英美文学背诵精华篇
一生必背的英文经典名篇
一生必背的英文经典名篇学习并背诵英文经典名篇是提高英语水平和文学修养的好方法。
以下是一些被广泛认可为经典的英文文学作品，可以作为背诵的参考：1. William Shakespeare's Sonnets -威廉·莎士比亚的十四行诗集2. William Wordsworth's "Daffodils" -威廉·华兹华斯的《水仙花》3. Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" -罗伯特·弗罗斯特的《未选择的路》4. Emily Dickinson's poems -艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌5. John Keats' "Ode to a Nightingale" -约翰·济慈的《大赋颂夜莺》6. Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" -查尔斯·狄更斯的《双城记》7. Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" -简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》8. Herman Melville's "Moby Dick" -赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》9. F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" - F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》10. Virginia Woolf's "To the Lighthouse" -弗吉尼亚·吴尔夫的《到灯塔去》这些作品代表了英语文学的精华，通过背诵和理解这些名篇，可以更深入地了解英语文学的内涵和风采。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
优秀英美文学选篇背诵
1.BiblePleasant words are like a honeycome, sweetness to the soul and health to the body. Evil will not depart from the house of one who returns evil for good.Those with good sense are slow to anger, and it is their glory to overlook an offense. Listen to the one who fathered you, and don't despise your mother in her old age.Do not love sleep, ,or else you will come to poverty; open your eyes, and you will have a lot of bread.Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety.2.Benjamin Franklin –The AutobiographyTemperance: Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.Order: Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. Industry: Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.3.Critique of JudgmentIn a product of beautiful art we must become conscious that it is art not nature; but you the perposiveness in its form must seem to be as free from all constraint of arbitrary rules as if it were a product of mere nature. Nature is beautiful because it looks like art; and art can only be called beautiful if we are conscious of it as art while yet it looks like nature.4. When you are oldWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft look,Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled,And paced upon the mountains overhead,And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.5. The Wolf and the CraneA Wolf had been feasting too greedily, and a bone had stuck crosswise in his throat. He could get it neither up nor down, and of course he could not eat a thing. Naturally that was an awful state of affairs for a greedy Wolf.So away he hurried to the Crane. He was sure that she, with her long neck and bill, would easily be able to reach the bone and pull it out."I will reward you very handsomely," said the Wolf, "if you pull that bone out for me."The Crane, as you can imagine, was very uneasy about putting her head in a Wolf's throat. But she was grasping in nature, so she did what the Wolf asked her to do.When the Wolf felt that the bone was gone, he started to walk away."But what about my reward!" called the Crane anxiously."What!" snarled the Wolf, whirling around. "Haven't you got it? Isn't it enough that I let you take your head out of my mouth without snapping it off?"6.Jane EyreDo you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?--a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!--I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;--it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,--as we are!。
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
american literature(背诵)
Definition1、Psychological Realism is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of character’s thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. 心理现实主义是一种深入探究人物思想和动机复杂性的现实主义写作。
它比以往更强调内部特征和动机，以及来自外部行动的内部行动。
在心理现实主义中，性格和人物塑造比通常更重要。
2、Imagism is a literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. 意象主义是20世纪早期由英美诗人发起的一场文学运动，主张使用自由诗歌、共同的语言模式和清晰的具体形象，作为对维多利亚时代感伤主义的反应。
3、Black Humor is the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. It is used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. 黑色幽默是在现代小说和戏剧中使用病态和荒谬的黑色喜剧目的。
英语英美文学常识归纳
英语英美文学常识归纳篇一：英语专八英美文学常识归纳3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，手册英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据法律合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, theboard ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为群众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔〔这两位是现代散文的先驱〕，乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
英美经典文章背诵
英美经典文章背诵第一篇：英美经典文章背诵Four Passages From the Dramatic Writings of Shakespeare 莎士比亚戏剧精选四段(1)Twelfth Night II.iv.103-117 [DUKE OF ILLYRIA] What dost thou know? [VIOLA] Too well what love women to men may owe.In faith, they are as true of heart as we.My father had a daughter loved a man As it might be perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship.[DUKE OF ILLYRIA] And what's her history? [VIOLA] A blank, my lord.She never told her love，But let concealment, like a worm i'th'bud，Feed on her damask cheek.She pined in thought;And, with a green and yellow melancholy, She sat like Patience on a monument, Smiling at grief.Was not this love indeed? We men may say more, swear more;but indeed Our shows are more than will;for still we prove Much in our vows but little in our love.男人的爱与女人的爱 [伊利里亚公爵] 您深知的是什么? [薇奥拉] 深知女人可以如何热爱男人。
(完整word版)英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture“英国文学之父”William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth‘s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley (玛丽• 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility (《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice (《傲慢与偏见》), Emma (《爱玛》). Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 – 1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‘s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily’s Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include:The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》,David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》, Great Expectation 《远大前程》, Hard Times 《艰难时世》William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865)was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽• 巴顿》Thomas Hardy(哈代, 1840 – 1928) ,an English novelist of the naturalism自然主义. His major novels include: Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism唯美主义(art for art’s sake为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》20世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的情人》, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》, Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥, 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20th century，a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》which comprises three novels:The Man of Property《有产业的人》, In Chancery《衡平法院》To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德, 1857-1932)Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》.James Joyce (乔伊斯, 1882-1941):An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》Finnegan’s Wake; 《芬尼根彻夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. He is the founder of stream of consciousness意识流.