介词和介词短语的概念
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
•介词和介词短语的概念:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分.介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语.介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。
•误用介词的三种情况:
1、多用介词:多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而
用错:
误:We discussed about the plan。
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank。
我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to]a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚.
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you?我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul。
我们应该全心全意地为人民服务.
误:Who controls over the factory?(但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory?谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here。
(比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here。
他在这儿有很多朋友。
2、漏用介词:漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响
而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal。
(deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理.
误:He is not a man to be depended。
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人.
误:He took a cup of tea,and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea,and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事.
误:My mother still regards me a child。
(比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看.
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us。
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us。
他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening。
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。
3、错用介词:错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能
是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday。
(call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday。
她昨天去了他办公室拜访.
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse。
他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east。
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help,I finished it in time.
正:With his help,I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan,he visited many places。
他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character。
正:We are familiar with his character。
我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit。
正:Help yourself to the fruit。
吃点水果吧。
•介词的宾语:
1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history?你对历史感兴趣吗? Don’t worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her。
没有人能像她那样唱歌。
(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories。
他善于讲故事。
In crossing the street he was run over。
他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can’t regard the matter as settled。
我们不能认为这事已经解决。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书.
注:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。
在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others。
他出去了,没有被其他人看见.
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
I’m worried about where he is。
我担心他上哪儿去了.
注:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor。
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor。
他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door。
/I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了.
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait。
除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿.
They did nothing but complain。
他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV.
除了看电视,他从不干任何事.
注:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but,except等极个别个词。
该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其
区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议.
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared。
总而言之,我们要有准备。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重.
His work is far from(being)satisfactory。
他的工作丝毫不令人满意。
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地;in private私下地,秘密地;in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地;in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地;for short 为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外;by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long。
我不能久呆。
It’s too hot in here。
这里面太热了.
I looked every where except there。
除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million。
这座城市有四百万人口.
He was among the first to arrive。
他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these。
从这些书中选一本吧.
I saw her from across the street。
我从街的对面望见了她.
注:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from,till,until,since,except,instead of等.
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him。
她不反对玛丽与他结婚.
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来.
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked。
整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作.
介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend。
他和一个朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富.
This knife is for cutting bread。
这把小刀是用于切面包的.
注:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain。
正:His absence is due to the rain。
他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work。
那是因为辛苦工作的原因.
2、状语:
如:Don’t touch it with your hands。
别用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident?你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter。
这是他给你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it。
这是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea。
我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常.
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero。
他被看成是英雄.
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall。
一个人从墙后走出来。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday。
除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me。
六点到七点对我比较适合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略: 如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便.
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient。