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ECON5002_Macroeconomic Theory_2010 Semester Summer_Course Outline 5002 Summer 2010

ECON5002Macroeconomic TheorySummer, 2010 Unit of Study OutlineCoordinator: Dr Matthew SmithOffice Room 444, Merewether Building (H04)Phone 9036 9413Email mattsmith@.auConsultation (teaching weeks) Thursday 11am-1pm, or by appointmentClassesTime(s): Tuesday 2pm-5pm and Thursday 2pm-5pm (starts 5 January)Venue(s): Peter Nicol Russell Tutorial Rm. 3151.Unit of study information1.1.Faculty Handbook descriptionMacroeconomics is the study of economic interactions in national and international economies. It looks at the linkages between investment and consumption decisions, government taxation and expenditure decisions, monetary policy, the banking system and the interactions between Australia and the rest of the world. We will discuss what determines the level of saving and investment, unemployment, inflation and business cycles, the term structure of interest rates, stock market indices, and we will investigate the contributions to economic growth and explanations of the balance of payments and exchange rates. We will begin with an overview of the performance of the Australian and a tour of the world and then develop a solid theoretical framework for our analysis of well-functioning economies. We will end with a study of macroeconomic pathologies, such as the Great Depression, hyperinflations, the Asia crisis and Japan‟s deflation.1.2.Aims and contextECON5002 provides a basic understanding of Macroeconomics. As well as giving a basic grounding in how the aggregate economy works, it provides a basis for other postgraduate options in economics. It is a core unit in the MEc, MCom, MIB, GradDipEc, GradDipCom and GradDipIB, and a compulsory unit in the economics major of a MBus or GradDipBus.2.Learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities & assessment2.1.Intended learning outcomesThis course is concerned with macroeconomics and begins with some stylized …facts‟ about Australia‟s major macroeconomic variables. Various macroeconomic models are developedand used to explain the …facts‟ and to examine policy issues e.g. unemployment, inflation, balance of payments and foreign debt. There are also sections on the microfoundations of macroeconomics and on long-term economic growth.An understanding of the economic environment is essential for managerial decision-making. Macroeconomics is all about the economic environment is which businesses and households operate. Making informed decisions about business activity, whether by a consumer or a firm, requires an understanding of the interactions between the key economic variables in the national and international economies. It is vital for any forward-looking manager to understand the macroeconomic determinants of interest rates and stock market prices. With the foundations developed in this subject, practicing managers should be able to understand the various economic indicators presented to them and make informed decisions about their own businesses.In this subject, the intention is:To explain the economic indicators (e.g. wage and price inflation, unemployment,exchange rates, interest rates, stock market indices, the current account) that shouldbe part of every manager‟s information set;To provide a framework for analyzing macroeconomic policy and to understand itslimitations; andTo enable managers to use this understanding to improve decision-making.The design of this course also helps students develop valuable graduate attributes, as outlined in table on the following page:2.2.Learning and teaching activities2.2.1 Prescribed TextOlivier Blanchard & Jeffrey Sheen, Macroeconomics, Pearson, 3rd Australasian edition, 2009 (hereafter BS)This textbook is essential for the course. Do not buy the Blanchard book with the same title. The Australasian edition by BS is significantly different.The textbook has a website(.au/au_be_blanchardsheen_macroec_3/) with chapter-by-chapter practice multiple choice and essay questions, as well as related articles. Practice questionswill also be made available on Blackboard for each topic after the lecture. Guidelines for answers will be available later on Blackboard.A secondary text which can also be employed on some topic material isBruce Littleboy and John Taylor, Macroeconomics, John Wiley, 3rd edition, 2006 (hereafter LT).This is a first year text which covers some basic principles of the material in the first half of the course comprehensively. It is available on special reserve at the Fisher library.In the topic outline in section 5 below, there are references to chapters in BS as well as to LT, and to additional readings which can all be downloaded electronically. All journal articles can be downloaded if you go through the Fisher Library website for journals(.au/ejournals/ ). You will need your login details for Fisher Library.ECON5002, Semester 2, 2009 Page 3 of 8 Page 3 of 82.2.2 Blackboard and other electronic sitesLecture outlines along with all handouts, announcements about classes or assessment and other communications will be available on the Faculty's Blackboard site. Your unit is(ECON5002_SUMMER_2010)) Macroeconomic