Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage

⏹Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
⏹Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be more
dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins.
⏹People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles,”but people in
California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants most all use fire to make it. Aside from the few folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators. Generators are fueled by something —usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal（地热的）plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.
⏹In other words, those “zero-emissions”cars are likely coal-burning cars. It's just
the coal is burned somewhere else so it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes —“If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.”Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat —at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc.
⏹ A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that
gallon of gas won‘t get you nearly as far —so electric cars burn more fuel than gas-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes（核能发电厂，核武器）, or geothermal, or hydro（水电）, or solar, or wind, then an electric car truly would be clean.
But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources.
⏹In addition, electric cars’batteries which are poisonous for a long time will
eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place.
Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.
⏹ 1. What does “clueless”mean in paragraph 2?
⏹A) The California Greens are covering their eyes.
⏹B) People in California love to talk about zero-emissions vehicles
⏹C) People in California love to have their roofs covered with solar cells
⏹D) People there have no idea that so far electricity mainly comes from burning coal, oil,
etc.
⏹ 2. According to the passage, why the California Greens hold the idea “If I can’t see it, it’
s not happening.”?
⏹A) They do not know those clean cars are likely coal-burning cars.
⏹B) They do believe that the coal is burned somewhere else so it looks clean.
⏹C) They tend to hold that electricity is a nice part of energy.
⏹D) They tend to maintain that gasoline is a good way to run a vehicle.
⏹ 3. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run __________.
⏹A) not less than 25 miles.
⏹B) more than 25 miles.
⏹C) no less than 25 miles.
⏹D) not more than 25 miles.
⏹ 4. Compared with cars using gas, electric cars __________
⏹A) do not burn fuel and more environmental.
⏹B) are toxic and it is difficult for nature to clean it up when their batteries are buried in
one spot.
⏹C) are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated
⏹D) are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill.
⏹ 5. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
⏹A) Being green is good and should be encouraged in communications
⏹B) Electric cars are not clean in that we get electricity mainly by burning something.
⏹C) Zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment.
⏹D) Electric cars are now the dominant vehicle compared with gasoline-powered cousins.
⏹James’s first novels used conventional narrative techniques: explicit（明确
的）Characterization, action which related events in distinctly phased （阶段的）sequences, settings firmly outlined and specifically described. But this method gradually gave way to a subtler, more deliberate（故意的；深思熟虑的；从容的），more diffuse style of accumulation of minutely discriminated details whose total significance the reader can grasp only by constant attention and sensitive inference.
His later novels play down scenes of abrupt and prominent action, and do not so much offer a succession of sharp shocks as slow piecemeal （零碎的）additions of perception. The curtain is not suddenly drawn back from shrouded（覆盖的）thinds, but is slowly moved away.
⏹Such a technoque is suited to James’s essential subject, which is not human
action itself but the states of mind which produce and are produced by human actions and interactions. James was less interested in what characters do, than in the moral and psychological antecedents（前期）, realizations, and consequences which attend their doings.
⏹This is why he more often speaks of “cases”than of actions. His stories,
therefore, grow more and more lengthy while the actions they relate grow simpler and less visible; not because they are crammed with adventitious（不定的，外来的）and secondary events, disgressive relief, or supernumerary（多余的，后备的）characters, as overstuffef novels of action are; but because he present in such exhaustive detail every nuance（细微差别）of his situation. Commonly the interest of a novel is in the variety and excitement of visible actions buiding up to a climatic event which will settle the outward destinies of characters with story----book promise of permanence. A James novel, however, possesses its characteristic interest in carring the reader through a rich anlysis of the mental adjustments of characters to the realities of their personal situations as they are slowly revealed to them through explration and chance discovery.
⏹ 1. James was primarily interested in ______.
⏹ A. telling an exciting story
⏹ B. capturing a setting
⏹ C. analyzing the mental adjustments of his characters
⏹ D. describing the behavior of Americans in Europe
⏹ 2. James’s later novels differ from his earlier works in that they_____.
