格茨手册
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套装弯曲应力：切向张开
Assembly stress: opening by means of a sleeveơbuHin N/mm2
套装弯曲应力：锥套张开
P6
Piston rings are metallic seals and have the function of sealing the combustion chamber from the crankcase and assuring the flow of heat from the piston to the cylinder. Other functions are to prevent the oil not needed for lubrication from passing from the crankcase to the combustion chamber and provide a uniform oil film on the cylinder bore surface.活塞环在发动机中有三大作用，将燃烧室和曲轴箱密封，将活塞上的热量传到汽缸壁上，以及控制机油消耗。
燃气压力
Piston ring parameterk—
活塞环系数
Radius of curvature of the open ring (ring infree state)ρ1inmm
自由状态下的曲率半径
Radius of curvature of the closed ring (ring at norminal diameter)ρ2inmm
To achieve this the piston rings must be in contact with the cylinder wall and piston groove side. Radial contact is generally achieved by means of the inherent spring force of the ring.Fig.1 shows the forces acting on the piston ring and Fig.2 the most important terminology used.为了产生有效的密封，活塞环既要与气缸壁贴合良好，又要与活塞环槽的上或下平面贴合良好。径向贴合能力活塞环本身的弹力作用产生。图1表示了活塞环受到的作用力，图2为最重要的专用名词用法。
最近的一本活塞环手册在1995年Goetze AG还属于英国曼彻斯特T&N集团时出的。1998年GOETZE成为辉门全球集团旗下的一员。
The retained original GOETZE brand is backed by more than 100 years of experience and know-how.
这个保留下来的原创品牌GOETZE背后有着一百多年的经验和技术精华。
This new edition of the Piston Ring Handbook contains updated basic knowledge and now includes an application-related section.
弯矩
Diametral forceFd in N
径向弹力
Closure stressơb in M/mm2
工作弯曲应力
Modulus of elasticityE in N/mm2
弹性模量
Spring forcein N
弹力
ConformabilityU in mm
对气缸变形适应性
Gas pressurePz in N/mm2
接触压力
Tangential Force
切向弹力
Diametral Force
径向弹力
Closure Stress
工作弯曲应力
Piston Ring Parameter
活塞环系数
Opening Stress
工作弯曲应力
Modulus of Elasticity
弹性模量
Conformability
贴合性
Wear-Resistant Peripheral Coatings
表面复层
Chromium Plated Peripheries
镀铬
Thermal Spray Coatings
热喷涂料
PVD Coatings
PVD涂料
Nitriding and Nitrocaburizing
氮化及气体碳氮共渗
Surface Treatments
测试说明
Overview of the Current International Piston Ring Standards
当前国际活塞环标准概述
P5
Contact pressurep in N/mmGOETZE
接触压力
Axial ring widthh in mm
环高
Bending momentM in Nmm
组合控油环
Ring Joints
活塞环切口
Joint Notches
接头切口
Operational Criteria and Malfunctions
操作标准及失控状况
Engine Operation
发动机操作
Oil Consumption
耗油
Blowby
漏气
Exhaust Emission
排气排放物
Tribology
摩擦
Wear
磨损
Scuffing
刮伤/划伤
Microwelding
超精焊接
Friction
摩擦力
Malfunctions
失控状况
Ring Sticking
活塞环结胶
Ring Flutter
活塞环颤振
Ring Breaking
活塞环断裂
Piston Ring Materials
活塞环材料
外径半径
Radius of ring center linermin mm
环中线的半径
Friction forcein N
摩m
闭口间隙
Tangential forceFt in N
切向弹力
Moment of inertiaI in mm4
惯性矩
Assembly stress: tangential openingơbuTin N/mm2
铸铁材料、汽车和大型气缸发动机应用
-Cast Iron Materials, Large Bore Engine Applications
铸铁材料和大型气缸发动机应用
Piston Rings and Piston Ring Element – Steels
活塞环及其元素-钢
Coatings
涂料
Testing Instructions
这本新版的活塞环手册包括了最新的关于活塞环的基础知识及应用知识。
We hope this handbook makes interesting reading and provides you with some useful new information.
我们希望这本手册能让您轻松阅读并同时提供给您一些有用的新信息。
在燃烧室的气压增大了在活塞环槽中径向和轴向接触面。例如，增加了活塞环的密封性。气压、惯性以及摩擦力的相互作用使得活塞环的轴向位置在环槽的上下平面之间往复运动。
The operational characteristics of piston rings, i.e. faultless sealing against combustion gas and lubrication oil, are contingent on the engine design,the thermal and combustion-related dynamic loading, the cylinder design and finish, the piston, the lubricating oil used, the fuel and, most significantly, the quality and design of the rings themselves.
