Gp M c without restrictions on the technologies.Finally,the technical change and scale components of M c Gare immune to the LP infeasibility problem that plagues these components of M c .paring the global and contemporaneous indexes The ratioM G c =M c¼M G c =M t þ1cÀÁÂM G c =M t cÀÁÂÃ1=2¼D G cx t þ1;y t þ1=D t þ1c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞÀÁD G c x t ;y t =D t þ1c x t ;y t ðÞÀÁ"#ÂD G c x t þ1;y t þ1=D t c x t þ1;y t þ1ðÞÀÁD G c x t ;y t =D t c x t ;y t ðÞÀÁ"#()1=2¼BPG G ;t þ1cx t þ1;y t þ1ðÞBPG G ;t þ1cx t ;y tðÞ"#ÂBPG G ;t c xt þ1;y t þ1ðÞBPG G ;t c x t ;y tðÞ"#()1=2ð4Þis the geometric mean of two terms,each being a ratio of benchmark technology gaps along differentrays.M c G /M c f 1as projections onto T c t and T c t +1of period t +1data are closer to,equidistant from,orfarther away from T c G than projections onto T c t and T ct +1of period t data are.J.T.Pastor,C.A.K.Lovell /Economics Letters 88(2005)266–271268J.T.Pastor,C.A.K.Lovell/Economics Letters88(2005)266–271269 Table1Electricity generation data,annual means1977198219871992 Output(000MW h)13,70013,86016,18017,270 Labor(#FTE)1373179719952021 Fuel(billion BTU)1288144116671824 Capital(To¨rnqvist)44,756211,622371,041396,386 M c G=M c if BPG c G,s(x t+1,y t+1)=BPG c G,s(x t,y t),s=t,t+1.From the first equality in(4),this condition is equivalent to the condition M c G=M c s,s=t,t+1.If this condition holds for all s,it is equivalent to the condition M c t=M c1for all t.Althin(2001)has shown that a sufficient condition for base period independence is that technical change be Hicks output-neutral(HON).Hence HON is also sufficient for M c G=M c.4.An empirical illustrationWe summarize an application intended to illustrate the behavior of M c G,and to compare its performance with that of M c.We analyze a panel of93US electricity generating firms in four years (1977,1982,1997,1992).The firms use labor(FTE employees),fuel(BTUs of energy)and capital(a multilateral To¨rnqvist index)to generate electricity(net generation in MW h).The data are summarized in Table1.Electricity generation increased by proportionately less than each input did.The main cause of the rapid increase in the capital input was the enactment of environmental regulations mandating the installation of pollution abatement equipment.We are unable to disaggregate the capital input into its productive and abatement components.Empirical findings are summarized in Table2.The first three rows report decomposition(3)of M c G, and the final three rows report M c and its two adjacent period components.Columns correspond to time periods.M c G shows a large productivity decline from1977to1982,followed by weak productivity growth. Cumulative productivity in1992was25%lower than in1977.M c G calculated using1992and1977data generates the same value,verifying that it is circular.The efficiency change component EC c of M c G(and M c)is also circular,and cumulates to an18% improvement.Best practice change,BPC c,is also circular,and declined by35%.Capital investment in Table2Global and contemporaneous Malmquist productivity indexes1977–19821982–19871987–1992Cumulative productivity1977–1992 M c G0.685 1.064 1.0390.7570.757EC c 1.163 1.0890.929 1.176 1.176 BPC c0.5890.977 1.1180.6440.644M c0.4310.895 1.0390.4000.592M c t0.7130.902 1.0530.678 1.333M c t+10.2600.887 1.0240.2360.263pollution abatement equipment generated cleaner air but not more electricity.Consequently catching up with deteriorating best practice was relatively easy.Turning to the contemporaneous index M c reported in the final three rows,the story is not so clear.Cumulative productivity in 1992was 60%lower than in 1977.However calculating M c using 1992and 1977data generates a smaller 40%decline,verifying that M c is not circular.Neither figure is close to the25%decline reported by M cG,verifying that technical change was not HON,but (pollution abatement)capital-using.The lack of circularity is reflected in the frequently large differences between M ct and M c t +1,which give conflicting signals when computed using 1992and 1977data,with M c tsignaling productivitygrowth and M ct +1signaling productivity decline.Although not reported in Table 2,we have calculated three-way decompositions of M cG and M c .All three components of M c G are circular,and LP infeasibility does not occur.In contrast,the technical change and scale components of M c are not circular,and infeasibility occurs for 13observations.The circular global index M cGtells a single story about productivity change,and its decomposition is intuitively appealing in light of what we know about the industry during the cking circularity,M c and its two adjacent period components tell different stories that are often contradictory.Thedifferences between M cGand M c are a consequence of the capital-using bias of technical change,which was regressive due to the mandated installation of pollution abatement equipment,augmented perhaps by the rate base padding that was prevalent during the period.5.ConclusionsThe contemporaneous Malmquist productivity index is not circular,its adjacent period components can give conflicting signals,and it is susceptible to LP infeasibility.The global Malmquist productivity index and each of its components is circular,it provides single measures of productivity change and its components,and it is immune to LP infeasibility.The global index decomposes into the same sources of productivity change as the contemporaneous index does.A sufficient condition for equality of the two indexes,and their respective components,is Hicks output neutrality of technical change.The global index must be recomputed when a new time period is incorporated.Diewert’s (1987)assertion that b ...economic history has to be rewritten ...Q when new data are incorporated is the base period dependency problem revisited.The problem can be serious when using base periods t =1and t =T ,but it is likely to be benign when using global base periods {1,...,T }and {1,...,T +1}.While new data may change the global frontier,the rewriting of history is likely to be quantitative rather than qualitative.ReferencesAlthin,R.,2001.Measurement of productivity changes:two Malmquist index approaches.Journal of Productivity Analysis 16,107–128.Berg,S.A.,Førsund,F.R.,Jansen,E.S.,1992.Malmquist indices of productivity growth during the deregulation of Norwegian banking,1980–89.Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94,211–228(Supplement).Caves,D.W.,Christensen,L.R.,Diewert,W.E.,1982.The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input output,and productivity.Econometrica 50,1393–1414.J.T.Pastor,C.A.K.Lovell /Economics Letters 88(2005)266–271270J.T.Pastor,C.A.K.Lovell/Economics Letters88(2005)266–271271 Diewert,W.E.,1987.Index numbers.In:Eatwell,J.,Milgate,M.,Newman,P.(Eds.),The New Palgrave:A Dictionary of Economics,vol.2.The Macmillan Press,New York.Fa¨re,R.,Grosskopf,S.,1996.Intertemporal Production Frontiers:With Dynamic DEA.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston. Fisher,I.,1922.The Making of Index Numbers.Houghton Mifflin,Boston.Frisch,R.,1936.Annual survey of general economic theory:the problem of index numbers.Econometrica4,1–38.Ray,S.C.,Desli,E.,1997.Productivity growth,technical progress,and efficiency change in industrialized countries:comment.American Economic Review87,1033–1039.Shestalova,V.,2003.Sequential Malmquist indices of productivity growth:an application to OECD industrial activities.Journal of Productivity Analysis19,211–226.Xue,M.,Harker,P.T.,2002.Note:ranking DMUs with infeasible super-efficiency in DEA models.Management Science48, 705–710.。