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939)an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium《驶向拜占庭》and Leda and Swan《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd 荒诞派戏剧.Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941)Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790): one of American founding fathers (建国之父) Major works: Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查历书》Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work is often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩, 1737-1809):British pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）Federalists’ Papers《联邦党人文集》:Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿John Jay杰伊James Madison曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”, both of w hich appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851):American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse(自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature 《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑, 1804–1864): American novelist, best known for his four romances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830–1886) American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life, death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896 American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.)Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), American novelist. most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court 《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》O. Henry 欧亨利was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910). O. Henry‘s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie (《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris (诺瑞斯1870–1902) American novelist. His notable works include McTeague 《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3) Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916) American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery (莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems) Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874–1963)American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg (金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation (垮掉的一代), best known for his poem “Howl”《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》“Meditation XVII”, an essay by metaphysical poet John Donne 多恩“any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”Fitzgerald (菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the “Lost Generation“. Most important worksis The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream. Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of his works was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902–1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his novel such as The Adventures of Augie March,《奥吉•玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day, Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Alex Harley (1936-1969), black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Toni Morrison(莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）, American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?(《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett贝克特.。
英美文学重要笔记.精华版doc
英美文学重要笔记，精华版，流泪推荐！Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer 乔叟- the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父<The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集> first time to use'heroic couplet' 英雄偶句诗The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity 尊严of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets' poet 诗人中的诗人<The Faerie Queene>仙后Christopher Marlowe - University Wits大学才子最有才华的, the pioneer of English drama 英国戏剧先驱Blank verse,无韵体诗hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情牧人致心爱的姑娘> pastoral life田园生活William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗, King Lear 李尔王& Macbeth麦克白<Sonnet 18第十八号十四行诗> eternal or immortal不朽的beauty<The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty忠诚, to expose the insatiable贪得无厌的，不知足的greed and brutality 无情<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated 复杂的to degrade 降低his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy独白or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the charactersFrancis Bacon - brevity,简洁compactness 紧密& powerfulness, 强有力his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose英国散文发展的重要里程碑Inductive method 归纳法in place of取代deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies论读书> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament,装饰and for ability.Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies 不同的人有不同的阅读方法-studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider.权衡和思考How studies exert施以影响influence over human character - reading maketh a full man读书使人完美, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John Donnemetaphysical poetry玄学诗歌- break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodssyllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising升引的太阳> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with 干涉other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>死神，休得狂妄whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost失乐园> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. 