P1
As a leading manufacturer of piston rings it is our goal, through the GOETZE Piston Ring Handbook, to inform specialists and upcoming generations of engineers about the key areas of piston ring technology.
作为一个活塞环行业龙头企业，我们希望通过这本GOETZE活塞环手册，使专家和日后的专业工程师获取活塞环技术核心领域的信息。
The last edition of the Piston Ring Handbook appeared in 1995 after the acquisition of the then Goetze AG the T&N Group,Manchester,UK. Since 1998 GOETZE has been part of the world-wide Federal-Mogul corporate group.
气缸/活塞环系统的磨损测量
Material Specifications
材料详细说明
Piston Rings and Piston Ring Elements
活塞环及其元素
-Cast Iron Materials, Automotive and Large Bore Engine
Application
封闭状态下的公称直径
Inertia forcein N
惯性力
Total free gapm in mm
自由开口尺寸
Nominal diameterd in mm
公称直径
Ovalityu in mm
椭圆度
Radial wall thicknessa in mm
径向壁厚度
Radius at outside diameterr in mm
表面处理
Tin and Copper Plating
镀锡和镀铜
Phosphating
磷化
Black Oxiding
黑氧化
CPS and CPG
镀钢环的化学钝化及镀铸铁环的化学钝化
Ring Side Armouring
活塞环侧面防护
Chromium Plating
镀铬
Nitriding
氮化
Piston Ring Manufacture
Gas pressure in the combustion chamber augments both the radial and the axial contact in the piston ring groove, i.e. the action of the gas pressure increases the sealing capability of the piston ring. Axial contact can alternate between the top and bottom side of the groove owing to the interaction of gas, inertia and friction forces.
Burscheid, April 2003
博希德，2003年4月
P2
General Principles
基本原理
Nomenclature
常用符号及单位
Piston Ring Functions and Operation
活塞环功能及应用
Theoretical Relationships
理论公式
Contact Pressure
活塞环制造
Application Experience
应用经验
Examples of Typical Ring Packs
典型活塞环组实例
Design Potential for Performance Optimization
最佳性能设计理论计算
References
附注
Appendix
附录
Wear Measurement in the Cylinder/Piston Ring System
Radial Pressure Distribution
径向压力分配
Piston Ring Types
活塞环类型
Compression Rings
气环
Scraper Rings
刮油环
Oil Control Rings
油环
Single-Piece Oil Control Rings
整体控油环
Multi-Piece Oil Control Rings
Assembly stress: opening by means of a sleeveơbuHin N/mm2
套装弯曲应力：锥套张开
P6
Piston rings are metallic seals and have the function of sealing the combustion chamber from the crankcase and assuring the flow of heat from the piston to the cylinder. Other functions are to prevent the oil not needed for lubrication from passing from the crankcase to the combustion chamber and provide a uniform oil film on the cylinder bore surface.活塞环在发动机中有三大作用，将燃烧室和曲轴箱密封，将活塞上的热量传到汽缸壁上，以及控制机油消耗。
燃气压力
Piston ring parameterk—
活塞环系数
Radius of curvature of the open ring (ring infree state)ρ1inmm
自由状态下的曲率半径
Radius of curvature of the closed ring (ring at norminal diameter)ρ2inmm
To achieve this the piston rings must be in contact with the cylinder wall and piston groove side. Radial contact is generally achieved by means of the inherent spring force of the ring.Fig.1 shows the forces acting on the piston ring and Fig.2 the most important terminology used.为了产生有效的密封，活塞环既要与气缸壁贴合良好，又要与活塞环槽的上或下平面贴合良好。径向贴合能力活塞环本身的弹力作用产生。图1表示了活塞环受到的作用力，图2为最重要的专用名词用法。
最近的一本活塞环手册在1995年Goetze AG还属于英国曼彻斯特T&N集团时出的。1998年GOETZE成为辉门全球集团旗下的一员。
The retained original GOETZE brand is backed by more than 100 years of experience and know-how.
这个保留下来的原创品牌GOETZE背后有着一百多年的经验和技术精华。
This new edition of the Piston Ring Handbook contains updated basic knowledge and now includes an application-related section.