The Long and Short of Quality Ladders

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIESTHE LONG AND SHORT (OF) QUALITY LADDERSAmit KhandelwalWorking Paper 15178/papers/w15178NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH1050 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge, MA 02138July 2009I am especially grateful to my dissertation committee, Irene Brambilla, Penny Goldberg and Peter Schott, for guidance and support. I have benefited from conversations with Steve Berry, Ray Fisman, Juan Carlos Hallak, David Hummels, Kala Krishna, Chris Ksoll, Frank Limbrock, Alex Mcquoid, Nina Pavcnik, Siddharth Sharma, Gustavo Soares, Robert Staiger, Catherine Thomas, Daniel Trefler, Chris Udry, Eric Verhoogen, David Weinstein, Jeffrey Weinstein, and various seminar participants. Special thanks also to Amalavoyal Chari. All errors are my own. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.© 2009 by Amit Khandelwal. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.The Long and Short (of) Quality LaddersAmit KhandelwalNBER Working Paper No. 15178July 2009JEL No. F1,F15,F16ABSTRACTPrices are typically used as proxies for countries' export quality. I relax this strong assumption by exploiting both price and quantity information to estimate the quality of products exported to the U.S. Higher quality is assigned to products with higher market shares conditional on price. The estimated qualities reveal substantial heterogeneity in product markets' scope for quality differentiation, or their "quality ladders.'' I use this variation to explain the heterogeneous impact of low-wage competition on U.S. manufacturing employment and output. Markets characterized by relatively shorter quality ladders are associated with larger employment and output declines resulting from low-wage competition. Amit KhandelwalGraduate School of BusinessColumbia UniversityUris Hall 606, 3022 BroadwayNew York, NY 10027and NBERak2796@The Long and Short(of)Quality Ladders∗Amit Khandelwal†Columbia Business School&NBERFirst Draft:November2006This Version:July2009AbstractPrices are typically used as proxies for countries’export quality.I relax this strong assumption by exploiting both price and quantity information to estimate the quality of products exported to the U.S.Higher quality is assigned to products with higher market shares conditional on price.The estimatedqualities reveal substantial heterogeneity in product markets’scope for quality diﬀerentiation,or their“quality ladders.”I use this variation to explain the heterogeneous impact of low-wage competition onU.S.manufacturing employment and output.Markets characterized by relatively shorter quality laddersare associated with larger employment and output declines resulting from low-wage competition. Keywords:Quality Ladders;Low Wage Competition;Quality Specialization;Product DiﬀerentiationJEL Classiﬁcation:F1,F15,F161IntroductionThe quality of products manufactured by countries aﬀects many economic outcomes in international and development economics.Past studies have consistently found that product quality inﬂuences cross-border trade;richer countries consume and export higher quality products than developing countries.1The ability ∗I am especially grateful to my dissertation committee,Irene Brambilla,Penny Goldberg and Peter Schott,for guidance and support.I have beneﬁted from conversations with Steve Berry,Ray Fisman,Juan Carlos Hallak,David Hummels,Kala Krishna, Chris Ksoll,Frank Limbrock,Alex Mcquoid,Nina Pavcnik,Siddharth Sharma,Gustavo Soares,Robert Staiger,Catherine Thomas,Daniel Treﬂer,Chris Udry,Eric Verhoogen,David Weinstein,Jeﬀrey Weinstein,and various seminar participants. Special thanks also to Amalavoyal Chari.All errors are my own.†Uris Hall,Room606,3022Broadway,New York,NY10027,email:ak2796@,website: /faculty/akhandelwal/.1Support for the demand-side explanation,initially posited by Linder(1961),has been shown by Hallak(2006)and Verhoogen (2008).Studies by Hummels and Klenow(2005)and Schott(2004)provide systematic evidence that richer countries exportof developing countries to transition from low-quality to high-quality products is therefore seen by some as a necessary(but certainly not a suﬃcient)condition for export success and,ultimately,economic development.2 In addition,quality upgrading features prominently in current debates about the role of international trade in driving wage inequality.But while this research suggests a positive association between quality upgrading and income per capita,Verhoogen(2008)and Goldberg and Pavcnik(2007)argue that quality upgrading also aﬀects the variance of the income distribution through changes in the relative demand for skilled labor. Quality specialization may therefore partly explain why inequality has risen in developing countries following trade liberalizations,in contrast to Stolper-Samuelson predictions.Diﬀerences in the quality space may also aﬀect how closely countries’products compete with one another and therefore have implications for the impact of trade on industry employment and output Leamer(2006).These studies stress the importance of understanding why product quality varies across countries and over time,and how it is inﬂuenced by policy.The challenge faced by this literature is that product quality is unobserved.Research in the international trade literature has attempted to deal with this problem by using prices(or unit values)to proxy for quality.This approach,while convenient,requires strong assumptions since prices could reﬂect not just quality,but also variations in manufacturing costs.For example,in1999, the U.S.imported Malaysian and Portuguese women’s trousers(HS6204624020)at unit values(inclusive of transportation and tariﬀduties)of$146and$371,respectively.If prices are assumed to proxy perfectly for quality,Malaysian trousers would possess about half the quality of Portuguese trousers.However,the annual wage in the apparel sector for Malaysia and Portugal was$3,100and$5,700,respectively(UNIDO, 2005).So the diﬀerence in unit values may instead be a reﬂection of these diﬀerent factor prices.Why would a consumer ever purchase expensive Portuguese trousers if they,in fact,possess lower quality?One explanation is that a fraction of consumers have a preference for the horizontal attributes of Portuguese trousers(for instance,the cut or color patterns).Indeed,U.S.consumers imported more than82,000dozens of Malaysian trousers compared to only865dozens from Portugal.Idiosyncratic preferences for products’horizontal attributes can therefore break the direct mapping from prices to quality that has been traditionally assumed.This paper estimates the quality of U.S.imports using a procedure that relaxes the strong quality-equals-price assumption.The quality measures are derived from a nested logit demand system,based on Berry(1994),that embeds preferences for both horizontal and vertical attributes.3Quality is the vertical higher quality products.Baldwin and Harrigan(2007),Hallak and Sivadasan(2009),Kugler and Verhoogen(2008)and Johnson (2009)also document the role of product quality in inﬂuencing production and trade patterns.2Kremer(1993)provides microeconomic foundations for the quality production function and its implications for economic development(see also Verhoogen(2008)and Kugler and Verhoogen(2008)).Endogenous growth models that highlight the importance of product quality include Grossman and Helpman(1991).Hausmann and Rodrik(2003),Rodrik(2006)and Hidalgo et al.(2007)highlight the importance of export quality for economic performance.3Other studies within international trade that use a nested logit structure include Goldberg(1995)and Irwin and Pavcnikcomponent of the estimated model and captures the mean valuation that U.S.consumers attach to an im-ported product.The procedure utilizes both unit value and quantity information to infer quality and has a straightforward intuition:conditional on price,imports with higher market shares are assigned higher quality.Importantly,the procedure requires no special data beyond what is readily available in standard disaggregate trade data.It is also easy to implement;here,I estimate separate demand curves for approxi-mately hundreds of manufacturing industries.Moreover,the procedure recovers quality at theﬁnest level of product aggregation available(for the U.S.data,this is the ten-digit HS level).4The inferred qualities indicate that developed countries export higher quality products relative to developing countries.Thisﬁnding is consistent with Schott(2004)who uses unit values to proxy for quality.However,the estimates also reveal substantial heterogeneity in product markets’scope for quality diﬀerentiation,or quality ladders,which I measure as the range of qualities within the product market.In markets with a larger scope for quality diﬀerentiation,or a“long”quality ladder,unit values are relatively more correlated with the estimated qualities.In these markets,prices appear to be appropriate proxies for quality.In contrast,prices appear to be less appropriate proxies for quality in markets with a narrow range of estimated qualities(“short”ladder markets).This provides suggestive evidence that expensive imports in short-ladder markets coexist with cheaper rivals due to horizontal product diﬀerentiation.That is,although the average U.S.consumer attaches a low valuation to the expensive import,there is a fraction of consumers who still value the product.This heterogeneity underscores the drawback in invoking the quality-equals-price assumption,particularly for products characterized by short quality ladders.I use this heterogeneity in ladder lengths to demonstrate that quality specialization has important implications for the bor market.The public’s fear of globalization is often rooted in the vulnerability or, to use Edward Leamer’s terminology,the contestability of jobs.According to Leamer,the contestable jobs are those where“wages in Los Angeles are set in Shanghai”(Leamer(2006),p.5).A recent study by Bernard, Jensen,and Schott(2006)provides evidence that the probability of U.S.plant survival and employment growth are negatively associated with an industry’s exposure to import penetration,particularly from low-wage countries.5However,while low-wage competition negatively aﬀects output and employment growth, the impact is heterogenous across industries.For instance,between1980and the mid-1990s,electronics (SIC36)experienced greater low-wage import penetration than fabricated metals(SIC34)but experienced (2004)although these papers do not focus on the quality of imported products.4An alternative procedure developed by Hallak and Schott(2007)relies on the similar intuition to infer countries’export quality to the U.S.,but their methodology prevents estimating quality at theﬁnest level of disaggregation due to data limitations.5Other studies studying the negative relationships between trade and employment include Sachs and Shatz(1994),Free-man and Katz(1991)and Revenga(1992).Bernard,Jensen,and Schott(2006)explicitly connect the relationship between employment and trade with low-wage countries,deﬁned as nations with less than5percent of U.S.per capita GDP.I use their deﬁnition of low-wage countries in this paper(see Table1).a smaller employment decline.6Using a simple model developed in Section2,I demonstrate that the impact of low-wage competition on U.S.industries will vary with its quality ladder.My argument is related to a body of research that reject standard model predictions of factor price equalization(FPE).7These studies show that if countries inhabit diﬀerent cones of(quality)diversiﬁcation,with developing countries exporting low-quality products,then developed countries will be insulated from movements of wages in developing countries.However,if markets vary in their scope for quality diﬀerentiation,developed countries will experience heterogeneity in their exposure to developing countries.In long-ladder markets,developed countries can insulate themselves from the South by using comparative advantage factors(e.g.,skill,capital and/or technology)to specialize atop the quality ladder.In short-ladder markets,however,developed countries will be directly exposed to Southern competition because quality upgrading is infeasible.Thus,a market’s scope for vertical diﬀerentiation is important for understanding Leamer’s notion of contestable jobs.Iﬁnd robust support for this hypothesis by matching U.S.industry data and import competition to quality ladders constructed from the estimated qualities.Consistent with Bernard et al.(2006),Iﬁnd that industry employment is negatively associated with import penetration,particularly from low-wage countries. However,the empirical results conﬁrm that import penetration has a weaker impact on employment in industries with long quality ladders:a ten percentage point increase in low-wage penetration is associated with a6percent employment decline in an industry characterized by an average quality ladder length.A similar increase in competition in a long-ladder industry(one standard deviation above the mean)results in only a1.4percent employment decline.Diﬀerential impacts on industry output are similar.Importantly,the impact of import competition on short and long-ladder industries is similar in magnitude to the diﬀerential impact on low and high capital-intensive industries.In other words,even after controlling for the diﬀerential impact through traditional channels,such as capital and skill intensities(see Sachs and Shatz(1994)and Bernard et al.