继贝奥武夫之后唯一的一部公认的英国文学中的史诗The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion againstGod with his unconquerable 压制不了的will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 古希腊诗剧体在英文中的完美体现Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracy准确Enlightenment - a progressive进步的intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel哥特式小说- mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair名利场> from <The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程>, a religious allegory宗教寓言, pursue the truth追求真理Alexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism论批评> a poem written in heroic couplets英雄偶句诗, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe鲁滨孙漂流记>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satirist 讽刺大师In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed有缺陷的Proper words in proper places在恰当的地方用恰当的词<A Modest Proposal>一个温和的建议<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput小人国, Brobdingnag,大人国Flying Island 飞岛国& Houyhnhnm 慧驷国Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, 英国小说之父Prose Homer荷马散文Comic epic in prose 散文体喜剧史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯传>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language英文大辞典><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>致切斯特菲尔勋爵的信Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century英国十八世纪唯一一位重要戏剧家<The Rivals>情敌and <The School for Scandal>造谣学校are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>写在教堂墓地的挽歌Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的小男孩> from <Songs of Innocence天真之歌> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience经验之歌> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression压制with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyesChildhood, paradoxes悖论, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>老虎William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature自然崇拜者'Lake Poets'湖畔诗人- William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical 神秘的thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge威敏斯特桥即景, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering闪闪发光的, smokeless & mildly柔和的. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways>独自幽居<The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割女> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural,超自然remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic魔力诗(supernatural) & the conversational对话诗The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌>, <Chrisabel克里斯特贝尔>, <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical暴君的rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>哈罗尔德游记.<Song for the Luddites路德党之歌> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece哀希腊> from <Don Juan唐璜> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem讽刺诗), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England>致英格兰人民<Ode to the West Wind西风颂> terza rima三行诗节押韵法, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,对春天的渴望，和对未来美好世界的憧憬'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂>, <Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂>, <Ode to Psyche普塞克颂><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion,'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>骄傲与偏见The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species物种起源> and <The Descent of Man人类的由来> shook the traditional faith&everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practicedCritical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记<Oliver Twist>雾都孤儿The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre>简爱<Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄Alfred Tennyson - invents发明dramatic monologue戏剧独白, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break浪花啪，啪，啪> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with 与，，形成对比the carefree, 无忧无虑innocent joys of the children and theunfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>渡沙洲we can feel his fearlessness毫不畏惧towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife后世.'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses>尤利西斯not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life,无法忍受平和平凡的日常生活old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book指环与书> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited,自负的cruel and tyrannical 残暴的man<Meeting at Night>夜晚幽会<Parting at Morning>清晨告别George Eliot:乔治艾略特As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny 命运of women<Middlemarch> 米德尔马契a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 持续American Romantic Period美国浪漫主义时期Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book见闻札记> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass草叶集>, alsocalled 'the American Renaissance'美国文艺复兴文学特点Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, 美国短篇小说之父the American Goldsmith美国的金匠Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced完善了美国文学古典主义风格First novel <A History of New York>纽约外史<The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van winkle>, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement新英格兰超验主义运动<The American Scholar>美国学者, <Self - Reliance>,论自助<The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic （美学的）problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> 论经验a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, 美国请教European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature>论自然is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior内部的of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse 唤醒it to activity<The Scarlet Letter>红字<Young Goodman Brown>小伙子布朗Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse自由体诗, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth有个孩子在长大> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry 骑兵Crossing a Ford浅滩> 渡河的骑兵a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself>自我之歌Whitman is a man （bubbling with）充满着energy and（laden with ）充满着ideas, spontaneous自发的expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory隐喻and symbolism象征主义, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick>白鲸the first American prose epic,散文史诗Ishmael both as a character and a narrator 叙述者, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac狂热者Realistic period 现实主义时期- the Gilded Age镀金时代, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism地方主义色彩, social Darwinism社会达尔文主义, bestiality兽性, beyond man's controlMark Twain 马克吐温- the true father of American literature真正的民族文学之父Local colorist, vernacular方言, simple sentence, 'the damned human race该死的人类' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James -按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家international theme, psychological realist 心理现实主义Stream of consciousness,意识流interior monologue,内心独白free association自由联想<Daisy Miller黛西米勒> the narrator is an American expatriate,移居国外的人named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing 动物质化it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death -因为我不能为死神停下> personify 拟人化death and immortality 不朽（so as to）以便make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛- America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism 决定论(heredity biological生物遗传& environment), survival of the fittest适者生存, the jungle law 丛林法则Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲- <The Financier>金融家, <The Titan巨头>, <The Stoic斯多葛><Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹> 'who shall cast the first stone?'An american tragedy :美国悲剧The social pressure that marks clyde's downfall inevitable.Style: lack of concision不简练，his writings appear more inclusive ,and less selective.Language: communication rather than an art form.Borke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.The modern period现代时期- the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement移民潮, the Lost Generation迷惘的一代, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present,现实享乐主义spiritual wasteland, 精神荒原collective unconscious,集体无意识psychoanalysisImagist movement意象运动, Jazz Age爵士时代Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'意象主义运动代表<The Cantos>诗章<In a Station of the Metro在地铁车站> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim 昏暗的light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.湿漉漉黑色粗枝上的花瓣<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter长干行><A Pact契约> agreement with Whitman's free verse惠特曼的自由体诗Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking>摘苹果之后<The Road Not Taken>未选择的路<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>雪夜林边停Eugene O'Neill尤金奥尼尔：唯一获过若贝尔文学奖的戏剧作家- founder of the American drama, 美国喜剧之父won thePulitzer Prize four times 普利策奖<The Hairy Ape>毛猿F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, 爵士时代代表Dollar Decade, 金钱堕落1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style冰山风格, Code hero,：the lost generation, 迷失的一代grace under pressure压力下的尊严<Indian Camp印第安人营地> from <In Our Time在我们的时代里> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth,南方imprisonment in the past对过去的沉湎Stream of consciousness, 意识流multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country 约克纳帕塔法县<A Rose for Emily给艾米丽的玫瑰> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.历史遗迹。
英美文学背诵精华篇
(1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;
(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents fromItalyandSpainAlexande Nhomakorabea Pope
亞歷山大.蒲伯
Strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum
TheNeoclassical Period
1. age:1660-1798
2. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development ofEnglandas a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason
Is the most successful religious allegory in the English language; its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils
英美文学背诵精华
英美文学背诵精华美国部分(浪漫主义时期)1. Transcendentalists believe that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine.2. To the transcendentalists such s Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.3. Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne （好人布朗的背诵要义）(1) Goodman Brown utters this cry when he finds his wife Faith, together with lots of prominent people of the village and the church, attending a witches‟ Sabbath in the woods.(2) His cry shows his great surprise and disillusionment. Thereafter, he becomes distrustful and doubtful. He lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again. Here the author makes a pun of the word “faith”. Goodman Brown loses not only his faith in religion and life, but also his faith in his wife, for his wife‟s name is faith.(3) From this story, we also can see that Hawthorne is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. The story itself is an allegory and is full of symbols such as the forest, the night, the snake, and the pink ribbon.4. Walt Whitman 特点:1) He identifies himself (his ego) with others, masses and the universe.2) He believes that every being is peculiar but equal in values.3) He advocates the notion of the union of the soul and the body.5. There Was a Child Went Forth最后一段话的含义The employment of three tenses, namely, the past tense, the present tense and the future tense, indicates the fact that the child was much influenced by his surroundings while growing up, and now he is a young adult, but he is a young adult, but he is still influenced by his environments, though much less than before, and in the future, he will be still influenced by everything around him, but still less than now.6. What are the features of Whitman‟s poetry?(1) His poetic style is marked by the use of the poetic “I”(2) He adopted “free verse”, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.(3) The image in his poems is unconventional.(4) He uses oral English.(5) His vocabulary is amazing.(6) Parallelism and phonetic recurrence are used at the beginning of the lines.7. What are the characteristics of Whitman‟s free verse?(1) Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.(2) A looser and more open-minded syntactical structure is frequently favored. Whitman believed that he has turned the poem into an open field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.(3) Whitman can be conversational and casual, in the fluid, expansive, and unstructured style of talking, like one of the ordinary men.8. Discuss the way symbolism is used in Melville‟s Moby-Dick (白鲸).(1)To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both. The chase of the white whale symbolizes Ahab‟s pursuit of truth and fighting against the evil power.(2) To Ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries.(3) It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe.(4) To the readers, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man.(5) To the author Melville, the white whale symbolizes nature, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well..9. 白鲸(Moby-Dick)的主要内容和意义内容：The story of Moby-Dick is simple, telling the battle between Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod and the monstrous white whale Moby-Dick. Ahab is obsessed by his determination to revenge himself upon the fierce, cunning whale, because it has crippled him.After many years of search and pursuit, the white whale is finally sighted. Chapter 135 is a description of the third day‟s chase.Three boats have been lowered in chase of the whale, but two of them are later destroyed by the whale. Although the whale is harpooned at last, the ship is sunk and all the people aboard are drowned except Ishmael, the narrator of the story who happens to be rescued by another whale ship.