⏹ A. show specifically described settings
⏹ B. are full of actions
⏹ C. are less lengthy
⏹ D. analyze the states of mind of his characters
⏹ 3. James’later novels may be characterized as ________.
⏹ A. detective B. horror
⏹ C. being dull D. psychological novels
Making an inference
In reading, one must make an inference so that he can reach a decision based on evidence he thinks to be true because writers sometimes do not have their ideas clearly stated. They expect the readers to draw inferences in order to get a clearer understanding of the ideas implied. Suggested meaning sometimes is part of the total meaning of a passage.
If you miss the suggested meaning, you may miss the main point of what the writer is saying.
If one woman asks another, “Where did you get that dress?”she may be suggesting that the dress is especially attractive.
Inferences may be drawn by analyzing characters and their actions, and by determing the mood of the speaker. A fact can usually be found in the passage, but an inference is more of a feeling drawn from reasoning.
Directions: Decide if the statement after each paragraph is a valid inference. If it is valid, writer T, if it is not, writer F.
1. They were all shocked when Jones confessed to the theft.
No one had questioned his courage.____
2. The letter of the alphabet were nothing more to her than meaningless shapes.
She did not know how to think._____
3. No fragments of pottery have been unearthed by archaeologists from the ruins of this city.
Apparently the inhabitants did not know how to build homes.______
4. When people of early New England chose sleeping garments, the main consideration was warmth.
People at that time had dfferent taste of beauty. ________
5. Every editor has to cope with a certain number of wound-up visitors. Ralph worked with his hat on.
He wore his hat to give visitors the impression that he was about to leave._____
Passages
A. I saw by the clock of the city jail that it was past eleven, so I decided to go to the newspaper immediatly. Outside the editor’s door I stopped to make sure my pages were in the right order; I smoothed them out carefully, stuck them back in my pocket, and knocked. I could hear my heart thumping as I walked in.
1) The teller of this story has just left the city jail._____
2) He has been carrying his papers in his pocket._____
3) We know that the storyteller is a newspaper writer by profession.______
4) We might infer that the storyteller is going to showing his papers to the editor.______
5) The meeting is important for the storyteller.______
B. Mrs. Bennet rang the bell, and Miss Elizabeth was summoned to the library.
“Come here, child,”cried her father as she appeared. “I understand that Mr. Collins has made you an offer of marriage. Is it true?”Elizabeth replied that it was. “Very well---and this offer of marriage you have refused?”
“I have, sir.”
“Very well, we now come to the point. Your mother insists upon your accepting it. Is it not so, Mrs. Bennet?”
“Yes, or I will never see her again.”
“An unhappy choice is before you, Elizabeth. From this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents. Your mother will never see you again if you do not marry Mr. Collins, and I will never see you again if you do.”
6) Mr. Bennet had been talking with Mrs. Bennet immediately before Elizabeth came in._____
7) The offer of marriage from Mr. Collins was a secret from Elizabeth’s parents.______
8) Mr. Bennet approved of what Elizabeth had said to Mr. Collins.______
9) Mrs. Bennet was afraid Elithabeth would leave home if she got married.______
10) Mr. And Mrs. Bennet were both strong with their opinions about Elizabeth’s marriage.____ Passage 4
Directions: Read the paragraphs carefully to look for the writer’s attitude---feelings or beliefs about the subject. Then mark the statements that follow each paragraph T (True) or
F (False).
⏹ A.The play that opened at the Rex Theater last evening is advertised as “modern
entertainment for modern audiences”. If you like noise and commotion（骚动，混乱）on the stage, you ought to see it. If following a plot is too much trouble, you will like this show. If what used to be prized as good acting is no longer the thing, this is indeed “modern entertainment”. Unfortunatedly, I can’t write a review of the play because I left before the first act was finished.
⏹1)The critic thinks that plot and good acting are not important in a play.______
⏹2)The critic is condemning the play. ______
⏹3)The critic advises the reader to expect a lot of noise but not a plot or good acting.