(2006)),the quality ladder remains an important determinant of an industry’s vulnerability to low-wage competition.Moreover,the heterogenous eﬀect is not precisely captured if one simply uses variations in unit values.These results complement the literature studying the relationship between quality specialization and labor markets.But while existing studies focus predominantly on developing countries(see Goldberg and Pavcnik(2007),Verhoogen(2008),Kaplan and Verhoogen(2005)),the evidence here suggests that quality specialization is also important for developed countries.Quality ladders may therefore help identify those markets that are likely to be contested by competition from low-wage countries.6One potential explanation is diﬀerences in capital intensity,but in1980,electronics was less capital intensive than fabricated metals.Indeed,this paper oﬀers evidence that capital intensity only partly explains the heterogeneity in U.S.employment outcomes due to import competition.7For instance,see Leamer(1987)and Schott(2003).The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.Section2oﬀers a simple model to illustrate that exposure to low-wage competition is greater in markets with short quality ladders.In Section3,I discuss the approach used to infer quality from trade data.The data and quality estimation results are presented in Section4.Section5applies the quality estimates to test the implications of quality specialization for U.S. employment.I conclude in Section6.2A Model of Contestable JobsThis section develops a simple model that delivers two comparative static results.First,the impact of foreign competition on domestic market shares is larger from low-wage countries.Second,the impact will depend on the market’s quality ladder length.I then use the empirical quality measures derived in Section3to assess the predictions of the model.The model is partial equilibrium and analyzesﬁrms in two regions,North(N)and South(S),where the Southernﬁrms freely export to the North.The wages in each country are determined by an outside sector and are therefore treated as exogenous:w N>w S.Each region has J homogenousﬁrms that compete by manufacturing horizontally and vertically distinct varieties.Following Krugman(1980)and Melitz(2003), horizontal diﬀerentiation is costless so in equilibrium,allﬁrms produce horizontally distinct varieties.But as in Flam and Helpman(1987),vertical(e.g.,quality)diﬀerentiation depends on a Ricardian-type comparative advantage given by region c’s technology,Z c.I assume that Northernﬁrms have access to better technology than the South:Z N>Z S.Firm j uses this technology to manufacture a variety subject to a marginal cost function that is increasing with quality(λj):w c+λ2j,for c∈{N,S}.82Z cThe consumers who live in the North have discrete choice preferences.Consumer n observes the domestic and Southern varieties and chooses the variety j that provides her with the highest indirect utility,V nj=θλj−αp j+ nj.(1) Quality is deﬁned as an attribute whose valuation is agreed upon by all consumers:holding pricesﬁxed, all consumers would prefer higher quality objects.The vertical component can be interpreted as the clarity or sharpness of a television screen or it can reﬂect the perceived quality that results from advertising.In either case,quality represents any attribute that enhances consumers’willingness-to-pay for a variety.An alternative interpretation is thatλrepresents a shift parameter in the variety’s demand schedule:holding price p jﬁxed,demand shifts out when the quality improves(Sutton,1991).The empirical identiﬁcation of quality relies on this latter intuition.The parameterθreﬂects the consumers’valuation for quality and,as shown below,represents a proxy for the market’s quality ladder in the model.8One can think of this marginal cost function as arising from aﬁxed-proportions technology that combines labor and capital (with the rental rate on capital being implicitly treated as one).in the proportion1toλ22ZHorizontal product diﬀerentiation is introduced in(1)through the consumer-variety-speciﬁc term, nj.Following standard practice in the discrete choice literature, nj is assumed to be distributed i.i.d. type-I extreme value.Unlike the vertical attribute,the horizontal attribute has the property that some people prefer it while others do not and on average,it provides zero utility.9Denote the mean valuation for variety j asδj≡θλj−αp j.Under the distributional assumption,the market share of variety j is given by the familiar logit formulam j=eδjkeδk.(2)Aﬁrm from region c maximizes proﬁts in the Northern market by choosing price and quality bysolving the following problemmaxp j,λjp j−w c−λ2j2Z ceδjkeδk(3)The market is characterized by monopolistic competition with a suﬃciently large number ofﬁrms that no oneﬁrm can inﬂuence the market equilibrium prices and qualities.The optimal price charged by variety j is therefore10p∗j=1α+w c+λ∗2j2Z c,∀j∈c(4)Under this pricing rule,ﬁrms charge a markup(1α)over their marginal cost.The optimal quality choice equates the marginal beneﬁt of choosing quality to its marginal cost:λ∗j=θZ cα,∀j∈c(5)Equations(4)and(5)indicate that allﬁrms within a region choose the same price and quality(but recall that allﬁrms diﬀerentiate their varieties in the(costless)horizontal dimension).I therefore drop the subscript j and index the representativeﬁrm’s choice in each region by N or S.Note also that the market share in(2) simpliﬁes to m c=eδcJ(eδN+eδS),c∈{N,S}and the aggregate market share in each region is M c=Jm c.The optimal price and quality choice imply that the mean valuation consumers attach to the representativeﬁrm in region c isδ∗c≡θλ∗c−αp∗c=θ2Z c2α−αw c−1,c∈{N,S}.(6)The Northernﬁrms manufacture the higher quality varieties since Z N>Z S.11Below,I verify that more advanced countries indeed export higher quality products using the newly proposed quality measures 9For example,comfort is a quality attribute since,ceteris paribus,all consumers prefer more comfort to less.An article of clothing’s fashion or style is a horizontal attribute since at equal prices,not all consumers would purchase the same style(e.g., stripes versus solids).10If aﬁrm takes into account the impact of its decision on the denominator in(2),the optimal price is given by p∗j=1α(1−m j)+w c+λ∗2j2Z c.As discussed in Anderson et al.(1992),monopolistic competition assumes there are a suﬃciently largenumber of varieties so that the market share of any one variety is negligible.The optimal price is therefore given by(4).11Since quality is a monotonic function of technology,prices are suﬃcient statistics for quality in this model.However,if Z N=Z S,all qualities would be identical,but the North would charge higher prices because of higher manufacturing costs. Thus,empirically,prices alone may confound diﬀerences in quality and quality-adjusted manufacturing costs.which provides a justiﬁcation for this assumption.These higher quality Northernﬁrms will also have larger market shares ifθ2(Z N−Z S)>α(w N−w S),(7)since this implies thatδ∗N >δ∗S.This condition in(7)holds if consumers’valuation for quality is suﬃcientlyhigh or the North’s technological prowess is suﬃcient to overcome its disadvantage in manufacturing costs. This assumption is consistent with substantial theoretical and empirical work arguing that higher quality, or more productive,ﬁrms have higher output(and market shares).12I deﬁne the market’s quality ladder as the diﬀerence between the highest and lowest quality(Gross-man and Helpman,1991).As discussed below,the empirical measures cannot separately identifyλfrom the consumers’valuation for quality(θ).I therefore deﬁne the market’s quality ladder asLadder(θ)≡θλ∗N−θλ∗S=θ2α(Z N−Z S).(8)The market’s quality ladder can be indexed byθand so as the valuation for quality increases,the quality ladder increases,or lengthens.The scope for quality diﬀerentiation will therefore vary according the con-sumers’valuations for quality in each market.13Moreover,as the quality ladder increases,the market sharegains are disproportionately distributed to the manufacturers of the higher quality(∂δ∗N∂θ>∂δ∗S∂θ).This simple model abstracts away from the endogenous“lengthening”of the ladder that may occur in a long-run equilibrium with technological progress or shifts in consumer preferences.Instead,I assume that the quality ladder isﬁxed which may be appropriate in the short to medium run and mitigate endogeneity concerns in the empirical analysis by assigning a market’s quality ladder its initial length.This assumption is consistent with the data which reports a persistence between a market’s initial ladder length and itsﬁnal period length.That is,on average,markets with initially“short”ladders are not“long”by the end of the sample,implying that the quality ladder length is an intrinsic attribute of a market characterizing its scope for quality diﬀerentiation.14I can now analyze how the aggregate Northern market share changes with Southern wages,and how this impact varies according to a market’s quality ladder length.Theﬁrst result shows that the North loses market share as Southern manufacturing wages decline:∂M NS =−M N M S∂δ∗SS>0(9)since∂δ∗SS=−α.(10)12For instance,see Melitz(2003)and Bernard et al.(2007).13The ladder length could also vary by changing Z N and the predictions of the model do not change.Hence,the contestable jobs hypothesis does not hinge on the source of the market’s scope for quality diﬀerentiation.14A market’s intrinsic scope for quality diﬀerentiation is closely related to escalation principle developed in Sutton(1998).Thus,Southernﬁrms become more competitive as its manufacturing costs falls and this gain comes at the expense of lower market shares for the Northernﬁrms.This comparative static is quite intuitive and is supported by existing empirical evidence.For instance,Bernard et al.(2006)show that output and employment for U.S.plants are negatively associated with import competition,but the impact is much larger when import competition originates from countries with less than5%of U.S.per capita GDP.Importantly,this model adds quality diﬀerentiation to show that the intensity of competition within a market depends on the quality ladder length.In particular,while(9)indicates that the North’s market share falls as Southern wages decline,it suﬀers a smaller loss in markets characterized by longer quality ladders(highθmarkets).This is seen by diﬀerentiating(9)with respect toθ:∂2M N ∂w S∂θ=−∂2δ∗S∂w S∂θM N M S+∂δ∗S∂w SM N∂M S∂θ+M S∂M N∂θ=−∂δ∗S∂w SM N M2S−M2N M S∂δ∗N∂θ−∂δ∗S∂θ=∂δ∗S∂w SM N M S(M N−M S)∂δ∗N∂θ−∂δ∗S∂θ=−θM N M S(M N−M S)(Z N−Z S)<0,(11)since M N>M S.This derivative shows that in long-ladder markets(highθ),the sensitivity of Northern market shares to Southern competitiveness is reduced.As a result,a decrease in the South’s wage results in a smaller decline of the North’s market share in long ladders.The model shows that trading with the South can generate a diﬀerential impact on two markets that are otherwise identical but vary according in their quality ladders.This result is related to more general models of international trade that predict a breakdown of FPE when countries are fully specialized in production.In contrast to a single-cone equilibrium,where endowments are such that all countries produce all goods,the conditions required for factor price equalization are not met in multi-cone equilibrium because countries specialize in varieties tailored to their endowments.15Schott(2004)has extended this analysis to within product specialization where endowment diﬀerences cause countries to specialize in diﬀerent segments of a product’s quality ladder.The model here sharpens this analysis by arguing that the scope for quality specialization varies across markets.3Empirical ImplementationThis section describes the procedure that infers quality using price and quantity information from standard disaggregate trade data.The estimated qualities are then used to verify predictions from the model.15For evidence in favor of the hypothesis that countries inhabit multiple cones of diversiﬁcation,see Leamer(1987),Davis and Weinstein(2001)and Schott(2003).The methodology is based on the nested logit framework by Berry(1994).The nested logit has the advantage over the logit in(1)because it partially relaxes the independence of irrelevant alternatives(IIA) property by allowing for more plausible correlation structures among consumer preferences.To understand why this is important,suppose a consumer is choosing between a Japanese wool shirt and an Italian cotton shirt.If a Chinese cotton shirt enters the market,a logit or CES framework would predict that the market shares for both imports would fall by the same percent.However,we might expect the Italian cotton shirt’s market share to adjust more than the Japanese shirt because the Chinese shirt is also cotton.The nested logit allows for more appropriate substitution patterns by placing varieties into appropriate nests.In order to delineate the nests,I rely on the structure of the U.S.trade data.Feenstra et al.(2002) have compiled U.S.import data which containﬁve-digit SITC industries that have been mapped to ten-digit HS products denoted by h.The products serve as the nests.An import from country c within a product is called a variety.I model consumer preferences for a single industry and therefore suppress industry subscripts.Fol-lowing Berry(1994),consumer n has preferences for country c’s import into HS product h(e.g.,variety ch) at time t.The consumer purchases the one variety that provides her with the highest indirect utility,given byV ncht=λ1,ch+λ2,t+λ3,cht−αp cht+Hh=1µnht d ch+(1−σ) ncht.(12)Quality is deﬁned asλ1,ch+λ2,t+λ3,cht since it reﬂects the valuation for variety ch that is common across consumers(notice that these terms are not subscripted by n).This quality term is decomposed into three components.Theﬁrst term,λ1,ch,is the time-invariant valuation that the consumer attaches to variety ch. The second term,λ2,t,captures for secular time trends common across all varieties.Theλ3,cht term is a variety-time deviation from theﬁxed eﬀect that is observed by the consumer but not the econometrician.This last term is potentially correlated with the variety’s c.i.f.unit value,p cht.The horizontal component of the model is captured by the random component, Hh=1µnht d ch+(1−σ) ncht.The logit error ncht is assumed to be distributed Type-I extreme value and explains why a variety that is expensive and has low quality is ever purchased.The former term interacts the common valuation that consumer n places on all varieties within product h,µnht,with a dummy variable d ch that takes a value of1if country c’s export lies in product h.This term generates the nest structure because if allows consumer n’s preferences to be more correlated for varieties within product h than for varieties across products.16 An“outside”variety completes the demand system.The purpose of the outside variety is to allow16As discussed in Berry(1994),Cardell(1997)has shown that the distribution of Hh=1µnht d ch is the unique distributionsuch that if is distributed extreme value,then the sum is also distributed type-I extreme value.The degree of within nest correlation is controlled byσ∈(0,1].Asσapproaches one,the correlation in consumer tastes for varieties within a nest approaches one and asσtends to zero,the nested logit converges to the standard logit model.。