意义：Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure. It is a tragic epic.The voyage the Pequod has made is a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man‟s deep reality and psychology.The battle between Ahab and the white whale symbolizes the struggle between man and nature, man and fate, good and evil.（现实主义时期）1. Mark Twain 和Henry James 的区别1) MT is famed as a local-color writer. (the Mississippi River Region)2) He employs extensively the language known as “vernacular”.3) In the beginning, he was a humorist writer, with his “tall tales”, but in the end, he became extremely pessimistic.(1) HJ is famous with his International Themes.(2) He probes into human heart, known as “ the founder of psychological realism”.(3) His writing style is very polished.2. What are the major characteristics of naturalism?(1) Strongly influenced by social Darwinism, naturalism emphasizes the determining power of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.(2) Being devoid of the freedom of choice and incapable of shaping their own destinies, men and womenare helpless and insignificant in a cold and indifferent world.(3) The naturalistic writers reported truthfully and objectively, with a passion for scientific accuracy and overwhelming accumulation of factual detail.3. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?(1) Naturalism was greatly influenced by Darwin‟s evolutionary theory and French literature.(2) They accept the negative implication of Darwin‟s theory, and believe that society is a “jungle” where survival struggles go on.(3) They believe that man‟s instinct, the environment and other social and economic forces play an overwhelming role and man‟s fate is “determined” by such forces beyond his control.(4) Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.4. Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.Mark Twain shaped the world‟s view of America and made an extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature.The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.1) The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson, Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faithful to the colloquial. This style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”2) He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate and shed light on the contemporary society. That‟s why he is known as a local colorist.3) Mark Twain‟s humor is remarkable, too. He uses his humor to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.5. Summarize the story of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel.内容:Mark Twain‟s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a sequence to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.Along the river, floats a raft, with two people on it; One is an ignorant, uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little educated outcast white boy about the age of 13, called Huckleberry Finn.The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.During their journey, they experience a series of adventures: coming across two frauds, the “Duke” and the “King”, witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom‟s coming to rescue.意义：The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word of “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft‟s journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.6. What is the most famous theme in Henry James′ fiction? And what is his favorite approach in characterization, which makes him different from Mark and W. D. Howells as realists? Give two titles of his works in which this theme and this approach are employed. Henry James's most famous theme is what is generally called "the international theme". His novels or short stories of the theme are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America. They center around the conflict of the two cultures, represented by an innocent American and a sophisticated European. James is regarded as the founder of psychological realism for his psychoanalytical approach to his characters.Daisy Miller, The portrait of A Lady, The American, The Ambassadors, are his representative works of this kind.7. Emily Dickinson‟s 特点1) She didn‟t intend to have her poetry published in her life. That‟s why she produced a total of 1,775 poems, only seven of which were published.2) She regarded her poetry as a kind of psychological therapy and a bridge between her private world and the public.3) She confined her poetry to her personal life or experiences.8. "Even than he stood there, hidden wholly in that kindness which is night, while the uprising fumes filled the room. When the odor reached his nostrils, he quit his attitude and fumbled for the bed.'What's the use?' he said, weakly, as he stretched himself to rest."The above is quoted from Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie. Briefly tell the situation that leads to the suicide and interpret Hurstwoo d’s final words-------"What's the use?"A. Sister Carrie has made a great success. As her fame arises, she deserts her former lover Hurstwood. In a cold winter, Hurstwood makes a last attempt to seek help from Carrie, but has failed, so in desperation, he decides to kill himself by turning on the gas.9.“In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theod ore Dreiser‟s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”?A. The "rocking-chair" is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle that makes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.B. At the end of the novel, Carrie sits in the rocking-chair, which implies that her future is still uncertain and hard to foresee.(现代时期)1. 定义“ The Lost Generation”A group of writers headed by Hemingway who lived in Paris during the First World War felt discriminated and had no idea what to do, for the war totally changed their views toward the world and they lost conventional values, so they were endeavoring to search for a new way to express themselves.2. Robert Lee Frost 主要特点1) He always endeavors to convey to us sth profound and philosophical about life when he is apparently talking about some trifles in daily life or some farming activities.2) He employs traditional poetic forms to express entirely new ideas.3. After Apple-Picking 赏析Frost tells us that when we have satisfied our desires to an excessive extent, we are apt to feel cloyed with or tired of what we desired in the beginning.4 The Road Not Taken 赏析Frost tells us that when you face a choice which road to take in your life journey, you are urged to take a road less traveled by, for you are more likely to make yourself a great success in this way.5. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 赏析On a snowy evening, the poet stops his horse by the roads to appreciate a beautiful sight: how the woods are being piled up with snow. This is a rare sight, which fits into the poet‟s aesthetic principles, for the woods are lovely, dark and deep.But he cannot stay here all the time, for he has a long way to go before he sleeps.Similarly, in our life journey, we may stay hither and thither to appreciate beautiful sights along the way, but we should avoid overindulgence in the beautiful sights, for we have so many social obligations to fulfill.6. Hemingway‟s style (海明威写作风格冰山理论)People often use “iceberg” as analogy to Hemingway‟s style. He says,” the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.” His writing is similar. On the surface, his stories are simple, but the reader has to go deep enough to dig out full implications.7. Hemingway’s Code Hero (硬汉形象)1) Hemingway feels that a man should display “grace under pressure”.2) He thinks a man should never displays pains in the public, but learns to live with pains.3) He maintains that a man can be destroyed physically, but should not be defeated spiritually.4) He often depicts wars and wounds and other effects of the wars.8. Discuss the way symbolism is used in A Rose for Emily1) Rose, as symbol of love, may refer to the love between Emily and Northerner, yet used rather ironically, in the way it is associated with decay and death in the story.2) Rose could also stand for the pity, sympathy, or the lament“we” show for Emily.3) The pity and lament goes not only to Emily but all those who are imprisoned in the past and fail to adapt to the change.9. William Faulkner, a Nobel Prize winner, has an important position in American literature. Name two of his Major novels. Do you know anything about "Yoknapatawpha County?" What is unique of Faulkner's fiction, historically and geographically?A. The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! A Rose for Emily.B. Yoknapatawpha County is an imagined place based on Faulkner's childhood memory in an allegory.C. His literary representation of the Old South; and his theme of the deterioration, loss and moral decay of the Old South when it was falling apart.英国部分（文艺复兴时期）1. Explain the theme of The Merchant of Venice.1) In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude towards love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice.2) The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.But after centuries‟ abusing of the Jews, especially the holocaust committed by the Nazi Germany during the Second World War, it is very difficult to see Shylock as a conventional evil figure. And many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of Christians‟ hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness (世俗) and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.2. 莎士比亚四大悲剧及其概要1) Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth2) They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3) Each hero has his weakness of nature: (1) Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; (2) Othello‟s in ner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; (3) the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery (背叛) and infidelity (不忠); (4) and Macbeth‟s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.3. Sonnet 18 含义A nice summer‟s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare hasa faith in the permanence of poetry.4. Comment on Hamlet’s inaction (考的可能性不大太难)1) Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the hero.2) Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father‟s death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examing the nature of action only to deny its possibility; for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.3) For such a figure, soliloquy is natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues posses surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context.5. The following passage is taken from The Merchant of Venice. Read it carefully and find the dramatic it contains. Use it as an example to illustrate what dramatic irony is.“Bas sanio: Antonio, I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, my wife, and all world,Are not with me esteem‟d above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them allHere to this devil, to deliver you.Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.”A. When the audience is aware of a discrepancy between a character's perception of his or her own situation and the true nature of that situation, which is dramatic irony.B. In the given example, Portia, Bassanio's newly marriage wife, disguised herself as the lawyer to take charge of the case. Portia herself and the audience know all this, but Bassanio is ignorant of it. So when Bassanio offers in front of his disguised wife to sacrifice her in order to deliver Antonio, he makes himself behave in a ridiculous way in the eyes of the audience. Thus an effect of dramatic irony is achieved. (新古典主义时期)1. 新古典主义特点1) In the field of literature, the Enlightment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.3) This belief led them to seek proportion (均衡), unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animal. Thus a polite, urbane (文雅的) witty and intellectual art developed.2. 鲁宾逊漂流记要义(Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe)Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century-English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson‟s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labor are his own.3. 格列佛游记要义（Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift）Gulliver‟s Travels contains four parts:1) The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput. (小人国)2) In the second part, Gulliver is left alone in Brobdingnag. (大人国)3) The third part deals mainly with his accidental visit to the Flying Island, where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problems.4) The last part is a most interesting account for discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land, where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are the governing class.As a whole, Gulliver‟s Travels is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life---socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.(浪漫主义时期)1. 