Theory. If you are enrolled properly in the unit through the University, you will be enrolled automatically on the Blackboard site.You are expected to check the site regularly. The week‟s lecture slides will be available on Blackboard before the lecture.How to get to BlackboardFaculty IT will send you an email containing instructions for activating your Faculty Blackboard account. Please check your university email, and follow the instructions given. Once you have activated your account, access Blackboard in the following manner.Start a web browser and open .auOn this page, click on the Login button:Login: Login using your UniKey account detailsAfter login you will see the page which states all the courses that you are enrolled in (according to the Student Information Office) and are activated by your lecturers. Your units can take up to 48 hours to appear in Blackboard after you‟ve enrolled. If you login after this time and it still doesn‟t appear, please contact the Student Information O ffice.Further information:For information regarding enrolments, please contact the Student Information Office.For information regarding the subject content please contact your lecturer.For information regarding technical questions or problems, please contact the faculty IT department in room 118 of building H69.).2.3.Assessment2.3.1 Types and due dates of assessment2.3.2Explanation of assessment• 5 online quizzes.These will be available on Blackboard under “Quizzes” on designated Wednesdays at 12:00pm. Students are advised to attempt and complete online quizzes regularly after they have covered and fully studied the relevant topics. All quizzes will be available online until 5pm Monday 15 February. The timetable for online quizzes is:You must do these quizzes alone. Do not allow anyone to see your answers, and do not ask anyone to help you do yours. When you consult the online tutor, do not ask for the answersto quiz questions.You will usually have to do 20 multiple-choice questions, randomly selected and ordered for you from a large set. Make sure that you allocate sufficient time to do them. Do not expect to complete them at the last minute—computers are not always available. Computer unavailability is not an acceptable excuse.NOTE: Provided a quiz is still available and not yet SUBMITTED, you can correct any previously saved answer.On the assignment page, you will find two buttons in the bottom right hand corner -"Save", "Submit". You may save your work by clicking on the "Save" button and continue the assignment at a later time. DO NOT CLICK on the "SUBMIT" button unless you have completed the assignment and want to get it graded.You can submit the assignment only "ONCE".The quizzes will be computer-marked. After the assignment is submitted, you will be able to see your score, and the GRADE is FINAL. It cannot be helped if you mistakenly submit your quiz too early.If you do not submit answers by the deadline for a quiz, you will not get marks.•One mid-semester test (90 minutes) scheduled to be held in-class on 28 January 2010. The mid-semester test will be closed-book. It will involve multiple choice questions and essay questions on topics studied in the course.•One final exam (two hours plus ten minutes reading time) held 1.50pm-5pm, 16 February at Civil Engineering Drawing Office. The final exam will be closed-book. It will involve multiple choice questions, essay questions based on ALL topics studied in the course. Questions will primarily come from the second-half of the course, but not exclusively.2.4.Workload and minimum requirementsAcademic Board guidelines state that one credit point equates to approximately 1.5 to 2 hours of student effort per week for a typical 13 week semester. This means that if you are an average student seeking to get an average result for this Unit then you should plan to spend at least 9 hours each week on learning in this unit. In a summer school course with 6 weeks of lectures you will need to spend 18-20 hours on average each week. If you are studying two x 6 credit point UoS you should plan to spend at least 36 hours each week on your study. These recommended hours assume that you are actively engaged in learning during this time. Your learning activities will include creating notes in your own words, visiting lecturers or tutors in consultation hours, discussing your work with friends to learn together, revising, researching in the library or online, reading, completing practice questions, participating in online discussionforums, preparing for tutorials and lectures by pre-reading, completing assessments. For more information on workload see the University Workload page2.5.FeedbackThe results from the mid-semester test will be posted as soon as they are marked, and answer scripts returned at the next lecture after that. Contact your online tutor on the Blackboard Discussion Board if you don‟t understand any assessment in a quiz or the mid-semester test.2.6.Academic honesty and plagiarismCommencing students should complete the academic honesty module available via Blackboard before their first assessment submission. Students should refer to theUniversity‟s policies on academic honesty and plagiarism (.au/policy), the Faculty‟s procedures for dealing with allegations (.au/sio) and use the assessment cover sheet.Academic honesty is important to protect students' right to receive due credit for work submitted for assessment. It is clearly unfair for students to submit work for assessment that dishonestly represents the work of others as their own and gain marks and degrees, which are not based on their own efforts and abilities. Deliberate breaches of academic honesty constitute academic misconduct. These breaches include: plagiarism, fabrication of data, recycling previously submitted material, engaging someone else to complete an assessment on one‟s behalf and misconduct during supervised assessments.The penalties for academic misconduct may include: a mark of zero on the assessment; a fail grade in the unit of study, additional assessment (including an unseen exam), and reference of the matter to the University Registrar.3.Student evaluation and feedbackThis unit has been taught many times in the past, and the feedback from students has been very helpful. For example, the availability of an online tutor was a recommendation by past students. The Discussion Board on Blackboard has become a very active and useful tool.At the end of the unit, a unit evaluation questionnaire will be distributed. Your suggestions will be welcomed. If you have any problems or suggestions during the semester, please contact your lecturer. If you have any suggestions for improvement during the semester, please put them on the Blackboard Discussion Board.4.University policies and servicesAll students must comply with and follow all Faculty and University policies and procedures. Faculty policies are contained in the Administration Manual for Students at.au/StudentManual (e.g. special consideration, appeals, late submission, feedback mechanisms, academic honesty and plagiarism). Assistance is available from the Fac ulty‟s Student Information Office at .au/sioUniversity policies at .au/policy include: academic honesty.au/ab/policies/Academic_Honesty_Cwk.pdf, plagiarism.au/senate/policies/Plagiarism.pdf. Assistance is available fr om the University‟s Student Centre .au/studentcentreThe code of conduct is an important policy which outlines the University‟s expectations about treating all staff employees and students with respect, dignity, impartiality, courtesy and sensitivity and refrain from acts of discrimination, harassment or bullying..au/ab/policies/Student_code_conduct.pdfLinks to other student services and resources are included on Blackboard and on the Faculty‟s Learning and Teaching website .au/students/learningsupport (e.g. counselling services)5.Topic and assessment scheduleNote: You are advised to obtain your textbook and download all readings by the end of the first week. Dates shown below are only approximate.Topic 1(5 January)Introduction; a brief look at global conditions wi th a focus on Australia‟s recent performance; national accounting; output and business cycles, inflation, unemployment.(Note: *is required reading)Blanchard and Sheen (B & S)* Chs 1, 2Littleboy and Taylor (L&T) Chs 1, 2 & 3Various statements & speeches on monetary policy and economic conditions/outlook in 2008 and 2009 Reserve Bank of Australia: .au/PublicationsAndResearch/ StatementsOnMonetaryPolicy/index.html; e.g. …Statement on Monetary Policy, 8 May 2009‟ ; …The Road to Recovery‟ speech by RBA Governor Glenn Stevens, April 2009; and for longer term background ,see Gruen, D. and G. Stevens (2000), “Australian Macroeconomic Performance and Policies in the 1990s”, in Gruen and Shrestha (eds.): The Australian Economy in the 1990s, Reserve Bank of Australia Conference Proceedings, July2000:.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2000/GruenStevens.pdfTopic 2(7 January)The IS-LM model: Short-run goods market and money market equilibrium; monetary policy & fiscal policy; the policy mix – comparing a money supply rule with an interest rate rule.B&S* Chs 3, 4, 5L&T Chs 6, 7 & 8“Monetary Policy” Reserve Bank of Australia .au/Education/monetary_policy.html D Romer (2000), Keynesian Macroeconomics Without the LM Curve, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring, pp 149-169, and also NBER Working Paper No. 7461, Cambridge, January. [/papers/w7461]Topic 3(12 January)The labour market; wage and price setting in the medium run; the natural rate of unemployment; tax distortions and full employment.B&S* Ch 6L&T Ch 5OECD, 2006, “Boosting Jobs and Incomes - Policy Lessons from Reassessing the OECD Job Strategy”, /dataoecd/47/53/36889821.pdfTopic 4(14 January)The AS-AD model: All markets together from the short run to the medium run; aggregate supply; aggregate demand with a fixed money supply and with an interest rate rule using a price level target; monetary, fiscal and oil price shocks in the AS-AD model.B&S* Ch 7L&T Chs 9, 10 & 11G Stevens “Inflation Targeting: A Decade of Australian Experience” RBA 2003,.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_apr03/bu_0403_3.pdfS Grenville “Monetary Policy: The End of History?” RBA Bulletin, July 2001.au/Speeches/2001/sp_dg_200701.htmlTopic 5(19 January)Evolution of the Phillips curve; theories of expected inflation; inflation & economic activityB&S* Chs 8, 9D.Gruen, A Pagan, C Thompson “The Phillips Curve in Australia” RBA 1999,.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP1999-01.htmlTopic 6 (21 January)The Long run:Sources and theories of economic growth and productivity; convergence across countries - PPP comparisons; growth over 2000 years; savings and capital accumulation; the golden rule savings rateB&S* Chs 10, 11L&T, Ch. 4P Romer “The Origins of Endogenous Growth” Journal of Economic Perspectives Winter 1994Topic 7(2 February)Technology, population growth and the Solow model; …new‟ vs …old‟ economies; IT and growth; technology & unemploymentB&S* Chs 12, 13R Gordon “Does the …New Economy‟ Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?” Journalof Economic Perspectives Fall 2000, & /papers/W7833J Simon & S Wardrop “Australian Use of Information Technology and its Contribution to Growth” RBA 2002 .au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP2002-02.htmlTopic 8(4 February)Expectations - expected presented discounted value; nominal vs real interest rates; interest rates and monetary policy; the Fisher hypothesis; macroeconomic determinants of the yield curve or term structure; and of stock market prices; housing prices;expectations and consumption & investment; Tobin‟s q; expectations and the ISLM model.B&S* Chs 14, 15, 16, 17Topic 9: (9 February)The exchange rate; nominal & real, bilateral & multilateral exchange rates; the balance of payments; interest parity condition; the goods market in an open economy; exchange rates and net exports; J-curve; saving, investment and the trade balance.B&S* Chs 18, 19L&T Ch 15Reserve Bank Bulletin, “Recent Trends in World Saving and Investment Patterns” October 2005, .au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_oct05/recent_trends.htmlTopic 10: (11 February)The Mundell-Fleming model under floating exchange rates (with interest rate setting and inflation targeting); fixed exchange rates and exchange rate crises; exchange rate overshooting; choosing the exchange rate regime.B&S* Chs 20, 21I MacFarlane “Recent Influences on the Exchange Rate”, RBA Bulletin December 2000,.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_dec00/bu_1200_1.pdf。

ECON5001_Microeconomics_2008 Semester 1_Mid_Semester exam ECON5001_2004

Discipline of EconomicsECON 5001: MICROECONOMICSMid-Semester Test(Friday September 10, 2004)Instructions1.The test lasts for 1½ hours. Maximum marks = 40.2.The test consists of two parts. You must answer ALL questions in both parts.(i).Part A Multiple Choice: 20 questions (1 mark each).Answer on the sheet provided.(ii).Part B Problems: 2 problems (10 marks each).Answer in the booklet provided.3.Put your name, SID, and stream on the multiple choice answer sheet, and theexam booklet. Failure to comply may result in a mark of zero.4.This is a closed book exam: no notes are allowed. Non-programmable calculatorsare permitted.5.University of Sydney Examination Regulations apply. No person may leave theexamination room in the first 30 minutes or in the last 20 minutes of the exam. 6.GOOD LUCK!Part A: Multiple Choice (20 marks)1. The slope of an indifference curve reveals:a.that preferences are complete.b.the marginal rate of substitution of one good for another good.c.the ratio of market prices.d.that preferences are transitive.e.none of the above.2. Jane is trying to decide which courses to take next semester. She has narroweddown her choice to two courses Econ 1 and Econ 2. Now she is having trouble.She just cannot decide whi ch of the two courses to take. It’s not that she isindifferent between the two courses, she just cannot decide. An economistwould say that this is an example of preferences that:a.are not transitive.b.are incomplete.c.violate the assumption that more is preferred to less.d.all of the above.3. If a consumer must spend her entire income on some combination of twocommodities and chooses to spend it all on just one of the commodities then:a.the other commodity is an economic bad.b.the other commodity must have zero marginal utility.c.the other commodity generates less utility per dollar spent on the good.d.the two commodities must be perfect substitutes.4. The change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded ofanother good. These goods are:plements.b.substitutes.c.both inferior.d.both Giffen goods.e.none of the above.5. The income-consumption curve for Dana between Q A and Q B is given by theequation Q A = Q B. His budget constraint is given as:120 = Q A + 4Q BHow much Q A will Dana consume to maximize utility?a.0.b.24.c.30.d.60.e.More information is needed to answer this question.6. Assume that beer is a normal good. If the price of beer rises, then thesubstitution effect results in the person buying ______ of the good and theincome effect results in the person buying ______ of the good.a.more, more.b.more, less.c.less, more.d.less, less.7. Which of the following will cause the price of beer to rise?a. A shift to the right in the demand curve for beer.b. A shift to the left in the supply curve of beer.c.both (a) and (b).d.none of the above.8. Blanca would prefer a certain income of $20,000 to a gamble with a 0.5probability of $10,000 and a 0.5 