American Values vs Chinese Values

4.3 Personal letters and diaries and privacy
It is confirmed in American laws that opening letters, parcels without the permission of the owner is illegal, even though they are the owner’s parents.
3. The equality of opportunity and competition
3.1 In the USA
All men are created equal No formal class system developed in the United States Americans see much of life as a race for success and the race for success is a fair one The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in childhood and continue until retirement from work
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Some questions concerning privacy
• How old are you? • What’s your income?
• What’s your weight?
• Are you in love?
4.2 Age and privacy
In China, the "old" symbolizes experienced and knowledgeable.

customizeddefined

I. List of Code Table referenced in Implementation Instructions of GETS TTRS SystemNo.Code Tables Contain Codesof International and HongKong StandardContain CodesCustomized / Definedfor GETSLast UpdateDate1. Country/ Place Code UN/ECE R.3 /ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Code√18.4.20082. Declaration Code (for TTRS) √18.4.20083. End Use Code (Applicable to IN only) √18.4.20084. Supporting Document Code (for TTRS) √18.4.20085. Unit of Measure Code UN/ECE R.20 √18.4.20086. Type of Package Code UN/ECE R.21 √18.4.20087. Cancellation Request Reason Code (forTTRS)√18.4.20088. Hong Kong Harmonized System Code(HKHS)HKHS Code 1.1.20089. Government Response Code (for TTRS) √18.4.200810. Query Code √18.4.2008Notes:a) These code tables contain international standard codes and/or codes customized/defined for TTRS. Values for each code table aretabulated in the sequence of codes in below.b) The international standard codes advised in some UN/ECE Trade Facilitation Recommendations are quoted from the website(/cefact) of the United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), which is the United Nations body in charge of the development and maintenance of these trade facilitation recommendations and standards.c) The customized codes are allocated for GETS but not yet defined in the international standards.II. Values of Code Tables1. Country/ Place CodeA. International Standard CodeReference Standard : UN/ECE Trade Facilitation Recommendation No.3 (ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Code)Please refer to “/cefact/codesfortrade/codes_index.htm”.Remarks : The Names of Country/ Territory/ Place for certain codes are temporarily modified by Government. Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional)AD ANDORRA 安道爾EMIRATES 阿拉伯聯合酋長國ARABAE UNITEDAF AFGHANISTAN 阿富汗BARBUDA 安提瓜和巴布達ANDAG ANTIGUAAI ANGUILLA 安圭拉島AL ALBANIA 阿爾巴尼亞AM ARMENIA 亞美尼亞ANTILLES 荷屬安的列斯群島AN NETHERLANDSAO ANGOLA 安哥拉AQ ANTARCTICA 南極洲AR ARGENTINA 阿根廷SAMOA 美屬薩摩亞(東薩摩亞AS AMERICANAT AUSTRIA 奧地利AU AUSTRALIA 澳大利亞AW ARUBA 阿魯巴島ISLANDS 奧蘭群島AX ALANDAZ AZERBAIJAN 阿塞拜疆HERZEGOVINA 波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那BA BOSNIAANDCode English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) BB BARBADOS 巴巴多斯BD BANGLADESH 孟加拉國BE BELGIUM 比利時BF BURKINAFASO 布其納法索BG BULGARIA 保加利亞BH BAHRAIN 巴林BI BURUNDI 布隆迪BJ BENIN 貝寧BM BERMUDA 百慕大DARUSSALAM 文萊達路撒林BN BRUNEIBO BOLIVIA 玻利維亞BR BRAZIL 巴西BS BAHAMAS 巴哈馬BT BHUTAN 不丹ISLAND 布維島BV BOUVETBW BOTSWANA 博茨瓦納BY BELARUS 白俄羅斯BZ BELIZE 百利茲CA CANADA 加拿大CC COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS 科科斯(基靈)群島CD CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE 剛果民主共和國AFRICANREPUBLIC 中非共和國CF CENTRALCG CONGO 剛果CH SWITZERLAND 瑞士D'IVOIRE 科特迪瓦CI COTEISLANDS 庫克群島CK COOKCL CHILE 智利CM CAMEROON 喀麥隆Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) CN CHINA 中國CO COLOMBIA 哥倫比亞RICA 哥斯達黎加CR COSTACU CUBA 古巴VERDE 佛得角CV CAPEISLAND 聖誕島CX CHRISTMASCY CYPRUS 塞浦路斯REPUBLIC 捷克共和國CZ CZECHDE GERMANY 德國DJ DJIBOUTI 吉布提DK DENMARK 丹麥DM DOMINICA 多米尼加REPUBLIC 多明尼加共和國DO DOMINICANDZ ALGERIA 阿爾及利亞EC ECUADOR 厄瓜多爾EE ESTONIA 愛沙尼亞EG EGYPT 埃及SAHARA 西撒哈拉EH WESTERNER ERITREA 厄立特里亞ES SPAIN 西班牙ET ETHIOPIA 埃塞俄比亞FI FINLAND 芬蘭FJ FIJI 斐濟(MALVINAS) 福克蘭群島(馬爾維納斯群島) ISLANDSFK FALKLANDFEDERATED STATES OF 密克羅尼西亞聯邦FM MICRONESIA,ISLANDS 法羅群島FO FAROEFR FRANCE 法國GA GABON 加蓬Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) KINGDOM 英國GB UNITEDGD GRENADA 格林納達GE GEORGIA 格魯吉亞GF FRENCHGUIANA 法屬圭亞那GG GUERNSEY 格恩西島GH GHANA 加納GI GIBRALTAR 直布羅陀GL GREENLAND 格陵蘭島GM GAMBIA 岡比亞GN GUINEA 幾內亞GP GUADELOUPE 瓜德羅普島GUINEA 赤道幾內亞GQ EQUATORIALGR GREECE 希臘ANDTHE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS 南喬治亞島及南桑威奇群島GEORGIAGS SOUTHGT GUATEMALA 危地馬拉GU GUAM 關島GW GUINEA-BISSAU 幾內亞比紹GY GUYANA 圭亞那KONG 中國香港HK HONGHM HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS 赫德島及麥克唐納島HN HONDURAS 洪都拉斯HR CROATIA 克羅地亞HT HAITI 海地HU HUNGARY 匈牙利ID INDONESIA 印度尼西亞IE IRELAND 愛爾蘭IL ISRAEL 以色列MAN 人島IM ISLEOFCode English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) IN INDIA 印度IO BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 英屬印度洋地區IQ IRAQ 伊拉克IR IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF 伊朗伊斯蘭共和國IS ICELAND 冰島IT ITALY 意大利JE JERSEY 澤西島JM JAMAICA 牙買加JO JORDAN 約旦JP JAPAN 日本KE KENYA 肯尼亞KG KYRGYZSTAN 吉爾吉斯斯坦KH CAMBODIA 柬埔寨KI KIRIBATI 基里巴斯KM COMOROS 科摩羅KN SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS 聖基茨島及尼維斯聯邦KP KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF 朝鮮REPUBLICOF 韓國KR KOREA,KW KUWAIT 科威特ISLANDS 開曼群島KY CAYMANKZ KAZAKSTAN 哈薩克斯坦LA LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 老撾民主主義人民共和國LB LEBANON 黎巴嫩LUCIA 聖盧西亞LC SAINTLI LIECHTENSTEIN 列支敦士登LK SRILANKA 斯里蘭卡LR LIBERIA 利比里亞LS LESOTHO 萊索托Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) LT LITHUANIA 立陶宛LU LUXEMBOURG 盧森堡LV LATVIA 拉脫維亞JAMAHIRIYA 利比亞ARABLY LIBYANMA MOROCCO 摩洛哥MC MONACO 摩納哥MD MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF 摩爾多瓦共和國ME MONTENEGRO 黑山MG MADAGASCAR 馬達加斯加MH MARSHALLISLANDS 馬紹爾群島MK MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF 馬其頓,前南斯拉夫共和國ML MALI 馬里MM MYANMAR 緬甸MN MONGOLIA 蒙古MO MACAO 中國澳門MP NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS 北馬里亞納群MQ MARTINIQUE 馬提尼克島MR MAURITANIA 毛里塔尼亞MS MONTSERRAT 蒙特塞拉特島MT MALTA 馬耳他MU MAURITIUS 毛里求斯MV MALDIVES 馬爾代夫MW MALAWI 馬拉維MX MEXICO 墨西哥MY MALAYSIA 馬來西亞MZ MOZAMBIQUE 莫桑比克NA NAMIBIA 納米比亞CALEDONIA 新喀里多尼亞NC NEWCode English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) NE NIGER 尼日爾ISLAND 諾福克島NF NORFOLKNG NIGERIA 尼日利亞NI NICARAGUA 尼加拉瓜NL NETHERLANDS 荷蘭NO NORWAY 挪威NP NEPAL 尼泊爾NR NAURU 瑙魯NU NIUE 紐埃島ZEALAND 新西蘭NZ NEWOM OMAN 阿曼PA PANAMA 巴拿馬PE PERU 秘魯POLYNESIA 法屬玻利尼西亞PF FRENCHGUINEA 巴布亞新幾內亞NEWPG PAPUAPH PHILIPPINES 菲律賓PK PAKISTAN 巴基斯坦PL POLAND 波蘭MIQUELON 聖皮埃爾島及密克隆島ANDPM SAINTPIERREPN PITCAIRN 皮特凱恩RICO 波多黎各PR PUERTOOCCUPIED 被佔領的巴勒斯坦地區TERRITORY,PS PALESTINIANPT PORTUGAL 葡萄牙PW PALAU 帕勞PY PARAGUAY 巴拉圭QA QATAR 卡塔爾RE REUNION 留尼旺島RO ROMANIA 羅馬尼亞Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) RS SERBIA 塞爾維亞FEDERATION 俄羅斯聯邦RU RUSSIANRW RWANDA 盧旺達ARABIA 沙特阿拉伯SA SAUDISB SOLOMONISLANDS 所羅門群島SC SEYCHELLES 塞舌爾SD SUDAN 蘇丹SE SWEDEN 瑞典SG SINGAPORE 新加坡HELENA 聖赫勒拿島SH SAINTSI SLOVENIA 斯洛文尼亞JANMAYEN 斯瓦爾巴特群島及揚馬延島ANDSJ SVALBARDSK SLOVAKIA 斯洛伐克LEONE 塞拉利昂SL SIERRAMARINO 聖馬力諾SM SANSN SENEGAL 塞內加爾SO SOMALIA 索馬里SR SURINAME 蘇里南PRINCIPE 聖多美與普林西比ANDTOMEST SAOSALVADOR 薩爾瓦多SV ELARABREPUBLIC 敘利亞SY SYRIANSZ SWAZILAND 斯威士蘭ISLANDS 特克斯和凱科斯群島CAICOSTC TURKSANDTD CHAD 乍得TF FRENCHTERRITORIES 法國南部地區SOUTHERNTG TOGO 多哥TH THAILAND 泰國TJ TAJIKISTAN 塔吉克斯坦Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) TK TOKELAU 托克勞群島TL TIMOR-LESTE 東帝汶TM TURKMENISTAN 土庫曼斯坦TN TUNISIA 突尼斯TO TONGA 湯加TR TURKEY 土爾其TOBAGO 特立尼達和多巴哥TT TRINIDADANDTV TUVALU 圖瓦盧TW TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA 中國台灣TZ TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF 坦桑尼亞共和國UA UKRAINE 烏克蘭UG UGANDA 烏干達)UM UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS 美國邊遠島嶼STATES 美國US UNITEDUY URUGUAY 烏拉圭UZ UZBEKISTAN 烏茲別克斯坦VA HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) 羅馬教區(梵蒂岡)VC SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 聖文森特和格林內丁斯VE VENEZUELA 委內瑞拉VG VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH 英屬維爾京斯群島VI VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S. 美屬維爾京斯群島NAM 越南VN VIETVU VANUATU 瓦勞阿圖ANDFUTUNA 瓦利斯群島和富圖納群島WF WALLISWS SAMOA 薩摩亞YE YEMEN 也門YT MAYOTTE 馬約特島AFRICA 南非ZA SOUTHCode English Description Chinese Description (Traditional)ZM ZAMBIA 贊比亞ZW ZIMBABWE 津巴布韋B. Customized Code for GETSCode English Description Chinese Description (Traditional)9A CURACAO 禪腊索島 (CURACAO)9B INSULARSPAIN 西屬非洲島嶼 (INSULAR SPAIN)9E GERMAN TERRITORY OF BUSINGEN GERMAN TERRITORY OF BUSINGEN9F ITALIAN COMMUNES OF LIVIGNO AND CAMPIONE D'ITALIA ITALIAN COMMUNES OF LIVIGNO AND CAMPIONED'ITALIA9G SPANISH NORTH AFRICAN ENCLAVES OF CEUTA AND MELILLA 西屬休達及梅利利亞(SPANISH NORTH AFRICAN ENCLAVES OF CEUTA AND MELILLA)9H SPANISH CANARY ISLANDS 西屬加那利群島(SPANISH CANARY ISLANDS) 9J TAHITI 塔希提島 (TAHITI)9K CAROLINEISLANDS 加羅林群島 (CAROLINE ISLANDS)9L MIDWAYISLANDS 中途島 (MIDWAY ISLANDS)9M WAKEISLAND 威克島 (WAKE ISLAND)9N PALMYRAISLAND 巴爾米拉島 (PALMYRA ISLAND)9O NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES / TERRITORIES, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED未列明北美地區9P WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES / TERRITORIES, NOTELSE WHERE SPECIFIED未列明西歐地區9Q COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES AND EASTERNEUROPEAN COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES, NOT ELSE WHERESPECIFIED未列明東歐地區9R CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES /TERRITORIES, NOT ELSE WHERE SPECIFIED未列明南美地區9S MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES / TERRITORIES, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED未列明中東地區Code English Description Chinese Description (Traditional) 9T ASIAN COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES, NOT ELSE WHERESPECIFIED未列明亞洲地區9U AFRICAN COUNTRIES / TERRITORIES, NOT ELSE WHERESPECIFIED未列明非洲地區9V AUSTRALASIAN AND OCEANIAN COUNTRIES / TERRITORIES,NOT ELSE WHERE SPECIFIED未列明澳大洋區2. Declaration Code (for TTRS)A. Defined Code for GETSCode English Description Chinese Description Can bemade by Must bemade byNotificationTypeSpecialDeclaration/StatementRequiredC01 By appending the electronicsignature of the carrier/forwarder tothis notification, I, for and on behalfof the carrier/forwarder of thisnotification, hereby make thefollowing declarations:-(a) I declare that the transhipmentcargo covered by this notification willbe handled by me whilst in HongKong, and that I have read andunderstood, and agree to abide bythe conditions of exemption as setout in the Textiles TraderRegistration (TTR) Circular No. 6/98‘Textiles Trader RegistrationScheme: Conditions of Exemption’and any subsequent updates issued 本人現隨本通知書附上有關運載商／承運商的電子簽署，並代本通知書所列的有關運載商／承運商作出下列聲明：(a) 本人聲明，此通知書所列轉運貨物在香港時，將會由本人處理。