弯矩
Diametral forceFd in N
径向弹力
Closure stressơb in M/mm2
工作弯曲应力
Modulus of elasticityE in N/mm2
弹性模量
Spring forcein N
弹力
ConformabilityU in mm
对气缸变形适应性
Gas pressurePz in N/mm2
接触压力
Tangential Force
切向弹力
Diametral Force
径向弹力
Closure Stress
工作弯曲应力
Piston Ring Parameter
活塞环系数
Opening Stress
工作弯曲应力
Modulus of Elasticity
弹性模量
Conformability
贴合性
Wear-Resistant Peripheral Coatings
表面复层
Chromium Plated Peripheries
镀铬
Thermal Spray Coatings
热喷涂料
PVD Coatings
PVD涂料
Nitriding and Nitrocaburizing
氮化及气体碳氮共渗
Surface Treatments
测试说明
Overview of the Current International Piston Ring Standards
当前国际活塞环标准概述
P5
Contact pressurep in N/mmGOETZE
接触压力
Axial ring widthh in mm
环高
Bending momentM in Nmm
组合控油环
Ring Joints
活塞环切口
Joint Notches
接头切口
Operational Criteria and Malfunctions
操作标准及失控状况
Engine Operation
发动机操作
Oil Consumption
耗油
Blowby
漏气
Exhaust Emission
排气排放物
Tribology
摩擦
Wear
磨损
Scuffing
刮伤/划伤
Microwelding
超精焊接
Friction
摩擦力
Malfunctions
失控状况
Ring Sticking
活塞环结胶
Ring Flutter
活塞环颤振
Ring Breaking
活塞环断裂
Piston Ring Materials
活塞环材料
外径半径
Radius of ring center linermin mm
环中线的半径
Friction forcein N
摩m
闭口间隙
Tangential forceFt in N
切向弹力
Moment of inertiaI in mm4
惯性矩
Assembly stress: tangential openingơbuTin N/mm2
铸铁材料、汽车和大型气缸发动机应用
-Cast Iron Materials, Large Bore Engine Applications
铸铁材料和大型气缸发动机应用
Piston Rings and Piston Ring Element – Steels
活塞环及其元素-钢
Coatings
涂料
Testing Instructions
这本新版的活塞环手册包括了最新的关于活塞环的基础知识及应用知识。
We hope this handbook makes interesting reading and provides you with some useful new information.
我们希望这本手册能让您轻松阅读并同时提供给您一些有用的新信息。
在燃烧室的气压增大了在活塞环槽中径向和轴向接触面。例如，增加了活塞环的密封性。气压、惯性以及摩擦力的相互作用使得活塞环的轴向位置在环槽的上下平面之间往复运动。
The operational characteristics of piston rings, i.e. faultless sealing against combustion gas and lubrication oil, are contingent on the engine design,the thermal and combustion-related dynamic loading, the cylinder design and finish, the piston, the lubricating oil used, the fuel and, most significantly, the quality and design of the rings themselves.
P1
As a leading manufacturer of piston rings it is our goal, through the GOETZE Piston Ring Handbook, to inform specialists and upcoming generations of engineers about the key areas of piston ring technology.
作为一个活塞环行业龙头企业，我们希望通过这本GOETZE活塞环手册，使专家和日后的专业工程师获取活塞环技术核心领域的信息。
The last edition of the Piston Ring Handbook appeared in 1995 after the acquisition of the then Goetze AG the T&N Group,Manchester,UK. Since 1998 GOETZE has been part of the world-wide Federal-Mogul corporate group.
气缸/活塞环系统的磨损测量
Material Specifications
材料详细说明
Piston Rings and Piston Ring Elements
活塞环及其元素
-Cast Iron Materials, Automotive and Large Bore Engine
Application
封闭状态下的公称直径
Inertia forcein N
惯性力
Total free gapm in mm
自由开口尺寸
Nominal diameterd in mm
公称直径
Ovalityu in mm
椭圆度
Radial wall thicknessa in mm
径向壁厚度
Radius at outside diameterr in mm
表面处理
Tin and Copper Plating
镀锡和镀铜
Phosphating
磷化
Black Oxiding
黑氧化
CPS and CPG
镀钢环的化学钝化及镀铸铁环的化学钝化
Ring Side Armouring
活塞环侧面防护
Chromium Plating
镀铬
Nitriding
氮化
Piston Ring Manufacture
Gas pressure in the combustion chamber augments both the radial and the axial contact in the piston ring groove, i.e. the action of the gas pressure increases the sealing capability of the piston ring. Axial contact can alternate between the top and bottom side of the groove owing to the interaction of gas, inertia and friction forces.
Burscheid, April 2003
博希德，2003年4月
P2
General Principles
基本原理
Nomenclature
常用符号及单位
Piston Ring Functions and Operation
活塞环功能及应用
Theoretical Relationships
理论公式
Contact Pressure
活塞环制造
Application Experience
应用经验
Examples of Typical Ring Packs
典型活塞环组实例
Design Potential for Performance Optimization
最佳性能设计理论计算
References
附注
Appendix
附录
Wear Measurement in the Cylinder/Piston Ring System
Radial Pressure Distribution
径向压力分配
Piston Ring Types
活塞环类型
Compression Rings
气环
Scraper Rings
刮油环
Oil Control Rings
油环
Single-Piece Oil Control Rings
整体控油环
Multi-Piece Oil Control Rings