英语写作 Unit 10 Argumentation
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解Argumentation题型是雅思大作文命中率特别高的题型,所以分享给大家关于雅思大作文大作文Argumentation题型的详细讲解,主要是关于Discuss both views and give your own opinion,(To what extent) do you agree or disagree两种提问方式的讲解,具体内容一起来看正文。
Discuss both views and give your own opinionSome people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (C6-4) ❶ Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations…. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.(背景描述+过渡,表明变化是无处不在的')❷Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. … (分析第一种观点的弊端)❸However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevit able is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better.’… (反驳第二种观点)❹ In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes. (得出自己的结论:变化确实能带来好处,但是并不是所有变化都一定会带来好的结果)本文实际上指出了题目当中的两种观点都有局限之处,从而引出自己的看法。
英语Argumentation写作
Thesis Argumentation
Evidence Reasoning
Convince your readers
Several points
The thesis should be meaningful. A clear and explicit argumentation Enough evidence Forceful reasoning
thesis argumentation, evidence ways of reasoning:
example, causal relation…
What is the structure? It is developed propulsively.
How about the reasoning?
To do this,students must get themselves to do all kinds of training,physical as
well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.
Moreover,since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short time as possible,psychologically they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.
Argumentation 写作模板.doc
Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型--- agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点---提出你支持的观点___________________(主题)is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A). However, others argue that ______________(观点B). As far as I am concerned, I will choose to___________(你的观点)/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。
Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim that ______(理由)From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.(你的观点)。
I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right./ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussedabove, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other.So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?Presently, most of the young people tend to phone more frequently than write to each other./At present, ( there are )more and more young people (who) prefer to use phones instead of writing a letter, which has become a fashion.One of the reasons is that people choose to live in a highly efficient way. Communication by phones ismore efficient and convenient and prompt. It just takes one some seconds or minutes to settle a matter or to inform /deliver an important notice or message. On the contrary, if people write, it will cost them more time or take more trouble to send the letter.Topic TwoAt present, there is a widespread concern over the issue as to/about whether college students should hire cleaners, for it is much to do with /closely related to the fostering /cultivation of a spirit of independence/self-reliance among the youth. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to approve of the choice, while others contend (坚决主张/advocate)that it’s risky to deprive students of the right to domanual work, for this will make them unable to taste the pleasure of physical labor. As for me, I stand on the latter side. My arguments for this point are listed as follow s.The first reason is that there is growing concern about the lack of independence among young people, who are the only child of their family. (人们越来越担忧独生子女缺乏自立精神) They are mostly spoilt by their family, seldom even neverinvolved in the housework. They devoted all their time to getting prepared for Gaokao. So it is high time that they learnt to be self-reliant from doing some cleaning. It is an essential skill for them to grow up.Still, college students should learn to shoulder their own responsibilities. If they hire cleaners on campus, they will put more financial pressure on their parents. It will induce/lead to extra expense.As adults, college students had better learn to be independent of their parents, trying every effort to reduce the financial burden on their family.However,some people may argue that hiring cleaners may save more time for study. As a matter of fact, doing some cleaning doesn’t need much time. It can be done in your spare/free time. It won’t take long. What really matters is one’s attitude towards manual labor.To conclude,it is not necessary for college students to hire cleaners. They should learn to do it by themselves. By doing so, they are likely to be enjoyable and to be independent. (326 words)[From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that it is not advisable/sensible for students to hire cleaners.]2. 利弊型写法1:分别阐述利与弊背景介绍。
argumentation英语作文范文
The Power of Argumentation in EnglishEssaysIn the realm of academic writing, the art of argumentation holds a pivotal position. It is not merely a technique to persuade others but a means to explore ideas, critically analyze them, and present a well-reasoned stance. The essence of argumentation lies in the careful balancingof claims, evidence, and logic to arrive at a convincing conclusion. This balancing act is particularly crucial in English essays, where the language itself often poses challenges due to its nuances and subtleties.The foundation of any argumentative essay is a clear, focused claim that the writer intends to defend. This claim should be stated explicitly in the introduction, settingthe tone for the entire essay. From there, the writer must build a robust framework by providing evidence thatsupports the claim. This evidence could be statistical data, quotes from experts, or anecdotal experiences thatillustrate the point. However, it is crucial to ensure that the evidence is relevant, credible, and sufficient to strengthen the argument.The art of argumentation in English essays alsoinvolves the careful manipulation of language. The writer must choose their words carefully, using precise vocabulary that conveys the intended meaning without ambiguity. Additionally, sentence structure and paragraph organization play a crucial role in maintaining the flow of the argument. Effective transition words and phrases help readers follow the thread of the argument, while well-structured paragraphs ensure that the essay remains focused and coherent.Moreover, argumentative essays require a certain degree of objectivity. The writer must present both sides of the argument fairly, acknowledging opposing viewpoints and addressing them with logic and evidence. This balanced approach not only enhances the credibility of the argument but also encourages critical thinking among readers.In conclusion, the power of argumentation in English essays lies in its ability to persuade, explore, andanalyze ideas in a clear, coherent, and objective manner.By mastering the art of argumentation, writers can convey their thoughts effectively, engage readers deeply, andcontribute to the larger discourse within their field of study.**中文翻译:****英语议论文中的论证力量**在学术写作领域,论证的艺术占据着核心地位。
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (argumentation)
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (exposition/argumentation)I. Two types of argumentII. How to write exposition: one-sided argumentative essaysAn exposition or argumentative essay is an essay in which the writer agrees or disagrees with an issue, using reasons to support his or her opinion. The goal is to convince the readers that his or her opinion is right. Exposition/Argumentation forces writers to take a stand on an issue, support their stand with solid reasons, and support their reasons with solid evidence.III. Structure of an exposition (or: an argumentative essay)Introduction Opening remarks to catch reader’s interestThesis statementPlan of development/Preview of main ideas (optional)Topic sentence 1 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceBody Topic sentence 2 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceTopic sentence 3(supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceConclusion Summary (optional)General closing remarks (e.g. Recommendation/prediction, etc.)IV. How to Write an Introduction1) Four objectives of an introduction:●Capture the attention of readers and make them read on.●Provide background or necessary information to help readers understand the essay’sthesis.●Reveal the essay’s central idea as expressed in the thesis statement.●Guide the reader to important ideas in the body of the essay.2) How to write good opening remarks:●Asking questions or present a problem●Stating the importance of the topic●Giving historical background●Using startling facts, remarks or statistics●Starting with an opposite opinion●Starting with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop●Telling a story, an anecdote, or an incident; or describe a scene●Citing quotations●Defining an important term or concept●Using comparison, contrast or an analogy●Starting with general, moving to specific like a funnelExercise 1: Reorder the following group of sentence to make the introduction start with being general to being specific.a.If done properly, a handshake gives the impression of strength and honesty, and ifdone improperly, it conveys weakness and dishonesty.b.In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.c.In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.d. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbalmessage.e.The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies fromculture to culture.f.How one shakes hands sends an important message about one’s character. Exercise 2: What kind of opening remarks is used in the following introductions? A.When students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done – andtheir teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft iscompleted, the job of writing can begin.B.―The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contaminationof air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials,‖ Rachel Carson wrote a quarter of a century ago in her celebrated book Silent Spring.Today there is little disagreement with her warnings in regard to such broad-spectrum pesticides as DDT, then widely used, now banned. But there is still hot debate over how to apply modem pesticides—which are designed to kill specific types of weeds or insects—in ways that do not harm people and their environment.C.Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of Americanchildren. In the postwar generation more than 80% of children grew up in a family with two biological parents who are married to each other. By 1980 only 50% could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout childhood. Most American children will spend several years ina single-mother family.D.Alcoholism is a disease whose horrible consequences go beyond the patient.Families of alcoholics often become dysfunctional; spouses and children areabandoned or endure physical and emotional abuse. Co-workers suffer too.Alcoholics have high rates of absenteeism (旷工,旷课), and their work is often unreliable, thereby decreasing office or factory productivity. Indeed, alcoholicsendanger the whole community. One in every two automobile fatalities isalcohol-related, and alcoholism is a major cause of violent crime.E. The Pilgrims (1620年移居美洲的英国清教徒) who arrived in Massachusetts in1620 came to find religious freedom. In the 17th and 18th centuries, large numbers of African men and women were brought as slaves to work on large plantations in the South. Immigrants from northern and southern Europe came in the early 19th century to escape poor economic conditions at home. Later in the 19th century, the firstimmigrants from China came as contract laborers to build the railroads connecting East and West. In the 20th century, political and economic refugees arrived from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Indeed, the United States has seenimmigrants come from many different parts of the world, and they have come for many different reasons. Their ability to adjust to life in their adopted land hasdepended on several factors.3) How to write the thesis statement (文章的论点句/中心句)The thesis statement is the most important sentence in the introduction.A. The thesis statement states the specific topic of the essay.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in mycountry.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects oncities.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness.B. Sometimes a thesis statement lists subtopics that will be discussed in the Body. In this case, it includes the preview of main points.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in my country in their choice of where they live, whom they marry, and what kindof job they choose.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects on a city’s ability to provide housing, employment, and adequate sanitationservice.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness by encouraging me to meet people, speak in front of people and take part in social activities.C. Sometimes a thesis statement also indicates the pattern of organization of the essay, such as chronological order, spatial order, order of importance (or emphatic order), comparison/contrast, topical order, etc.∙When shopping online, use these four strategies to buy satisfactory goods.∙When buying a used car, use these four steps to get the best price.∙French and English share some similarities in vocabulary and pronunciation. D. The thesis statement is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.V. How to Write the BodyNotebut for a short essay THREE body paragraphs are the best.2. How to Write a Good Body ParagraphA paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized in a coherent way, and are related to a single topic. A good paragraph should have a topic sentence and several supporting sentences. Sometimes a paragraph also has a concluding sentence, which summarizes the paragraph or leaves the reader with something to think about.A topic sentence presents the topic or the main idea of the paragraph, and it often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence should have a topic and a controlling idea.A body paragraph has several supporting sentences; they are organized by certain patterns. Common patterns of organization include listing/enumeration(列举), exemplification (举例), narration, description, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, classification and division, process analysis, and definition.Exercise 3: Read the paragraph and answer the questions:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian (马其顿的)coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated (镀) heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Questions:1.Underline the topic sentence. What’s the main point/idea? What are the sub-points?2.Does the paragraph have enough support? What is used as support?3.Do it have a concluding sentence?Exercise 4: Which is the topic sentence? Which sentence does not belong in this paragraph?1. (A) The campus in summer seems a more relaxed place than in the fall. (B) Fewerpeople are about, and the gardener works slowly in the heat. (C) Over by theclassrooms, several workmen hammer and saw without much energy. (D) Next to the library, even the fountains seem smaller and quieter. (E) Two hundred marathon runners came jogging rapidly past at that moment. (F) It feels as if vacation time is here already.2. (A) People usually travel for their pleasure. (B)However, visitors to Japan inevitablymeet with many problems during their stay. (C)Tourists find that social customs are different. (D)For example, on meeting someone, the Japanese usually bow slightly, even if they shake hands too. (E)Traffic rules may also be confusing, for cars drive on the left, while in many countries right-side drive is the custom. (F)England, as well, has this kind of problem. (G)The biggest problem, of course, is the difference in language: You can't translate word for word. (H)So, if you want to enjoy Japan, you should be prepared in advance to meet these difficulties.3. (A) There's nothing like a commercial to ruin an evening's TV entertainment.(B)Before a show even starts, two or three commercials begin the viewing. (C)Thenas the action builds and tension mounts, another two or three minutes of ads break the mood. (D)And some TV shows are still very good at setting the mood. (E)At the end of the show, the announcer says, "We'll be right back," but it's just a trick to get you to stay tuned for still more advertisements. (F)The program is really already over.4. (A) A paragraph without a topic sentence is like a ship without a captain. (B) Shipsneed direction, and so do paragraphs. (C) The captain of a ship chooses the direction, and then uses the crew, wind, and rudder as support. (D) In bad weather, the ship rolls back and forth. (E) Similarly, the topic sentence establishes the direction for the paragraph. (F) Then the other sentences of the paragraph provide the support to stick to that course.Exercise 5: Which is a better paragraph? Why?A. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. I still remember how scary it was to call up a girl and ask her out. My heart would race, my pulse would pound, and perspiration would trickle down my face. I never knew whether my voice would come out deep and masculine, like a television anchorman’s, or squeaky, like a little boy’s. Then there were the questions: Would she be at home? If she was, would she want to talk to me? And if she did, what would I say? The one time I did get up the nerve to take a girl to a movie, I was so tongue-tied that I stared silently at the box of popcorn in my lap until the movie started. Needless to say, I wa sn’t very interesting company.B. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. Calling up a girl to ask her out was something I completelydreaded. I didn’t know what words to express or how to express them. I would have all the symptoms of nervousness when I got on the phone. I worried a great deal about how I would sound, and I had a lot of doubts about the girl’s reaction. Once, I managed to call up a girl to get out, but the evening turned out to be a disaster. I was too unsure of myself to act in a confident way. I couldn’t think of anything to say and just kept quiet. Now that I look back on it, I really made a fool of myself. Agonizing over my attempts at relationships with the opposite sex made adolescence a very uncomfortable time. VI. How to Write a ConclusionCommon techniques to write a memorable conclusion1) Make a prediction2) Suggest results or consequences3) Suggest a solution, make a recommendation, or call for action4) Quote an authority on the topicExercise 6: What technique is used in each of the following conclusion?A.It is clear that the US system of higher education is in trouble. For many students,four years of college is no longer possible because of increasing costs and decreasing financial aid. To reverse this trend, we must demand that government increase its financial support of colleges and universities and restore financial aid programs. Our future depends on it.B.To sum up, the costs of attending college are up and financial aid for students isdown. Fewer and fewer future members of the workforce are able to educatethemselves beyond high school. As a result, the nation will waste the intelligence, imagination, and energy of a large segment of the present college-age generation. C.In conclusion, costs are rising and financial aid is declining, with the result thatmany can no longer afford to go to college. If our nation is to prosper, increasedgovernment funding for education is essential, even if it requires higher taxes. As Horace Mann argued in his Fifth Annual Report, a nation’s economic wealth will increase through an educated public. It is therefore in the self-interest of business to pay the taxation for public education.D.We have seen how the costs of attending college have been rising while, at the sametime, sources of financial aid for students have been disappearing. If this trendcontinues, fewer and fewer families will be able to send their children through four years of college.VII.How to Evaluate a paragraph/essay1.UNITY (同一性): If every sentence in the paragraph sticks to ONE topic, theparagraph has unity. And if all paragraphs stick to the thesis of the essay, your paper has unity.2.COHERENCE (连贯性): All supporting ideas must be organized so that theycohere, or stick together. There are no sudden jumps in meaning. Sentences arelogically connected. Key techniques include:Repeat key words and phrases.●Use consistent pronouns.●Add transitions and other connecting words.●Arrange your contents logically. Often use a clear method of organization(such as time order; spatial order; emphatic order; cause and effect;comparison and contrast)3.SUPPORT(论据): Support your thesis with SPECIFIC evidence and details. Inother words, have a variety of specific details in your body paragraphs to support your thesis.4.SENTENCE SKILLS (语言技能): If you write clear, error-free sentences, yourpaper will demonstrate effective sentence skills.VIII. Sample EssayThe following is anexposition (or an argumentative essay)entitled “Teenagers and Part-time Jobs”by John Langan from ―College Writing Skills with R eadings‖ (1993:6). Read the essay and answer the following questions:―The pressure for a teenager to work is great, and not just because of the economic plight (困境) in the world today. Much of it is peer pressure to have a little bit of freedom and independence, and to have their own spending money. The concern we have is when the part-time work becomes the primary focus,‖ says Roxanne Bradshaw, educator and officer of the National Education Association. Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young. However, working more than 10 hours a week is harmful to adolescents because it reduces their involvement with school, encourages a materialistic and expensive lifestyle, and increases the chance of having problems with drugs and alcohol.Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to go by the wayside (被搁置) when adolescents work long hours. As more and more teens have filled the numerous part-time jobs offered by fast-food restaurants and mall store, teachers have faced increasing difficulties. They must both keep the attention of tired students and give homework to students who simply don’t have time to do it. In addition, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular events many consider healthy influences on young people. School bands and athletic teams are losing players to work, and sports events are poorly attended by working students. Those teenagers who try to do it all—homework, extracurricular activities, and work—may find themselves exhausted and prone to illness. A recent newspaper story, for example, described a girl in Pennsylvania who came down with mononucleosis as a result of aiming for good grades, playing on two school athletic teams, and working thirty hours a week.Another drawback of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle. Some parents say that work teaches adolescents the value of money. Undoubtedl y, it can, and it’s true that some teenagers work to help out with the family budget or save for college. However, surveys have shown that the majority of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries — iPhones, iPads, laptops, even cars. These young pe ople, some of whom earn $500 and more a month, don’t worry about spendingwisely. In many cases, experts point out, they are becoming accustomed to a lifestyle they won’t be able to afford several years down the road, when they’ll no longer have their parents to pay for car insurance, food and lodging, and so on.Finally, teenagers who work a lot are more likely than others to get involvedwith alcohol and drugs. Teens who put in long hours may seek a quick release from stress, just like the adults who need to drink a couple of martinis after a hard day at work. Stress is probably greater in our society today than it has been at any time in the past. Also, teens who have money are more likely, for various obvious reasons, to get involved with drugs.Teenagers can enjoy the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks simplyby limiting their work hours during the school year. As is often the case, a moderate approach will be the most healthy and rewarding.Questions:1.About unity: Which sentence in the body should be omitted because it is not related to the topic of the paragraph?2. About support:1) Where in the body are specific details needed?2) Which paragraph develops its point by citing and then refuting (反驳) anopposing point of view?3. About coherence: What transition words are used to introduce the three supportingparagraphs?4. About introduction: Which method of introduction is used?5. About conclusion: Does the essay briefly summarize the main ideas? What kind of closing remarks are used?Homework Assignment:●People have different opinions about whether cell phones (including laptopsand tablets) should be banned in class or not. What's your opinion?●Write an exposition essay of about 300 words to express your opinion.●Remember to follow the structure of an exposition/argumentative essay.●Remember to create a title for your exposition.●Use Times New Roman, 12-point font.●Double space your essay.●Print on both sides.●Indented format.●Submit your essay in Week 10.。
argumentation英语写作议论文
Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writer’s own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.
Examination – Harmful or Useful? A My Views on Examinations E Which Weighs More – School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College E A Should Class Attendance Be Required? E Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet – the Indispensable of Our Life E Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized? A
OR
The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers’ resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.
英语议论文argumentation
In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views.
A
17
Sufficient evidence
Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities.
way to collect funds for social welfare projects. language is a tool for communication. My favorite food is fish. Pollution is harmful to people’s health.
高级英语写作-ArgumentationPPT课件
Claim
Support
inference
SUPER NANNIES
To keep up with the times,Norland College in England,trainning nannies,has added two new classes to its curriculum:martial arts and stunt driving(特技驾驶).Why?
So,Noland thinks its naannies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.
2. Chain argument
A chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:
What is argumentation ?
•
Argumentation is analyzed,
review of a problem or something,
that a style of their own point of
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (argumentation)
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (exposition/argumentation)I. Two types of argumentII. How to write exposition: one-sided argumentative essaysAn exposition or argumentative essay is an essay in which the writer agrees or disagrees with an issue, using reasons to support his or her opinion. The goal is to convince the readers that his or her opinion is right. Exposition/Argumentation forces writers to take a stand on an issue, support their stand with solid reasons, and support their reasons with solid evidence.III. Structure of an exposition (or: an argumentative essay)Introduction Opening remarks to catch reader’s interestThesis statementPlan of development/Preview of main ideas (optional)Topic sentence 1 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceBody Topic sentence 2 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceTopic sentence 3(supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceConclusion Summary (optional)General closing remarks (e.g. Recommendation/prediction, etc.)IV. How to Write an Introduction1) Four objectives of an introduction:●Capture the attention of readers and make them read on.●Provide background or necessary information to help readers understand the essay’sthesis.●Reveal the essay’s central idea as expressed in the thesis statement.●Guide the reader to important ideas in the body of the essay.2) How to write good opening remarks:●Asking questions or present a problem●Stating the importance of the topic●Giving historical background●Using startling facts, remarks or statistics●Starting with an opposite opinion●Starting with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop●Telling a story, an anecdote, or an incident; or describe a scene●Citing quotations●Defining an important term or concept●Using comparison, contrast or an analogy●Starting with general, moving to specific like a funnelExercise 1: Reorder the following group of sentence to make the introduction start with being general to being specific.a.If done properly, a handshake gives the impression of strength and honesty, and ifdone improperly, it conveys weakness and dishonesty.b.In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.c.In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.d. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbalmessage.e.The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies fromculture to culture.f.How one shakes hands sends an important message about one’s character. Exercise 2: What kind of opening remarks is used in the following introductions? A.When students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done – andtheir teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft iscompleted, the job of writing can begin.B.―The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contaminationof air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials,‖ Rachel Carson wrote a quarter of a century ago in her celebrated book Silent Spring.Today there is little disagreement with her warnings in regard to such broad-spectrum pesticides as DDT, then widely used, now banned. But there is still hot debate over how to apply modem pesticides—which are designed to kill specific types of weeds or insects—in ways that do not harm people and their environment.C.Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of Americanchildren. In the postwar generation more than 80% of children grew up in a family with two biological parents who are married to each other. By 1980 only 50% could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout childhood. Most American children will spend several years ina single-mother family.D.Alcoholism is a disease whose horrible consequences go beyond the patient.Families of alcoholics often become dysfunctional; spouses and children areabandoned or endure physical and emotional abuse. Co-workers suffer too.Alcoholics have high rates of absenteeism (旷工,旷课), and their work is often unreliable, thereby decreasing office or factory productivity. Indeed, alcoholicsendanger the whole community. One in every two automobile fatalities isalcohol-related, and alcoholism is a major cause of violent crime.E. The Pilgrims (1620年移居美洲的英国清教徒) who arrived in Massachusetts in1620 came to find religious freedom. In the 17th and 18th centuries, large numbers of African men and women were brought as slaves to work on large plantations in the South. Immigrants from northern and southern Europe came in the early 19th century to escape poor economic conditions at home. Later in the 19th century, the firstimmigrants from China came as contract laborers to build the railroads connecting East and West. In the 20th century, political and economic refugees arrived from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Indeed, the United States has seenimmigrants come from many different parts of the world, and they have come for many different reasons. Their ability to adjust to life in their adopted land hasdepended on several factors.3) How to write the thesis statement (文章的论点句/中心句)The thesis statement is the most important sentence in the introduction.A. The thesis statement states the specific topic of the essay.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in mycountry.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects oncities.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness.B. Sometimes a thesis statement lists subtopics that will be discussed in the Body. In this case, it includes the preview of main points.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in my country in their choice of where they live, whom they marry, and what kindof job they choose.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects on a city’s ability to provide housing, employment, and adequate sanitationservice.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness by encouraging me to meet people, speak in front of people and take part in social activities.C. Sometimes a thesis statement also indicates the pattern of organization of the essay, such as chronological order, spatial order, order of importance (or emphatic order), comparison/contrast, topical order, etc.∙When shopping online, use these four strategies to buy satisfactory goods.∙When buying a used car, use these four steps to get the best price.∙French and English share some similarities in vocabulary and pronunciation. D. The thesis statement is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.V. How to Write the BodyNotebut for a short essay THREE body paragraphs are the best.2. How to Write a Good Body ParagraphA paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized in a coherent way, and are related to a single topic. A good paragraph should have a topic sentence and several supporting sentences. Sometimes a paragraph also has a concluding sentence, which summarizes the paragraph or leaves the reader with something to think about.A topic sentence presents the topic or the main idea of the paragraph, and it often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence should have a topic and a controlling idea.A body paragraph has several supporting sentences; they are organized by certain patterns. Common patterns of organization include listing/enumeration(列举), exemplification (举例), narration, description, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, classification and division, process analysis, and definition.Exercise 3: Read the paragraph and answer the questions:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian (马其顿的)coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated (镀) heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Questions:1.Underline the topic sentence. What’s the main point/idea? What are the sub-points?2.Does the paragraph have enough support? What is used as support?3.Do it have a concluding sentence?Exercise 4: Which is the topic sentence? Which sentence does not belong in this paragraph?1. (A) The campus in summer seems a more relaxed place than in the fall. (B) Fewerpeople are about, and the gardener works slowly in the heat. (C) Over by theclassrooms, several workmen hammer and saw without much energy. (D) Next to the library, even the fountains seem smaller and quieter. (E) Two hundred marathon runners came jogging rapidly past at that moment. (F) It feels as if vacation time is here already.2. (A) People usually travel for their pleasure. (B)However, visitors to Japan inevitablymeet with many problems during their stay. (C)Tourists find that social customs are different. (D)For example, on meeting someone, the Japanese usually bow slightly, even if they shake hands too. (E)Traffic rules may also be confusing, for cars drive on the left, while in many countries right-side drive is the custom. (F)England, as well, has this kind of problem. (G)The biggest problem, of course, is the difference in language: You can't translate word for word. (H)So, if you want to enjoy Japan, you should be prepared in advance to meet these difficulties.3. (A) There's nothing like a commercial to ruin an evening's TV entertainment.(B)Before a show even starts, two or three commercials begin the viewing. (C)Thenas the action builds and tension mounts, another two or three minutes of ads break the mood. (D)And some TV shows are still very good at setting the mood. (E)At the end of the show, the announcer says, "We'll be right back," but it's just a trick to get you to stay tuned for still more advertisements. (F)The program is really already over.4. (A) A paragraph without a topic sentence is like a ship without a captain. (B) Shipsneed direction, and so do paragraphs. (C) The captain of a ship chooses the direction, and then uses the crew, wind, and rudder as support. (D) In bad weather, the ship rolls back and forth. (E) Similarly, the topic sentence establishes the direction for the paragraph. (F) Then the other sentences of the paragraph provide the support to stick to that course.Exercise 5: Which is a better paragraph? Why?A. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. I still remember how scary it was to call up a girl and ask her out. My heart would race, my pulse would pound, and perspiration would trickle down my face. I never knew whether my voice would come out deep and masculine, like a television anchorman’s, or squeaky, like a little boy’s. Then there were the questions: Would she be at home? If she was, would she want to talk to me? And if she did, what would I say? The one time I did get up the nerve to take a girl to a movie, I was so tongue-tied that I stared silently at the box of popcorn in my lap until the movie started. Needless to say, I wa sn’t very interesting company.B. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. Calling up a girl to ask her out was something I completelydreaded. I didn’t know what words to express or how to express them. I would have all the symptoms of nervousness when I got on the phone. I worried a great deal about how I would sound, and I had a lot of doubts about the girl’s reaction. Once, I managed to call up a girl to get out, but the evening turned out to be a disaster. I was too unsure of myself to act in a confident way. I couldn’t think of anything to say and just kept quiet. Now that I look back on it, I really made a fool of myself. Agonizing over my attempts at relationships with the opposite sex made adolescence a very uncomfortable time. VI. How to Write a ConclusionCommon techniques to write a memorable conclusion1) Make a prediction2) Suggest results or consequences3) Suggest a solution, make a recommendation, or call for action4) Quote an authority on the topicExercise 6: What technique is used in each of the following conclusion?A.It is clear that the US system of higher education is in trouble. For many students,four years of college is no longer possible because of increasing costs and decreasing financial aid. To reverse this trend, we must demand that government increase its financial support of colleges and universities and restore financial aid programs. Our future depends on it.B.To sum up, the costs of attending college are up and financial aid for students isdown. Fewer and fewer future members of the workforce are able to educatethemselves beyond high school. As a result, the nation will waste the intelligence, imagination, and energy of a large segment of the present college-age generation. C.In conclusion, costs are rising and financial aid is declining, with the result thatmany can no longer afford to go to college. If our nation is to prosper, increasedgovernment funding for education is essential, even if it requires higher taxes. As Horace Mann argued in his Fifth Annual Report, a nation’s economic wealth will increase through an educated public. It is therefore in the self-interest of business to pay the taxation for public education.D.We have seen how the costs of attending college have been rising while, at the sametime, sources of financial aid for students have been disappearing. If this trendcontinues, fewer and fewer families will be able to send their children through four years of college.VII.How to Evaluate a paragraph/essay1.UNITY (同一性): If every sentence in the paragraph sticks to ONE topic, theparagraph has unity. And if all paragraphs stick to the thesis of the essay, your paper has unity.2.COHERENCE (连贯性): All supporting ideas must be organized so that theycohere, or stick together. There are no sudden jumps in meaning. Sentences arelogically connected. Key techniques include:Repeat key words and phrases.