probability of $30,000. Based on thisinformation:a.we can infer that Blanca neutral.b.we can infer that Blanca is risk averse.c.we can infer that Blanca is risk loving.d.we cannot infer Blanca's risk preferences.Wanting to invest in the computer games industry, you select Whizbo, Yowzo and Zowiebo as the three best firms. Over the past 10 years, the three firms have had good years and bad years. The following table shows their performance:9. Refer to the table above. Where is the highest expected revenue, based on the10 years' past performance?a.Whizbo.b.Yowzo.c.Zowiebo.d.Whizbo and Yowzo.e.Yowzo and Zowiebo.10. The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to theleft. From this we can infer that:a.good A is used to produce good B.b.good B is used to produce good A.c.goods A and B are substitutes.d.goods A and B are complements.e.none of the above.11. A firm uses two factors of production. Irrespective of how much of each factoris used, both factors always have positive marginal products which imply thata. isoquants are relevant only in the long run.b. isoquants have negative slope.c. isoquants are convex.d. isoquants can become vertical or horizontal.e. none of the above.12. A firm's marginal product of labor is 4 and its marginal product of capital is 5.If the firm adds one unit of labor, but does not want its output quantity tochange, the firm shoulda. use five fewer units of capital.b. use 0.8 fewer units of capital.c. use 1.25 fewer units of capital.d. add 1.25 units of capital.13. If input prices are constant, a firm with increasing returns to scale can expecta. costs to double as output doubles.b. costs to more than double as output doubles.c. costs to go up less than double as output doubles.d. to hire more and more labor for a given amount of capital, since marginalproduct increases.e. to never reach the point where the marginal product of labor is equal tothe wage.14. Which of the following is not an expression for the cost minimizing combinationof inputs?a. MRTS = MP L / MP K.b. MP L / w = MP K / r.c. MRTS = w / r.d. MP L / MP K = w / r.e. None of these.15. A firm wants to minimize the total cost of producing 100 tons of dynamite. Thefirm uses two factors of production, chemicals and labor. The combination of chemicals and labor that minimizes production costs will be found wherea.the marginal products of chemicals and labor are equal.b.the ratio of the amount of chemicals used to the amount of labor usedequals the ratio of the marginal product of chemicals to the marginalproduct of labor.c.the ratio of the amount of chemicals used to the amount of labor usedequals the ratio of the price of chemicals to the wage rate.d.the production of an additional unit of dynamite costs the same regardlessof whether chemicals or labor are used.e.none of the above.16. A firm employs 100 workers at a wage rate of $10 per hour, and 50 units ofcapital at a rate of $21 per hour. The marginal product of labor is 3, and themarginal product of capital is 5. The firma. is producing its current output level at the minimum cost.b. could reduce the cost of producing its current output level by employingmore capital and less labor.c. could reduce the cost of producing its current output level by employingmore labor and less capital.d. could increase its output at no extra cost by employing more capital andless labor.e. both (b) and (d) are true.17. When an isocost line is just tangent to an isoquant, we know thata.output is being produced at minimum cost.b.output is not being produced at minimum cost.c.the two products are being produced at the least input cost to the firm.d.the two products are being produced at the highest input cost to the firm.18. If current output is less than the profit-maximizing output, then the next unitproduceda.will decrease profit.b.will increase cost more than it increases revenue.c.will increase revenue more than it increases cost.d.will increase revenue without increasing cost.e.may or may not increase profit.19. If a graph of a perfectly competitive firm shows that the MR = MC point occurswhere MR is above AVC but below ATC,a.the firm is earning negative profit, and will shut down rather thanproduce that level of output.b.the firm is earning negative profit, but will continue to produce whereMR = MC in the short run.c.the firm is still earning positive profit, as long as variable costs arecovered.d.the firm is covering explicit, but not implicit, costs.e.the firm can cover all of fixed costs but only a portion of variable costs.20.When the price faced by a competitive firm was $5, the firm produced nothingin the short run. However, when the price rose to $10, the firm produced 100 tons of output. From this we can infer thata.the firm's marginal cost curve must be flat.b.the firm's marginal costs of production never fall below $5.c.the firm's average cost of production was less than $10.d.the firm's total cost of producing 100 tons is less than $1000.e.the minimum value of the firm's average variable cost lies between $5and $10.Part B: Problems (20 marks - Answer BOTH questions)1. (10 marks)Mark derives utility from attending rock concerts (R) and fromcolas (C) as follows:U(C,R) = C 0.9R 0.1.The marginal utility of cola (MU C) and the marginal utility of rock concerts(MU R) are given as follows:MU C = 0.9C −0.1R 0.1 ,MU R = 0.1C 0.9R−0.9 ,withMRS = MU C/ MU R = 9R / C.a.If the price of cola (P C) is $1 and the price of concert tickets (P R)is $30 and Natasha's income is $300, how many colas and ticketsshould Natasha buy to maximize utility? (4 marks)b.Suppose that the promoters of rock concerts require each fan tobuy 4 tickets or none at all. Under this constraint and given theprices and income in (a), how many colas and tickets shouldNatasha buy to maximize utility? (4 marks)c.Is Natasha better off under the conditions in (a) or (b)? Explainyour answer. (2 marks)2.(10 marks)Consider a competitive market made up of a large number ofidentical firms. The market demand curve for the product is:Q = 1,000 – 50P,where P is price and Q is quantity. The market supply is expressed as:Q = 200P– 1,000.A typical firm in the industry has a marginal cost function as follows:MC = 5 + 0.5Q.a.Determine the market equilibrium price and quantity for theindustry. (2 marks)b.Determine each firm’s ou tput level and the number of firms in theindustry. (2 marks)c.Suppose that the government imposes a tax of $1 per unit ofoutput produced by firms. Compute the new equilibrium price inthe market after the tax is imposed. (3 marks)d.Suppose that the price in (a) represented a long-run equilibrium inthe market. Does the new equilibrium (c) represent a long-runequilibrium? What adjustments, if any, will occur in the industry?Explain. (3 marks)***** END OF TEST ******。

绿色经济大学英语教材

绿色经济大学英语教材IntroductionGreen Economy: An Introduction to Sustainability in BusinessIn recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of sustainable development and environmental protection. Countries around the world are increasingly incorporating the concept of a green economy into their policies and practices. As such, there is a need for educational materials to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of this vital topic. In this article, we will explore the content and format of a green economy university English textbook.Chapter 1: Understanding Sustainable Development1.1 Definition and Importance- Defining sustainable development and its significance in economic, social, and environmental contexts.1.2 Historical Perspective- Exploring the origins and evolution of sustainable development, including key milestones and global agreements.1.3 Principles of Sustainability- Discussing the core principles of sustainability, such as intergenerational equity, integration, and precautionary approach.Chapter 2: The Three Pillars of the Green Economy2.1 Economic Pillar- Examining the economic aspects of the green economy, including green growth, circular economy, and sustainable entrepreneurship.2.2 Social Pillar- Analyzing the social dimensions of the green economy, such as social equity, poverty eradication, and inclusive development.2.3 Environmental Pillar- Highlighting the environmental components of the green economy, focusing on biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and resource efficiency.Chapter 3: Green Economy Policy and Governance3.1 National Strategies and Plans- Exploring examples of national green economy strategies and plans, discussing their objectives, implementation mechanisms, and progress.3.2 International Cooperation- Investigating the role of international organizations and agreements in promoting green economies globally.3.3 Institutional Framework- Examining the governance structures and institutions that support the transition to a green economy at the national and international levels.Chapter 4: Green Business and Industries4.1 Green Marketing and Consumer Behavior- Discussing the role of green marketing in promoting sustainable products and influencing consumer choices.4.2 Renewable Energy and Clean Technologies- Exploring renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, and discussing the role of clean technologies in reducing environmental impacts.4.3 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems- Analyzing sustainable agricultural practices, organic farming, and the promotion of local and organic food systems.Chapter 5: Case Studies and Best Practices5.1 National Case Studies- Showcasing successful green economy initiatives and projects implemented by different countries.5.2 Corporate Best Practices- Highlighting companies that have successfully integrated sustainability into their business practices, leading to both economic and environmental benefits.5.3 Community Initiatives- Examining grassroots initiatives and community-led projects aimed at achieving sustainable development goals.ConclusionThe development of a university English textbook on the green economy is crucial in preparing tomorrow's leaders to navigate the challenges and opportunities of a rapidly changing world. By providing comprehensive knowledge on sustainable development, green business, and effective policy implementation, the textbook equips students with the skills needed to contribute to a more sustainable and prosperous future.。

零碳主题英语作文