Enhancing Organization’s Performance Through Eff

Chinese Business Review, ISSN 1537-1506November 2011, Vol. 10, No. 11, 1093-1097Enhancing Organization’s Performance ThroughEffective Vision and MissionBen E. Akpoyomare Oghojafor, Olufemi O. Olayemi, Patrick S. OkonjiUniversity of Lagos, Akoka Yaba-Lagos, NigeriaJames. U. OkolieLagos State University, Ojoo-lagos, NigeriaOrganizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organizationdepends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. The primary motivefor the existence of any organization is often expressed in its mission. It is heartwarming that most Nigerianorganizations (profit and non-profit alike) have mission statements conspicuously displayed in their front offices.However, the efficacies of these mission statements in securing the needed employees support and commitmenthave not being fully investigated within the Nigerian context. The authors used structured questionnaires to elicitrequired responses from respondents’ employees of various Nigerian organizations. It was affirmed that thestatements of properly formulated and communicated missions are potent tools in the hands of management inunleashing employees’ commitment and improving organizational performance. It was recommended that Nigeriall Rights Reserved.organizations should move beyond the use of mission statements as mere “slogans” and open up employees’ “eyes”to see how their daily tasks and roles as enshrined in the vision and mission can move the organization towards theattainment of its objectives.Keywords: vision, mission, commitment, performance, objectivesIntroductionFor over a decade now, corporate Nigeria suddenly woke up to the fact that the formulation of vision and mission usually compressed in statements is a sure building block for effective management of organizations.Expectedly, corporate front offices were and still filled with various sorts of statements purporting to be missionand vision statements. Lately, the non-profit organizations especially the churches have followed suit. While thisrealization is a welcomed development. There is a debate as to whether, and if these statements have actuallyimproved organizational performance within Nigeria. This study was carried out to ascertain the extent to whicheffective vision and mission statements could help improve managerial performance and organization prosperity.Ben E. Akpoyomare Oghojafor, Ph.D., Professor and Dean, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Lagos.Olufemi .O. Olayemi, Lecturer & Ph.D Candidate, Department of Business Administration, University of Lagos.Patrick S. Okonji, Lecturer & Ph.D Candidate, Department of Business Administration, University of Lagos.James. U. Okolie, Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Management Sciences, Lagos State University.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Olufemi O. Olayemi, Department of Business Administration,UniversityofLagos,AkokaYaba-Lagos,Nigeria.E-mail:*********************.1094ENHANCING ORGANIZATION’S PERFORMANCESpecifically, the study focused on:(1) Determining the extent of corporate awareness of vision and mission relevance in the effectivemanagement of organization;(2) Ascertaining the efficacy of visions and mission so formulated by Nigerian managers in improvingorganizational performance.Literature Review and Theoretical FrameworkA vision is a realistic, credible and attractive future for an organization (Nanus, 1997). For Thornberry(1997), vision is a picture or view of the future, something not yet real but imaging. What the organization couldand should look like, partly analytical and partly emotional. According to Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner (2007),statements of vision tend to be quite broad and can be described as a goal that represents an inspiring, overarching and emotionally driven situation. Vision statements tend to be quite enduring and seldom changes.Hay and Williamson (1999) posit that an effective vision must possess both the external and internal dimensions. The external dimension is a shared view within the organization of what are the market, customers,competitors, industry and likely macroeconomic impacts on the market. While the internal dimension is theshared organizational beliefs and values. It is through this that meaning is created throughout the organizationabout what it is that the organization does—and from here other strategic actions are taken such as thedevelopment of the mission, plans, objectives and budgets.For Nutt and Backoff (1997) visions can be crafted in three different ways:(1) Leader—Dominated approach—In this approach, the founder or chief executive officer formulates the ll Rights Reserved.vision for the organization;(2) Pump—Priming approach—This is an improved method under which the leader or CEO providesvisionary ideas on which selected employee, will work on to fashion out a vision statement;(3) Facilitation approach—This is a participatory approach under which a wide range of people are engagedin a process of developing and articulating a vision. The leader/CEO merely acts as a facilitator that guides thevision formulation process.According to Mishe (2000), the most effective visions share six essential qualities. The visions are:(1) Vission communicates a sense of direction. All organizations need a sense of direction, a goal andguide to a future state of existence;(2) Vision establishes a context for operating the enterprise. Contexts help to define and classify theenvironment in which the leader and the organization operate;(3) Vision describes a future condition. Effective visions provide a future—state and condition thatrepresents a “better” state than the ones of the past and that exists in the present;(4) Vision motivates people. Leaders understand that effective and meaningful visions provide a highvalue proposition to others. Those visions that appeal to the instincts, needs and intelligence of people andtouch their “soul” serve as a basis for systematic acceptance and motivation;(5) Inspires people to work toward a common state and a set of goals;(6) Serves as a centering point for organizational behaviour and performance. Visions provide a centralpoint for focusing the resources of the organization, developing strategy and measuring progress towards theENHANCING ORGANIZATION’S PERFORMANCE 1095vision.Nutt and Backoff (1997), posit that for a vision to enhance organizational performance it must possess the following generic features:(1) Possibility—It should entail innovative possibilities for dramatic organizational performance;(2) Desirability—It should draw upon shared organizational norms and values about the way things shouldbe done;(3) Actionability—A vision should provide a motivation for people to take actions that are relevant to them;(4) Articulation—The vision should possess an image that is powerful enough to communicate clearly apicture of where the organization is headed.For Jick (2001), vision should be clear and concise, memorable, exciting and inspiring, challenging, centered on excellence, both stable and flexible and achievable and tangible. According to Daft (2008), themission describes the organization’s values, aspirations and reason for being. Formal mission statements are abroadly shared definition of purpose . A mission statement answers the following questions, what is our business,i.e., who are our customers and which of their needs are we seeking to serve? Given the dynamic nature of theexternal environment, a market-focused mission and strategy may not provide the stability and consistency ofdirection needed as a foundation for long term strategy (Grant, 2000).For Bateman and Snell (2007) the mission statement is a clear and concise expression of basic purpose of the organization. It describes what the organization does, who it does it for, its basic product or service and its values.Oghojafor (2006) defined mission statement as that which reveals the long-term vision of an organization interms of what it wants to be and whom it wants to serve. It describes the organizational purpose, customers, ll Rights Reserved.products or services, markets, philosophy and basic technology.David and David (2003) posit that a well-defined mission statement can enhance employee’s motivation and organizational performance. The purpose of the mission statement is to inspire, its credibility lies in thesignificance and scope of the problems and needs it has identified (Ragan, 2004).According to King and Cleland (1978), the objectives of a company mission are:•To ensure unanimity of purpose within the organization;•To provide a basis for motivating the use of organizational resources;•To establish a general tune or organizational climate to suggest a business like operations;•To develop a basis or standard for allocating organizational resources;•To serve as a focal point for those who can identify with organization’s purpose and direction and to deter those who can not do so from participating further in it is activities;•To facilitate the translation of objectives and goals into work structures involving the assignment of tasks to responsible elements with in the organization;•To specify organizational purpose and the translation of these purposes into goals in such a way that cost, time, and performance parameters can be assessed and controlled.All told, an organization without a clear mission statement tends to have its short-term actions counter-productive to its long-run purpose. It should be carefully prepared and should always be subject torevision so that it can meet major environmental changes to enable it stand the test of time (Oghojafor, 2006).1096ENHANCING ORGANIZATION’S PERFORMANCEMethodologyOne hundred and twenty questionnaires were administered to respondents out of which 83 were completely filled and returned. Thus, the sample of the study consists of 83 respondents. These were made up of employeesof three companies (two in manufacturing and one in the service sector) and part time students of the Mastersdegree program in the department of Business Administration, University of Lagos (who were employees ofdifferent companies with in Lagos and its environments). These were selected through the use of systematicrandom sampling procedures.Measures and AnalysisStructured questionnaires consisted of 15 items describing the benefits of vision and mission to an organization and its employees was employed. This was measured along a five-point Likert scale of “Stronglyagree”, “Agree”, “Undecided”, “Disagree” and “Strongly disagree”. A content analysis revealed that four mainbenefits of vision and mission were recurring. Thereafter, the respondents were asked to rank these four benefitsin order of importance. The result of the ranking is shown in Table 1.Table 1The Result of the RankingOpinions Rank 1(%) Rank 2(%) Rank 3(%) Rank 4(%) TotalOrganizational focus 55 (67) 12 (14) 10 (12) 6 (7) 83 (100)Employee motivation 42 (51) 20 (24) 13 (16) 8 (9) 83 (100)Public image 25 (30) 34 (41) 15 (18) 9 (11) 83 (100)Co-ordination 28 (35) 30 (36) 10 (12) 12 (15) 83 (100)ll Rights Reserved.Note. Source: Author’s Survey Instrument (2010).Findings, Conclusion and RecommendationsRespondents were unanimous in their agreement that effective vision and mission have great potential in improving organizational performance. This is because vision and mission statements provide a sense ofdirection for the organization and channel employee’s behaviour towards this direction. Employee’s motivationis greatly improved since “the knowledge of where one is heading seems to make the journey easier”. Besides,vision and mission statements tend to improve the public image of an organization as well as aid coordination oforganizational activities.However, it is regrettable that vision and mission statements in most Nigerian organizations are mere “slogans” which are used as public relation tools to deceive stakeholders into believing that the management iscompetent. These statements do not guide managerial decisions and actions since management does not match“actions with words”. Besides, most organization’s vision and mision statements are vague and managementsometimes failled to sufficiently explain the meaning and import of them to lower level employees. The result isthat most employees do not understand how their daily activities contribute to the attainment of the vision andmission for the organization. Most organization’s vision and mission statements were manifestations of the“bandwagon effects”. They were simply formulated to meet the vague and not reflecting on the environments ofthe organizations concerned.ENHANCING ORGANIZATION’S PERFORMANCE 1097Given that vision and mission statements are sine quo non for better management and improved organization performance, it is recommended that top management should formulate them based onenvironmental realities and where possible in consultation with the rank and file in the organization. It issuggested that all employees should be properly educated on the primary role of these statements and how eachmember’s activities contribute towards the realization of the vision and mission of the organization.Management’s commitment to the vision and mission should be unwavering. This should be manifested in matching actions with the vision and mission statements. Above all, vision and mission statements are startingpoints in the strategic management process thus its effectiveness will depend on how well the other stages in thestrategic management have been mplemented or carried out.ReferencesBateman, T. S., & Snell, S. D. (2007). Management: Leading and collaborating in a competitive world (7th ed.). Biston: Mc Graw-Hall: Irwin.Daft, R. C. (2008). Management 3rd Australia: Thomson.David, F. R. (2003). It is time to re-draft your mission statement. Journal of Business Strategy, 1-2, 11-14.Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T., & Eisner, A. B. (2007). Strategic management: Text and cases. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Grant, R. M. (2000). Concepts, techniques, applications (3rd ed.). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.Jick, J. P. (2001). Vision is 10%, implementation is the rest. Harvard Business Review, 11(4), 36-38.Jick, T. D., & Peciperl, M. A. (2003). Managing change: Case and concepts. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.King, W. R., & Cleland, D. (1978). Strategic planning and policy. New York: Van Reinhold.Mishe, M. A. (2000). Strategic renewal: Becoming a high-performance organization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary leadership: Creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. San Francisco, C.A.: Jossy-Boss Publishers.ll Rights Reserved.Nutt, P. C., & Backoff, R. W. (1997). Crafting vision. Journal of Management Inquiry, 6(4), 308-328.Oghojafor, B. E. A. (2006). Essentials of business policy. Lagos: Ababa Press.Rangan, V. K. (2004, March). Lofty mission, down-to-earth plans. Harvard Business Review, 112-119.Thornbarry, N. (1997). A view about vision. European Management Journal, 15(1), 23-34.Trichy, N., & Devannna, M. (1986). The transformational leader. New York: John Wiley.。