●Use consistent pronouns.●Add transitions and other connecting words.●Arrange your contents logically. Often use a clear method of organization(such as time order; spatial order; emphatic order; cause and effect;comparison and contrast)3.SUPPORT(论据): Support your thesis with SPECIFIC evidence and details. Inother words, have a variety of specific details in your body paragraphs to support your thesis.4.SENTENCE SKILLS (语言技能): If you write clear, error-free sentences, yourpaper will demonstrate effective sentence skills.VIII. Sample EssayThe following is anexposition (or an argumentative essay)entitled “Teenagers and Part-time Jobs”by John Langan from ―College Writing Skills with R eadings‖ (1993:6). Read the essay and answer the following questions:―The pressure for a teenager to work is great, and not just because of the economic plight (困境) in the world today. Much of it is peer pressure to have a little bit of freedom and independence, and to have their own spending money. The concern we have is when the part-time work becomes the primary focus,‖ says Roxanne Bradshaw, educator and officer of the National Education Association. Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young. However, working more than 10 hours a week is harmful to adolescents because it reduces their involvement with school, encourages a materialistic and expensive lifestyle, and increases the chance of having problems with drugs and alcohol.Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to go by the wayside (被搁置) when adolescents work long hours. As more and more teens have filled the numerous part-time jobs offered by fast-food restaurants and mall store, teachers have faced increasing difficulties. They must both keep the attention of tired students and give homework to students who simply don’t have time to do it. In addition, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular events many consider healthy influences on young people. School bands and athletic teams are losing players to work, and sports events are poorly attended by working students. Those teenagers who try to do it all—homework, extracurricular activities, and work—may find themselves exhausted and prone to illness. A recent newspaper story, for example, described a girl in Pennsylvania who came down with mononucleosis as a result of aiming for good grades, playing on two school athletic teams, and working thirty hours a week.Another drawback of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle. Some parents say that work teaches adolescents the value of money. Undoubtedl y, it can, and it’s true that some teenagers work to help out with the family budget or save for college. However, surveys have shown that the majority of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries — iPhones, iPads, laptops, even cars. These young pe ople, some of whom earn $500 and more a month, don’t worry about spendingwisely. In many cases, experts point out, they are becoming accustomed to a lifestyle they won’t be able to afford several years down the road, when they’ll no longer have their parents to pay for car insurance, food and lodging, and so on.Finally, teenagers who work a lot are more likely than others to get involvedwith alcohol and drugs. Teens who put in long hours may seek a quick release from stress, just like the adults who need to drink a couple of martinis after a hard day at work. Stress is probably greater in our society today than it has been at any time in the past. Also, teens who have money are more likely, for various obvious reasons, to get involved with drugs.Teenagers can enjoy the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks simplyby limiting their work hours during the school year. As is often the case, a moderate approach will be the most healthy and rewarding.Questions:1.About unity: Which sentence in the body should be omitted because it is not related to the topic of the paragraph?2. About support:1) Where in the body are specific details needed?2) Which paragraph develops its point by citing and then refuting (反驳) anopposing point of view?3. About coherence: What transition words are used to introduce the three supportingparagraphs?4. About introduction: Which method of introduction is used?5. About conclusion: Does the essay briefly summarize the main ideas? What kind of closing remarks are used?Homework Assignment:●People have different opinions about whether cell phones (including laptopsand tablets) should be banned in class or not. What's your opinion?●Write an exposition essay of about 300 words to express your opinion.●Remember to follow the structure of an exposition/argumentative essay.●Remember to create a title for your exposition.●Use Times New Roman, 12-point font.●Double space your essay.●Print on both sides.●Indented format.●Submit your essay in Week 10.。
英语Argumentation写作
To do this,students must get themselves to do all kinds of training,physical as
The so-called clever students devote
themselves to the study of textbooks only. They,of course,know nothing but the skeleton of knowledge. The end and aim of education,however,is to enable students to learn how to live.
Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge,but,in fact,that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.
Thesis Argumentation
Evidence Reasoning
Convince your readers
Several points
The thesis should be meaningful. A clear and explicit argumentation Enough evidence Forceful reasoning
Unit 10 Argumentation
Step 3. Writing Principles
English writing 2
Definition Purpose Argumentation vs. Exposition Essential elements Classifications of audience Necessary parts Semantic structure Language use
Please read the following topics and try to find out which ones are arguable.
English writing 2
--Life on university campus is interesting --Qualification for a good teacher or students --Life in Middle school and in College --Why people want to learn a foreign language --Ba Jin is my favorite author --Noise pollution is harmful to people’s health. --Singers should or should not earn more than composers --Wealth or power is a sign of success --Books, plays and films should be censored --Husband should help with housework --Saving is a good habit
--The claim: the point of view the writer tries to improve about the issue, usually the writer’s view on the issue.
英语Argumentation写作
Clear argumentation
A clear argumentation is a premise to forceful reasoning.
Eg: Social practice cannot improve a college student’s ability
Enough evidence
Thesis Argumentation
Evidence Reasoning
Convince your readers
Several points
The thesis should be meaningful. A clear and explicit argumentation Enough evidence Forceful reasoning
To do this,students must get themselves to do all kinds of training,physical as
well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.