________
⏹ B.You can say this about Americans---- that they are health conscious. They spend about
as much on health remedies as they do on cigarettes and liquor. They buy carloads of books about this diet or that and read them carefully with a box of biscuits and a can of beer to help them through the pages. Or they are seized with a fury and stop eating essential foods altogether. They go faithfully to an exercise class one day a week, but on the other six days their chief exercise is getting in and out of bed. Or they take up jogging and stumble alone the side of a highway until they begin to notice irregular heartbeats.
Yes sir, we Americans certainly try to take care of our health.
⏹4)The writer is praising the efforts of Americans certainly try to take care of our health.
_______
⏹5)The writer is critical of diets and exercise.__________
⏹6)The writer is poking fun at the way Americans go about health care. ________
⏹ C.When terrorists read about the capture of a few of their kind, they yawn and turn the
page. They note that the captives are well treated. If they are placed on trial the judge and the jury will be threatened. If the criminals are convicted and sentenced, they will be sentenced to jail terms, not to death, and they can expect to be released through other acts of violence. Terrorists do not give their victims the choice of death or imprisonment. So long as they face no threat to their own lives if they are captured, we will continue to read of the kidnapping and murder of businessmen, political figures, and ambasssadors.
⏹7)The writer believes that terrorists are not afraid of capture and court trial. _________
⏹8)The writer is opposed to giving terrorists the right to trial by jury. _________
⏹9)The writer believes that convicted terrorists should be put to death. ________
⏹10)The writer is optimistic regarding a solution of terrorism. ____
⏹Retaining concepts and organizing facts
⏹Directions: The sentences of each paragraph are presented in a random order. Read
them carefully and then put them in a correct order.
An important point to remember is that writers often organize their supporting details according to some particular pattern. Their thoughts do not wander aimlessly; instead they are developed logically.
You may recognize the following five methods of organizing details:
1. order of importance: When a writer wishes to place more emphasis on a particular supporting detail, he will use this organizational pattern.
2. order of time: Time order, often called chronological order, is used often by historians, fiction writers, and journalists.
3. order of spatial development: This is the order most frequently used in description. Details are arranged the way they are seen from a particular advantage point so that the reader may follow the description easily.
4. order of cause and effect: When one thing is the result of something else, a writer uses cause and effect development.
5. order of comparison and contrast: Facts which are compared or contrasted are often easier to remember than those which are simply listed. This pattern is especially suited to writing about the unfamiliar or the complicated.
⏹1) a. The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., is a monument to Abraham Lincoln.
⏹ b. The center section is open to the front of the monument.
⏹ c. The rooms on the left and the right are separated from the center section by a row of
columns.
⏹ d. English has an alphabetic writing system.
⏹ e. It uses ideographs, symbols which represent ideas or words.
⏹ f. In contrast to English, Chinese does not use an alphabet.
⏹The correct order is: _____________________.
the unfamiliar or the complicated.
⏹2) a. Third, sociolinguists analyze the purpose of the conversation.
⏹ b. People speak differently in different situations.
⏹ c. People may speak differently if they are at home, at school, in church, or in a
government office.
⏹ d. People may use language differenly if they are explaining a problem, complaining
about a problem, or trying to persuade someone to do something about a problem.
⏹ e. Second, they condider the relationship of the people who arespeaking.
⏹ f. Three of the major points that sociolinguists consider are the place, the people, and the
purpose of the conversation.
⏹g. First, sociolinguists look at the place.
⏹h. A woman may talk in a different way to her son, her secretary, or her mother.
⏹i. Sociolinguists analyze the effects of situation on language.
⏹The correct order is: ________________________
⏹One of the most striking transformations brought about by the storage of water in
the reservoir, officially named Lake Mead, is the change in color and consistency(一致性；稠度) of the Colorado River. Where once it flowed through Black Canyon a brown turbid(浑浊的) stream, carrying an average silt load of 300 tons a minute --- “too thin to plow and too thick to drink”--- the lake is now a dark emerald(翠绿色的) green in the canyons and a deep blue in more open coutry, while the river below the dam has regained the sparkling clearness it possessed when it left the mountains.