WomenoftheMiddleEast-MiddleTennesseeState…

WOMEN OF THE MIDDLE EAST:REPRESENTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS(HUM 4000/5000)Instructor: Dr. Kari NeelyCredits: 3Office HoursMeeting Times:e-mail:****************A. Course Description and ObjectivesThis course examines images of Middle Eastern women and their reception in the Middle East and the West. Through an exploration of notable women such as Cleopatra, Mary mother of Jesus and the Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum, we address how political and social issues have been and are played out upon women. Our knowledge of real Middle Eastern female role models is expanded by discussion of women such as the pharaoh Hatshepsut, neo-Platonist philosopher and mathematician Hypatia, poetess Rabia’ the Mystic, Queen Helena of Adiabene and Egyptian feminist Huda Sha ra wi,.We begin the course learning techniques and methodologies of analyzing the lacunae in texts and how others have “read into” these spaces according to their own historical and cultural positions. For example, we will ask: “How can the story of Eve/Hawwa lead to such varied interpretations?” Later, we will address how our own consumption of these and current images fuels the distance and misunderstandings that exist on all sides. To encourage a meaningful dialogue, guest speakers will present their own analysis of these representations and our perceptions of them.Throughout the course we will pursue these objectives:•Survey our own representations of Middle Eastern women and analyze our perceptions of them•Read texts that illustrate how others have represented and, at times, misrepresented Middle Eastern women•Broaden our understanding of the various roles that Middle Eastern women play in their own societies, in their own creation of female symbols, and in their own femaleiconography.•Examine gender roles in the Middle East through an exploration of alternative representations•Develop our theoretical vocabulary for analyzing primary texts from various cultural contexts, including those originating within the Middle East•Understand the issues of translation that complicate the research process•Construct a scholarly toolkit for conducting independent research that includes such methods as textual analysis of primary sources, critical readings, database research, andinterviews -- use of the library’s collection and research databases will be necessary •Learn the steps involved in participating in scholarly dialogue through the preparation of a conference paperB.Units and Texts:The following is a list of Units taught in the course. Texts listed will be modified and supplemented by guest speakers. A full bibliography for the course is provided.In the Beginning: Eve/Hawwa and LilithGenesis 1-5; Cor. 11:3, and I Tim 2:13; Qur’an 2:30-39, 7:11-25, 15:26-42, 17:61-65, 18: 50-51, 20: 110-124, 38: 71-85Alphabet of Ben-SiraMilton’s Paradise LostMahfouz’s Children of the AlleyPagels, Elaine H. Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. New York: Random House, 1988.Egyptian Queens: Cleopatra and Women of AntiquityFrancesca T. Royster’s Becoming Cleopatra: The Shifting Image of an IconRoehrig, Catharine H., Rene e Dreyfus, and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut, from QueenPharaoh.toVideos:Nefertiti Resurrected, documentaryCleopatra, movie classicRome [HBO series]The Temptress: Potiphar’s Wife ZulaikhaGenesis 37, Qur’an Sura 12Genesis RabbaSefer ha-Yasharal-Ghazali’s tafsirJami’s Yusuf and ZulaikhaWebber’s Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.The Cult of Virginity and Muslim Piety: Pharaoh’s wife Asya; Mary/Maryam; Fatima Barbara Stowasser’s Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and InterpretationMary Clayton’s The Apocryphal Gospels of Mary in Anglo-Saxon EnglandAmina Wadud’s Qur an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman'sPerspectivePolitical Woman in Front of and Behind the ScenesH a na n Ashra wi’s This Side of Peace: A Personal AccountElinor Burkett’s GoldaSuad Joseph and Susan Slyomovics’s Women and Power in the Middle East.Laura A Liswood. Women World Leaders: Fifteen Great Politicians Tell Their Stories.Afsaneh Najmabadi. Women with Mustaches and Men Without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity.Noor’s Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life.Huda Sha ra wi’s Harem Years: The Memoirs of an EgyptianFeminist (1879-1924)Maria Dzielska. Hypatia of AlexandriaVideosThe Journey to Golda's BalconyHanan Ashrawi A Woman of Her TimeWives of the Prophet and Muslim Feminism:Lila Abu-Lughod’s Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East.Fatima Mernissi and Mary Jo Lakeland’s The Forgotten Queens of Islam.And Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry.Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses.Amina Wadud’s Qur an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective.Videos:I exist voices from the Middle Eastern lesbian & gay community.Muslim women talk sex.In My Own Skin The Complexity of Living As an Arab in America.The Storyteller and Entertainer: Public and Private SpacesHusain Haddawy and Muhsin Mahdi’s The Arabian Nights = Alf Laylah Wa-Laylah.Rosemarie Thomson’s Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the ExtraordinaryExcerpts from Rabi`a the Mystic and her fellow-saints in IslamFadwa T u qa n’s A Mountainous Journey: An AutobiographyVideos:Umm Kulthum a voice like EgyptPersepolisSheikhates BluesArabian NightsC.Activities and Grades:Students will participate in the following activities:Reaction Papers/Responses: For each unit, all students will be asked to engage with the materials presented in class through writing assignments and activities such as responding to a set of questions, gathering external materials related to the topic, or performing research tasks as assigned by the instructor.Presentation: Students will present one female figure related to one of the units. Students will be assigned a unit during the first week of class.Examinations: Examinations will be take-home essays. Students will have 48 hours to complete each examination.Research Papers: Guidelines for research papers will be distributed the first week of class. Graduate research papers will be a minimum of 20 pages in length, will include an abstract and an annotated bibliography, and will be presented to other graduate students in a mock conference format.Grades:Undergraduates:Option One: Midterm and FinalAttendance and Participation: 10%Reaction Papers/Activities: 25%15%Presentation:Midterm: 25%Final: 25%Option Two: One Exam and Research Paper(Research Paper 10-15 pages, topic approved by instructor)Attendance and Participation: 10%Reaction Papers/Activities: 25%15%Presentation:25%Examination:Research Paper: 25%Graduate StudentsAttendance and Participation: 10%Reaction Papers/Activities: 15%Presentation: 15%Midterm: 25%Research Paper: 35%5%Abstract:5%Bibliography:Annotated5%Application:Conference5%ConferencePresentation:80%Paper:D.References and TextbooksCourse readings will draw from this partial list of works and will be augmented by selections provided by guest speakers:Abu-Lughod, Lila. Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East.Princeton studies in culture/power/history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998.Afzal-Khan, Fawzia. Shattering the Stereotypes: Muslim Women Speak Out.Northampton, Mass: Olive Branch Press, 2005.Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, and Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The meaning of the Holy Qura n.Beltsville, Md: Amana Publications, 2001.Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah Gore Ohrn. Herstory: Women Who Changed the World. New York: Viking, 1995.Ashra wi, H a na n. This Side of Peace: A Personal Account. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.Barbosa, Peter, and Garrett Lenoir. I exist voices from the Middle Eastern lesbian & gay community. [United States]: Arab Film Distribution, 2004.Burkett, Elinor. Golda. New York: Harper, 2008.Clayton, Mary. The Apocryphal Gospels of Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 26. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998Dzielska, Maria. Hypatia of Alexandria. Revealing antiquity, 8. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995.Essafi, Ali, Gabriel Khoury, M. El-Khoury, Humbert Balsan, Ivan Boccara, Nadia Dalal, and Mathieu Daude. Sheikhates Blues. Women pioneers collection, v. 9. [S.l.] : MISRInternational Films: Arab Film Distribution, 2004.Ent, Sophia. Muslim women talk sex. New York, NY: Filmakers Library, 2000s.Feldshuh, Tovah, Alec Baldwin, Ge r ard Issembert, and Aliya Cheskis-Cotel. The Journey to Golda's Balcony. [New York?]: GoldaVision and Issembert Productions, 2004. Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, and Basima Qattan Bezirgan. Middle Eastern MuslimWomen Speak. The Dan Danciger publication series. Austin: University of Texas Press,1977.Haddawy, Husain, and Muhsin Mahdi. The Arabian Nights = Alf Laylah Wa-Laylah.New York: Norton, 1990.Hila li, Taqi al-Di n, Taqi al-Di n Hila li, Muh a mmad ibn Ah m ad Qurt u bi, MuhammadMuhsin Khan, Isma i l ibn Umar Ibn Kathi r, and Abdul Malik Mujahid. Tafsi rma a ni al-Qur a n al-kari m = Interpretion of the meanings of the NobleQur a n in the English language : with comments from Tafsir at-Tabari, Tafsir al-Qurtubi and Tafsir Ibn Kathir and ahadith from Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and otherhadith books. Riyadh: Darussalam Publishers, 2000.Jajeh, Jennifer, Nikki Byrd, D.J. Matamassik, and Johny Farraj. In My Own Skin The Complexity of Living As an Arab in America. Seattle, WA: Arab Film Distribution, 2001.Ja mi, and David Pendlebury. Yusuf and Zulaikha: An Allegorical Romance. London: Octagon Press, 1980.Jewish Publication Society. [Tanakh] = JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh : the Traditional Hebrew Text and the New JPS Translation--Second Edition. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1999.Joseph, Suad, and Susan Slyomovics. Women and Power in the Middle East.Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.Josephus, Flavius, William Whiston, and Syvert Havercamp. Complete Works ofJosephus. Antiquities of the Jews; The Wars of the Jews against Apion, Etc. New York:Bigelow, Brown.Kohlenberger, John R. The Precise Parallel New Testament: Greek Text, King James Version, Rheims New Testament, Amplified Bible, New International Version, NewRevised Standard Version, New American Bible, New American Standard Bible. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1995.Liswood, Laura A. Women World Leaders: Fifteen Great Politicians Tell Their Stories.London: Pandora, 1995. (Tansu Penbe Çiller)Lloyd Webber, Andrew, Tim Rice, David Mallet, Steven Pimlott, Donny Osmond, Maria Friedman, Richard Attenborough, Robert Torti, and Joan Collins. Joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat. Universal City, CA: Universal, 2000.Mah f u z, Naji b, and Peter Theroux. Children of the Alley. New York: Doubleday, 1996.Mankiewicz, Joseph L., Walter Wanger, Ranald MacDougall, Sidney Buchman,Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. Cleopatra. Five star collection.Beverly Hills, Calif: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2001.Masri, Mai. Hanan Ashrawi A Woman of Her Time. Seattle, WA: Arab FilmDistribution, 1995.Mernissi, Fatima, and Mary Jo Lakeland. The Forgotten Queens of Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.Mernissi, Fatima, and Mary Jo Lakeland. Women and Islam: An Historical andTheological Enquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.Milton, John, John Milton, John Milton, and John Milton. English Minor Poems.Paradise Lost. Samson Agonistes. Areopagitica. Great books of the Western World, v. 32.Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1955.Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Women with Mustaches and Men Without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Noor. Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life. New York: Miramax Books, 2003.Pagels, Elaine H. Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. New York: Random House, 1988.Papazian, Robert A., et al. Rome. The complete second season. [New York]: HBO Home Video, 2007.Rigault, Xavier, et. Al. Persepolis. Culver City, Calif: Sony Pictures HomeEntertainment, 2008.Roehrig, Catharine H., Rene e Dreyfus, and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut, from Queen Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.toRoyster, Francesca T. Becoming Cleopatra: The Shifting Image of an Icon. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.Roded, Ruth. Women in Islam and the Middle East: A Reader. London: I.B. Tauris,1999.Rushdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. New York, N.Y.: Viking, 1989.Sefer ha-Yashar. The Book of Jasher. Philadelphia: Bible Corp. of America, 1954.Sha ra wi, Huda, and Margot Badran. Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (1879-1924). New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York,1987.Stern, David, and Mark Mirsky. Rabbinic Fantasies: Imaginative Narratives fromClassical Hebrew Literature. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1990.Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.T a bari, John Cooper, Wilferd Madelung, and Alan Jones. The Commentary on the Qur a n. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, 1987.Trevisick, Shaun, Matthew Wortman, J. Fletcher, Tamara Tunie, Kate Winslet, and Lisa Harney. Nefertiti Resurrected. Discover Channel quest. Santa Monica, CA: Artisan Home Entertainment, 2003.Thomson, Rosemarie Garland. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body.New York: New York University Press, 1996.T u qa n, Fadwa, Olive E. Kenny, and Naomi Shihab Nye. A Mountainous Journey: An Autobiography. St. Paul, Minn: Graywolf Press, 1990.Umm Kulthu m, Kamal Abd Al-Aziz, Michal Goldman, Omar Sharif, and Virginia Danielson. Umm Kulthum a voice like Egypt. [Cairo]: Arab Film Distribution, 2006.Wadud, Amina. Qur an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.。