Therefore,I am of the opinion,in conclusion,that the examination system should be abolished.
What are the thesis, argumentation, evidence and ways of reasoning of this essay?
Thank U, Dear all!
How to Write an Argumentation
英语Argumentation写作
themselves to the study of textbooks only. They,of course,know nothing but the skeleton of knowledge. The end and aim of education,however,is to enable students to learn how to live.
To do this,students must get themselves to do all kinds of training,physical as
well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.
Clear argumentation
A clear argumentation is a premise to forceful reasoning.
Eg: Social practice cannot improve a college student’s ability
Enough evidence
Moreover,since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short time as possible,psychologically they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.
argumentation写作精华
Improvement areas:1 cohesion and coherence /linking words/logic/supporting evidence 连接词、支持句(复杂句的写作)。
因果论证、举例论证、对比论证、修饰关系(定语从句)2 Grammatical range and accuracy. 避免主谓不一致、介词误用。
3 Lexical resources 背诵写作话题词汇、避免中式翻译。
一、请用英文翻译以下句子。
(练习支持句,扩展分论点)1、报纸上的很多信息都不可靠,因为很多记者为了出名而捏造具有轰动效应的事件。
记者跟干其他工作的人一样也面临着激烈的竞争,因此有些人会故意夸大或掩饰某些事情以此来在同事间赢得上风。
(因果论证)Some information in the newspaper is not reliable because many journalists fabricatesensational incidents in order to make themselves conspicuous/gain fame. Reporters, like many people in other occupations, now feel the fierce competition in their owncircle. Consequently, some of them deliberately exaggerate or whitewash certainmatters to gain upper hand over their colleagues.2、压力来自于同事之间的激烈竞争。
每个人都渴望成功,就是这种欲望促使人们不惜一切代价争夺有限的岗位和资源,造成每个人都有巨大的压力。
(因果论证\修饰关系)Stress stems from/is due to/is caused by the fierce competition among colleagues. Every person aspires to success and this desire (, which) pushes people to scramble/fight for limited positions and resources at all costs, creating intense pressure on everyone.3、过多看电视会对家庭关系产生不良影响。
英语写作2(argumentation)
❖ I am going to analyse the effects of drugs on the individual, the family, and society.
英语写作 2(argumentation)
Warm-up activity
You and your friend are discussing what you are going to do together during this coming summer vacation. Your friend prefers to work in a big company to earn some money. You Prefer to do some voluntary work for society. You try to persuade each other by giving various reasons.
Purposes of argumentation --to convince --to defend --to attack
& Essential elements of argumentation
❖ Ø The issue—a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view
❖ Beating children brutalizes parents, damages the parent-child relationship, and is completely unnecessary. (be strong!)
英语Argumentation写作
an idiom, saying or
common sense…
3. Rebuttal approach
4. Comparison or contrast
5. Analogy
6. Causal relation
8
Structure
先总后分 presest your argumentation before elaborating on it 先分后总 Analyze first before coming to your argumentation 推进式 (propulsively) reason your argumentation in climactic order
who are in favour of it try to develop this
system more; those who are against it
believe that such a system should be
abolished. Should examination be abolished?
A. enough in quantity B. typical / representative in quality
enhance the persuasiveness
7
Forceful reasoning
Induction & deduction
1. Cite examples
2. Examplify from
4
Meaningful thesis
Has travel become part of our life ? Can travel broaden one’s mind? Is smoking expensive? Is smoking harmful to people’s health?
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The Argumentative EssaySummary: This resource begins with a general description of essay writing and moves to a discussion of common essay genres students may encounter across the curriculum. Note: The Modes of Discourse: Description, Narration, Exposition, Argumentation (EDNA) The four genres of essays (description, narration, exposition, and argumentation) are common paper assignments you may encounter in your writing classes. Although these genres, also known as the modes of discourse, have been criticized by some composition scholars, the Purdue OWL recognizes the wide spread use of these genres and students’ need to understand and produce these types of essays. We hope these resources will help.Contributors:Jack Baker, Allen BrizeeLast Edited: 2010-04-17 05:33:55What is an Argumentative Essay?The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic, collect, generate, and evaluate evidence, and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.Please note: Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that s/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following:A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important (exigence) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.Body paragraphs that include evidential support.Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis (warrant).However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the student’s job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but r ather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.A Complete ArgumentPerhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.The Five-Paragraph EssayA common method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays. If it sounds straightforward, that is because it is; in fact, the method consists of 1) an introductory paragraph 2) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views and 3) a conclusion.Longer Argumentative EssaysComplex issues and detailed research call for complex and detailed essays. Argumentative essays discussing a number of research sources or empirical research will most certainly be longer than five paragraphs. Authors may have to discuss the context surrounding the topic, sources of information and their credibility, as well as a number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay. Many of these factors will be determined by the assignment.。