浪漫主义特点1) They show a revolt against neo-classicism.2) They are unhappy with the status quo (现状) and are strongly opposed to industrialization.3) They attach importance to feelings, emotions and sentiments instead of reason.4) They give priorities to imaginations.5) They try to stay close to nature, for they maintain that nature is purifying while society is corrupting.6) They display great interest in sth remote in terms of space and time7) They emphasize the importance of individuality and uniqueness.8) They believe that freedom is supreme.2. Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestone to mark the beginning of English Romanticism?1) In this book, Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing.2) The preface to the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto(宣言) for the new school. In the preface, Wordsworth defines poetry and poets.3) Wordsworth‟s poems in this book differ in marked ways from his early poetry: simplicity of the language, sympathy for the poor, and expression of inward states of mind.3. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards motivation of marriage.They are usually categorized into three types according to their different attitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who marry for true love with a consideration of the partner‟s personal merit as well as his economical and social status.In another word, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.4. Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought. Who are the two? And what ideas they expressed inspire the romantic writers?Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas PaineThe new ideas about nature, society and education, that is liberty, equality and fraternity they expressed inspire the romantic writers.（维多利亚时期）1. 批判现实主义(Critical realist)代表作家及特点1) Among the famous novelists of the time were the critical realists like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollop, etc.2) While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the eighteenth-century realist novel, they carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.3) Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism(功利主义), and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3) Their truthful picture of people‟s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.2.“…My boy!‟ said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver stated at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears.”（from Charles Dickens‟ Oliver Twist）Explain why Oliver Twist started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly” said.A. The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected. It is the first time in all his life that he had ever been "kindly" greeted. Strange sounds may predict another suffering/ misfortune/ torture3. “Let it not be supposed by the enemies of…the system,‟that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.”What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?A. The sentence is a typical example of irony. What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence's literal meaning.B. For the "benefit" of exercise, Oliver whipped every morning in a stone yard; for the "pleasure" of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the "advantages" of religious consolation, he was kicked into the apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy's prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.C. The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.4. Analyzed the Character of Jane Eyre based on the selection.1) Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master.2) In Chapter 13, Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. When forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately and openly declares equality with him and her love for him.5. Jane Eyre其作品特点1) The work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society. (the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions)2) and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up andachieve her final happiness.6. Charlotte Bronte 写作特点（感觉应该不会考吧）1) Charlotte‟s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.2) But brought up with strict orthodoxy, Charlotte would usually stick to the Puritanical code.3) She loves the beauty of nature but despises worldly ambition and success. In her mind, man‟s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil. All her heroines‟ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.4) Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularly governesses.5) On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion.7. Discuss the features of Thomas Hardy’s works, taking Tess of the D’Urberville’s as an example1) Hardy is a great painter of nature. In his hand, the Wessex prairie comes to life, with its own color, temper, mystery, omen, and force of destruction. It is as much a living character as men and women in the novels.2) The underlying theme of his novel is the struggle between man and his environment, between aspiring human spirit and the external inanimate nature.3) Hardy takes common working-class people as heroes and heroines in his novels. His heroes are usually tragic ones who acquire self-consciousness and question the fundamentals of the society.4) In his works, the strong elements of naturalism are combined with a tendency towards symbolism.5) In style, Hardy is a traditionalist, although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters. Almost all his works are well structured and plotted. The rustic dialect heightens its local or regional color. They are also noted for the detailed and poetic description of the character‟s inner life----their desires, passions, and sufferings, etc. ------and its reflection in the environment.（现代主义时期）1. 现代主义特点Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.1) The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.2) They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.3) Therefore, they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.2. Bernard Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession 概述和要义1) As one of the influential members of the Fabian Society, Shaw regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal.2) In the play, Shaw shows clearly that all humans sufferings are consequences of the cruel economic exploitation, which is pursued shamelessly by the so-called respectable members of the society through。
英美文学精华笔记