⏹An unusually scenic and interesting country has been made accessible by the filling
of the canyons where the river long held away. The fiord(峡湾；海湾) -like vistas of Boulder, Black, and Iceberg Canyons and the lower reaches of Grand Canyon, the many islands inhabited by desert dwellers secluded(隔绝)there by the rising waters, the deep colors and mirrorlike reflections of unusual rock formations, and the ferns, springs, falls, and prehistoric dwellings in remote side canyons, are among the sights viewed on exploratory boat trips. Shorter excursions are made at frequent intervals and there are regular schedules from the boat landing to the upstream face of the dam and nearly places.
⏹The lake is being stocked with millions of bass, crappie and bream. Trout also
have been placed in the river downstream from the dam, as the temperature of the water will be cool both summer and winter, being drawn from a reservoir depth of 150 to 300 feet.
⏹1) The author ________
⏹ A.thinks the project was a mistake
⏹ B.approves of what has been done
⏹ C.does not want to talk about it
⏹ D.thinks you should stay away
⏹2) The author thinks the area is improved because _________
A.boats can travel past the new dam
B.the area is more primitive now
C.the water is now “sparkling clear”
D.the country is being kept as a wilderness
⏹3)The author apparently thinks that fishing will be _______
A. ruined
B. improved
C. illegal
D. difficult
⏹The Roman alphabet took thousands of years to develop, from the picture writing of
the ancient Egyptians through modifications by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and others.
Yet in just a dozen years, one man,Sequoyah, invented an alphabet for the Cherokee people. Born in eastern Tennessee, Sequoyah was a hunter and a silversmith in his youth, as well as an able interpreter who knew Spanish, French, and English.
⏹Sequoyah wanted his people to have the secret of the “talking leaves”, as he
called the books of white people, and so he set out to design a written form of Cherokee.
His chief aim was to record his people’s ancient tribal customs. He began by designing pictographs for every word in the Cherokee vocabulary. Reputedly his wife, angry at him for his neglect of garden and house, burned his notes, and he had to start over. This time, having concluded that picturewriting was cumbersome(笨重的；累赘的；难处理的) , he made symbols for the sounds of the Cherokee language.
⏹Eventually he refined his system to eighty-five characters, which he borrowed from the
Roman, Greek, and Hebrew alphabets. He presented this system to the Cherokee General Council in 1821, and it was wholeheartedly approved. The response was phenomenal.
Cherokees who had struggled for months to learn English lettering in school picked up the new system in days. Several books were printed in Cherokee, and in 1828, a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, was first published in the new alphabet. Sequoyah was acclaimed by his people.
⏹In his later life, Sequoyah dedicated himself to the general advancement of his
people. He wanted to Washington, D.C., as a representative of the Western tribes. He helped settle bitter differences among Cherokee after their forced movement by the federal government to the Oklahoma territory in the 1830s. He died in Mexico in 1843 while searching for groups of lost Cherokee. A statue of Swquoyah represents Oklahoma in the Statuary Hall in the Capitol building in Washington, D. C. However, he is probably chiefly remembered today because sequoias, the giant redwood trees of California, are named for him.
1.The passage is mainly concerned with ________
⏹ A. the development of the Roman alphabet
⏹ B.the accomplishments of Sequoyah
⏹ C. the pictoyraphic system of writing
⏹ D. Sequoyah’s experiences in Mexico
2.There is No indication in the passage that as a young man, Sequoyah ________
⏹ A. served as an interpreter
⏹ B.made things from silver
⏹ C. served as a representateve in washington
⏹ C. hunted game
3.What was Sequoyah’s main purpose in designing a Cherokee alphabet?
⏹ A. To record Cherokee customs
⏹ B.To write books in Cherokee
⏹ C. To write about his own life
⏹ D. To publish a newspaper
4.In the final version of the Cherokee alphabet system, each of the characters represents a ____
⏹ A. word B. picture C. sound D. thought
5. Why does the author mention the giant redwood trees of California in the passage?
⏹ A. Sequoyah took his name from those trees
⏹ B.The trees inspired Sequoyah to write a book
⏹ C. Sequoyah was born in the vicinity(邻近，附近) of the red wood forest
⏹ D. The trees were named in Sequoyah’s honor
⏹When companies do business overseas, they come in contact with people from
different cultures. These individuals often speak a different language and have their own particular custom and manners. These differences can create problems.
For example, in France, business meetings begin promptly at the designated time and everyone is expected to be there. Foreign business people who are tardy are often left outside to cool their heels as a means of letting them know the importance of promptness. Unless one is aware of such expected behaviors he may end up insulting the people with whom he hopes to establish trade relations.
⏹ A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversions. For example, if a
transaction is conducted with Russia, payment may be made in rubles. Of course, this currency is of little value to the American firm. It is, therefore, necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars. How much are these Russian rubles worth in terms of dollars? This conversion rate is determined by every market, where the currencies of countries are bought and sold. Thus there is an established rate, although it will often fluctuate(波动；涨落) from day to day. For example, the ruble may be worth '0.75 on Monday and '0.72 on Tuesday because of an announced wheat shortage in Russia. In addition, there is the dilemma associated with converting at '0.72. Some financial institutions may be unwilling to pay this price, feeling that the ruble will sink much lower over the next week. As a result, conversion may finally come at '0.69. These “losses”
must be accepted by the company as one of the costs of doing business overseas.
⏹ A third unique problem is trade barriers. For one reason or another, all countries
impose trade barriers on certain goods crossing their borders. Some trade barriers are directly related to exports. For example, the United States permits strategic military material to be shipped abroad only after government permission has been obtained. Most trade barriers, however, are designed to restrict import. Two of the most common import barriers are quotas(配额；定额；限额and tariffs.
⏹ 1. The best title for the passage would be ___.
A. How to Succeed in International Trade
B. Monetary Conversion
C. Trade Barriers
D. Unique Problems in International Trade
⏹ 2. In France, tardy business people ___.
A. are often insulted
B. often suffer from coldness
C. are often left outdoors waiting
D. are often asked to polish their shoes
⏹ 3. According to the passage, conversion rates ___.
A. are always changing
B. are determined by financial institutions
C. are agreed upon by two trading countries
D. vary from day to day
⏹ 4. The intended audience of this passage are ___.
A. professors of economics
B. postgraduate students of international trade
C. beginners of business
D. business people
⏹ 5. Which of the following is likely to be discussed in the next paragraph?
A. Export trade barriers.
B. Quotas and tariffs.
C. Reasons for imposing trading barriers.
D. Measures to break down trade barriers.
⏹Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers”had been more or less
average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these “short sleepers”appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.
⏹When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers”did poorly. More than this,
they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers”were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).
⏹The “long sleepers”were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report
that these young men had been lengthy sleep since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”
Many of the “long sleepers”were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations).
Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
⏹
1. According to the report,______.
A) many short sleepers need less sleep by nature
B) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they
are busy with their work
C) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day
D) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood
⏹ 2. Many “short sleepers”are likely to hold the view that __.
A) sleep is a withdrawal from the reality
B) sleep interferes with their sound judgement
C) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program
D) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles
3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.
A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life
B) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep
C) do not know how to relax properly
D) are more unlikely to run into mental problems
4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.
A) appear disturbed
B) become energetic
C) feel dissatisfied
D) be extremely depressed
5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?
A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakened
B) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental
⏹patients
C) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep
D) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest
Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, jerky(急动的；不平稳的) movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate(注视；视线移向). Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time for which the eyes stop ---the duration of the fixation ----varies considerably from person to person. It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.
Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second.
One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words.
Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.
1. The time of the recognition span can be affected by the following facts except ________ .
A. one’s familiarity with the text
B. one’s purpose in reading
C. the length of a group of words
D. lighting and tiredness
2. The author may believe that reading ______.
A. requires a reader to take in more words at each fixation
B. requires a reader to see words more quickly
C. demands an deeply-participating mind
D. demands more mind than eyes
3. What does the author mean by saying “but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently.”in the second parapraph?
A. The ability to see words is not needed when an efficient reading is conducted.
B. The reading exercises mentioned can’t help to improve both the ability to see and to comprehend words.
C. The reading exercises mentioned can’t help to improve an efficient reading.。