24608812_兴蒙造山带北部岩石圈地幔橄榄岩氧逸度特征研究

１００００５６９／２０２１／０３７（０７）２０７３８５ＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ　岩石学报ｄｏｉ：１０１８６５４／１００００５６９／２０２１０７０７兴蒙造山带北部岩石圈地幔橄榄岩氧逸度特征研究刘金霖１，２，３　李怀滨１　王建４　张云峰１ＬＩＵＪｉｎＬｉｎ１，２，３，ＬＩＨｕａｉＢｉｎ１，ＷＡＮＧＪｉａｎ４ａｎｄＺＨＡＮＧＹｕｎＦｅｎｇ１１东北石油大学地球科学学院，大庆　１６３３１８２自然资源部东北亚矿产资源评价重点实验室，长春　１３００２６３东北石油大学三亚海洋油气研究院，三亚　５７２０２４４吉林大学地球科学学院，长春　１３００２６１ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＥａｒｔｈＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｄａｑｉｎｇ１６３３１８，Ｃｈｉｎａ２ＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＭｉｎｅｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＡｓｉａ，ＭｉｎｉｓｔｒｙｏｆＮａｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，Ｃｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎ１３００２６，Ｃｈｉｎａ３ＳａｎｙａＯｆｆｓｈｏｒｅＯｉｌ＆ＧａｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｓａｎｙａ５７２０２４，Ｃｈｉｎａ４ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＥａｒｔｈＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＪｉｌｉｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｃｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎ１３００２６，Ｃｈｉｎａ２０２１０４１３收稿，２０２１０６２３改回ＬｉｕＪＬ，ＬｉＨＢ，ＷａｎｇＪａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＹＦ２０２１ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｏｘｙｇｅｎｆｕｇａｃｉｔｙｏｆｍａｎｔｌｅｐｅｒｉｄｏｔｉｔｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＸｉｎｇａｎＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａＯｒｏｇｅｎｉｃＢｅｌｔＡｃｔａＰｅｔｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，３７（７）：２０７３－２０８５，ｄｏｉ：１０１８６５４／１００００５６９／２０２１０７０７ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＳｐｉｎｅｌｐｅｒｉｄｏｔｉｔｅｘｅｎｏｌｉｔｈｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｆｏｕｎｄｉｎＣｅｎｏｚｏｉｃｂａｓａｌｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＮｕｏｍｉｎａｎｄＫｅｌｕｏａｒｅａｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＤａｘｉｎｇａｎｌｉｎｇＴｈｅＭｇ＃ｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｏｌｉｖｉｎｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｍａｎｔｌｅｐｅｒｉｄｏｔｉｔｅｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｍａｎｔｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅａｉｓｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙｒｅｆｒａｃｔｏｒｙＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｏｌｉｖｉｎｅｍｏｄａｌａｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅａｎｄＦｏｄｉａｇｒａｍ，ａｐａｒｔｏｆｐｅｒｉｄｏｔｉｔｅｘｅｎｏｌｉｔｈｓｆｅｌｌｉｎｔｈｅＡｒｃｈｅａｎａｎｄＰｒｏｔｅｒｏｚｏｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅｆｉｅｌｄｓ，ｒｅｖｅａｌｉｎｇｒｅｍｎａｎｔｓｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅａＩｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅａ，ｈａｒｚｂｕｒｇｉｔｅａｎｄｌｈｅｒｚｏｌｉｔｅｓｈｏｗｈｉｇｈｏｘｙｇｅｎｆｕｇａｃｉｔｙｖａｌｕｅｓ（ＦＭＱ＋１９５～３０１），ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｉｎｓｈａｒｐｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｔｏｔｈｅｌｏｗｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｒｅｄｕｃｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅＩｔｉｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅＰａｌｅｏｚｏｉｃＰａｌｅｏＡｓｉａｎＯｃｅａｎａｎｄＭｅｓｏｚｏｉｃＰａｌｅｏＰａｃｉｆｉｃｓｕｂｄｕｃｔｅｄｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｖｅｌｙｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅＸｉｎｇａｎＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａＯｒｏｇｅｎｉｃＢｅｌｔ，ｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅａｔｔｈａｔｔｉｍｅＫＯ（１％～２６％）ｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｅｄｇｅｏｆｍａｎｔｌｅｘｅｎｏｌｉｔｈｓＩｔｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍａｎｔｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅａｈａｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆＫｒｉｃｈｍｅｌｔａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆＫｒｉｃｈｍｅｌｔｍａｙｂｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｒｅｃｙｃｌｅｄｂｙｓｕｂｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＯｒｏｇｅｎｉｃｍａｎｔｌｅ；Ｍａｎｔｌｅｐｅｒｉｄｏｔｉｔｅ；Ｏｘｙｇｅｎｆｕｇａｃｉｔｙ；Ｐｏｔａｓｈｍａｎｔｌｅｍｅｌｔ；Ｓｕｂｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ摘　要在大兴安岭北部的诺敏和科洛地区的新生代玄武岩中发现了尖晶石相的橄榄岩包体。

中国高校行政员工的VARK学习风格有效性研究

127通过量化分析检验学习风格与为行政员工提供的行政培训之间的关联。

在近几十年里，对这些不同学习风格的研究不再仅限于心理学和教育，而扩展到了管理领域。

随着认知心理学和教育中学习风格的有效性得到确认，学习风格的概念在管理发展中越来越受重视。

这些研究关注了学习风格及其与管理相关变量的联系和影响。

1 研究差距尽管有关于VARK学习风格在教育机构中作为教学方法的大量信息，但目前对VARK学习风格在培训行政人员方面的有效性缺乏研究。

这将进一步检验VARK学习风格在培训行政人员中是否有效。

此外，在这项研究中发现的一个重要研究空白是不仅在中国而且在全球范围内（Hajjar&Alkhanaizi,2018)，关于V A R K 学习风格在管理领域中的研究都非常有限（Akruyek&Guney)。

此外，关于VARK学习风格在培训行政人员方面的有效性的研究有限；然而，本研究详细阐述了其他相关的学习风格，以进一步讨论并证实研究结果。

本研究旨在检验VARK学习风格对中国行政人员培训项目的有效性。

在研究范式中，自变量包括VARK学习风格，即视觉、听觉、阅读与写作以及动觉。

这些自变量被测试是否与因变量——行政员工的培训计划之间存在关系。

还有一些中介变量可能会影响VARK学习风格与培训计划之间的关系。

目前，重庆城市管理职业学院设有10个二级学院，这所高等教育机构估计有80名行政工作人员。

受访者由二级学院分配，并非由研究者选择。

同样地，该研究的主要受访者是由选定的学院指派，而非由研究者挑选。

2.3 研究工具这项研究的主要数据来源于采用的VARK问卷（版本8.01），由于针对行政员工提供的不同培训项目的指标是根据VARK模型进行采用的，因此进行了3位专家的内容效度测试。

同样地，进行了可靠性测试以确保问卷适合研究使用。

2.4 活动与程序在数据收集之前，学校已批准了研究进行的许可信函和参与者同意书。

数据收集通过问卷星进行分发，以确保研究者和受访者的安全。

04-Trajectory Privacy

• Support consistent user identity
15
Trajectory Tracing Attack (1/2)
Suppose R1 and R2 are two cloaked regions for user U at t1 and t2, respectively. Suppose attacker knows U’s maximum speed.
Outline
• Introduction
• Protecting Trajectory Privacy in Locationbased Services • Protecting Privacy in Trajectory Publication • Future Research Directions
6
Location Privacy
• Location-Based Services (LBS)
• Untrustable LBS Service Provider – Location Privacy Leakage
7
Location Privacy-Preserving Techniques
20
Solution 1: Group-based Approach
y 3-Anonymous Cloaked Spatial Region F H E G B A C D
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
y
y
F A G E C B
x
H
F G A C H E D B
D x
x
At time t1 • Group members are fixed
y A C
(x1, y1)

中日韩及国际网站

国际货币基金组织(IMF)./external/index.htm中国朝鲜半岛研究网.http://www.koreana.or.kr/韩国财团网站.http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/8/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=199256&page No=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=韩国统计局.http://www.kf.or.kr/韩国工会总委员会.http://www.tower.or.kr/韩国海关网站.www.customs.go.kr韩国食品及农林渔业部(MFAFF).http://english.mifaff.go.kr韩国统计厅.http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/index.action韩国知识产权局(KIPO). www.kipo.go.kr韩国农村经济网站http://www.krei.re.kr/韩国农畜水产部http://www.mafra.go.kr/main.jsp韩国情报科公开网站http://wonmun.open.go.kr/韩国雇用劳动部.http://laborstat.moel.go.kr/经济合作发展组织(OECD)./联合国货物贸易数据库(UNCOMTRADE)/unsd/eomtradez联合国人文发展数据库（the United Nations Development Programme,UNDP)..联合国统计司(UNSD)./unsd/default.htm美国专利商标局(USPTO)欧洲专利局.European Patent Office (EPO)日本法务省.http://www.moj.go.jp/housei/toukei/toukei_ichiran_nyukan.html日本特许厅(JPO).www.jpo.go.jp日本统计厅.http://www.stat.go.jp/日本经济产业省.http://www.meti.go.jp/世界贸易组织一体化数据库(WTO Integrated Database)世界卫生组织(WHO). http://www.who.int/en/世界银行数据库网站/data世界知识产权网站.http://www.wipo.int/portal/en/index.html五大知识产权局..中国国家知识产权局(SIPO).中国海关网./publish/portal0/中国商务部网站中国统计局./中国知识产权网./中国自由贸易区服务网//static/column/ddfg/laogong.html/1中国商务部韩国网站/中国就业网/FAQs/node_1529.htm中国银行业协会/全国离退休人才网/世界银行/OECD网站/台湾中央研究院调查研究资料中心.tw/韩国调查研究资料中心www.kossda.or.kr英国埃塞克斯大学主持的调查研究资料中心/美国密西根大学主持的调查研究资料中心美国康涅狄格大学主持的调查研究资料中心/美国统计局/德国调查研究资料中心/日本调查研究资料中心http://ssjda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/国际劳工组织/global/about-the-ilo/lang--en/index.htm。

ELECOM M570BT Wireless Trackball Mouse Instruction

Names and functions of each part1You can assign a function to all the buttons, the tilt wheel and the side wheel.You need to download a driver from the ELECOM website to use its button assignment function.Download the driverInstall the driverKeep the mouse connected to the PC.See the "Driver setting guide" on the ELECOM website for detail setting of the driver. Go to the URL below./download//23456789101112131415161718192021222324USB port USB port First PCUSB connectorReceiver unitMouseReceiver unitSecond PCSupported OSWindows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 7, Windows Vista(Update for each new version of the OS or the installation of a service pack might be required.)Interface USB Reading method Optical sensor Number of buttons 19Resolution 50 to 5000 dpi (can be set every 50 dpi)Maximum tracking speed 130 inch (3.3 m)/sec.Maximum polling rate 500 Hz/sec.Maximum acceleration detected 30 G Radio frequency 2.4 GHz Radio wave method GFSK Radio wave outreach Approx. 10 m on magnetic surfaces (steel desks, etc.), approx. 3 mon non-magnetic surfaces (wooden desks, etc.) * T hese values are based on our tests and are not for guaranteed performance.Dimensions (W × D × H)Mouse: approx. 124 × 94 × 48 mmReceiver unit: approx. 18 × 14 × 6Cable length 1.6 mOperating temperature/humidity 5°C to 40°C/90%RH or less (without condensation)Storage temperature/humidity -10°C to 60°C/90%RH or less (without condensation)각 부분의 명칭 및 기능1모든 버튼 및 전후좌우 스크롤, 사이드 휠에 기능을 할당할 수 있습니다.기능을 할당하려면 엘레컴 웹사이트에서 드라이버를 다운로드하여 설치하셔야 합니다.드라이버를 다운로드한다드라이버 설치본 제품을 연결해 두십시오.드라이버의 설정 방법에 대해서는 엘레컴 웹사이트에 게재되어 있는 'Driver setting guide (드라이버 설정 가이드)'를 참조하십시오. 아래의 URL에 방문해 주십시오./download/23456789101112131415161718192021222324USB 포트USB 포트첫 번째 컴퓨터USB 커넥터리시버 유닛마우스 본체리시버 유닛두 번째 컴퓨터各部分的名称及其作用1可为所有的按钮及前后左右的滚轮、侧滚轮分配功能。