标题：英美文学精华笔记（第一章）一．文艺复兴时期：The Renaissance: marks a translation from t he medieval, means rebirth or revival ,is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient of Roman and Greek culture .本质上：in essence, is a historical period in whicha. the Europe thinker and scholars try to get rid of the old feud alist[封建主张] in medieval Europeb. to empress the interest of the bourgeoisiec. and to recover purity of the early church1．意大利兴起(14th----mid-17th)2.人文主义humanism:a. The essence of the Renaissanceb. From: It started with the effort of restoring a medieval revere nce for the antique authorc. T Frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissanced. The reason: Greek and Roman people believe that man is the measure of all thingse. Conception: emphasizing[强调] the dignity[高贵] of the huma n beings and importance of the present lifef. Beliefs: man didn’t have right to the beauty of this life but c ould perfect himself and perform wonders3.文艺复兴文学渊源4。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period（1660-1798）新古典主义1。
In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values。
总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期.2。
The eighteenth—century England is also known as the Age of Enligh tenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代.3。
Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order，reason and rules。
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact，literature at the time，heavily didactic and mor alizing，became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具.6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele，the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift，Daniel De foe，Richard Brinsley Sheridan，Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大。
英美文学背诵笔记
英美文学背诵笔记川师大英语学科教学英美文学重点英国文学（上）只需要熟悉目录，作家能够对应作品即可。
（2014年川师大真题）Give a brief introduction to sonnets with illustration.As one of the most popular of traditional poetic forms, the sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter. Sonnet may vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but they usually express a single theme or idea. Shakespeare's sonnets is very famous, which includes 154 altogether in number. The 154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126. The first group was addressed to Mr.W.H. People have been making guesses as to who this Mr.W.H. was. It is very likely that he was a noble man. The second group was addressed to a Dark Lady. Shakespeare's sonnet 18 expresses a very bold idea: that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach their eternity; and literature is created by man, thus it declares the eternity. The poem carries the spark of European Renaissance movement. It is obvious that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets partly in conformity with the popular vogue, but we must admit also that in some of them he revealed his innermost thoughts and feelings, made topical allusions to certain contemporary events and to his own life.英国文学（下）是考试的重点，关注真题，川师大考试的重复率很高。
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Jonathan Swift Is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, 喬納森.斯威特 direct, precise prose; ―proper words in proper places‖ Clear\simple\concrete diction\uncomplicated sentence structure\economy and conciseness of language Henry Fielding First of all the 18th century English novelist to 亨利.菲爾丁 write the "comic epic in prose"; the first to give
The Neoclassical Period 1. age: 1660-1798 2. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason 3. features: (1)a furtherance of the Renaissance – the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal education (2)reason, "eternal truth", "eternal justice", "eternal equality" was what human society should seek for; advocated universal education (3)reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism) (4)keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy (5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literature Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛弗 A very good story-teller; his sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration Smooth\easy\colloquial\mostly vernacular Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Adventure on a deserted island; depicts a hero grows from an inexperienced youth onto a shrewd and hardened man; a song of courage, wisdom, struggle against the hostile natural environment Four places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the flying island; Houyhnhnm
reality John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects Paradise Lost as a Christian humanist 失樂園 Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man
Gulliver‟s Travels 格列佛遊記
Tom Jones 湯姆.琼斯
the modern novel its structure and style; use the third-person narration; ―Father of the English Novel ‖; ―the just copies of human manners‖ Easy\unlaboured\familiar\extremely vivid and vigorous\ logic and rhythm
Name/CN Name
Writer's Features
Writings / CN Writings English Literature
பைடு நூலகம்
Writing's Features
The Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness William The greatest playwright and the most popular Shakespeare sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot 威廉.莎士比亞 construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—―The King‘s government must be carried on‖ (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国 家，统一是非常必要的) (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello‘s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth‘s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.) literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and Sonnets 1. 154 poems; English form 十四行詩 2. The traditional theme of the play is The Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between 威尼斯商人 Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Hamlet Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit 哈姆雷特 and loyalty, and to expose the (Venus and Adonis 维纳 insatiable greed and brutality of the 斯和安东尼斯; The Jew. Many people today tend to regard Rape of Lucrece 鲁克丽 the play as a satire of the Christians' 斯受辱记;romantic hypocrisy and their false standards of tragicomedies 浪漫悲喜 friendship and love, their cunning ways 剧;Romeo and Juliet; of pursuing worldliness and their Shakespeare's greatest unreasoning prejudice against Jews tragedies are : Hamlet, (Shylock). Othello, King Lear, and 3. A man of contemplation rather than Macbeth) action; has the qualities of a ―blood-and-thunder‖ thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death