零碳主题英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Embracing the Zero-Carbon LifestyleIntroductionIn recent years, the issue of climate change has become one of the most pressing challenges facing our world today. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are leading to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in a rise in global temperatures and a range of catastrophic consequences. As individuals, we all have a role to play in addressing this crisis, and one way we can make a difference is by embracing a zero-carbon lifestyle. This essay will explore the benefits of living azero-carbon lifestyle and provide practical tips on how individuals can reduce their carbon footprint.Benefits of a Zero-Carbon LifestyleLiving a zero-carbon lifestyle has numerous benefits, both for the individual and for the planet as a whole. By reducing or eliminating our carbon footprint, we can help to slow down the pace of climate change and protect the environment for futuregenerations. Additionally, adopting a zero-carbon lifestyle can lead to improved health and well-being, as many of the actions we can take to reduce our carbon footprint, such as walking or cycling instead of driving, also promote physical exercise and reduce air pollution.Practical Tips for Living a Zero-Carbon LifestyleThere are many simple changes we can make in our daily lives to reduce our carbon footprint and move towards azero-carbon lifestyle. Some practical tips include:1. Reduce energy consumption by turning off lights and appliances when not in use, using energy-efficient light bulbs, and insulating your home to reduce heating and cooling costs.2. Use public transportation, carpool, bike, or walk instead of driving a car to reduce emissions from transportation.3. Eat a plant-based diet or reduce meat consumption, as livestock farming is a major source of methane emissions.4. Reduce, reuse, and recycle to minimize waste and conserve resources.5. Support companies and products that are committed to sustainability and reduce waste and emissions in their production processes.ConclusionIn conclusion, embracing a zero-carbon lifestyle is not only essential for combating climate change but also offers numerous benefits for individuals and society as a whole. By making simple changes in our daily lives and reducing our carbon footprint, we can help to create a more sustainable and healthy world for future generations. It is important for each of us to take responsibility for our actions and work towards a zero-carbon future. Together, we can make a difference and protect our planet for generations to come.篇2Title: Embracing the Zero Carbon LifestyleWith the increasing awareness of environmental issues, more and more people are becoming conscious of their carbon footprint. The concept of zero carbon living has gained popularity in recent years as a way to reduce our impact on the environment. Adopting a zero carbon lifestyle involves making conscious choices in all aspects of our daily lives, from the way we travel to how we heat our homes. In this essay, we will explore the importance of zero carbon living and how individuals can make a difference by embracing this sustainable lifestyle.First and foremost, switching to a zero carbon lifestyle is crucial for combating climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy production is one of the leading causes of greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming. By reducing our reliance on carbon-intensive activities such as driving gas-powered vehicles or using electricity generated from coal, we can significantly decrease our carbon footprint and help mitigate the effects of climate change.One of the key aspects of zero carbon living is adopting renewable energy sources. Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems are all sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels that can power our homes and businesses. By investing in renewable energy technologies, individuals can reduce their dependence on polluting energy sources and contribute to a cleaner, greener future.Another important component of zero carbon living is sustainable transportation. Instead of driving alone in a car, individuals can opt for public transportation, biking, or walking to reduce their carbon emissions. Carpooling and ridesharing services are also effective ways to lower the environmental impact of travel. By choosing eco-friendly transportation options,individuals can help reduce air pollution and congestion while promoting a healthier environment.In addition to energy and transportation, zero carbon living also involves making sustainable choices in other areas of our lives. This includes reducing waste, conserving water, and supporting local and organic food sources. By practicing mindful consumption and minimizing our environmental impact, we can create a more sustainable future for generations to come.While transitioning to a zero carbon lifestyle may seem daunting at first, there are many resources and support systems available to help individuals make the switch. From government incentives for renewable energy to eco-friendly products and services, there are plenty of options for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint. By taking small steps towards a more sustainable lifestyle, individuals can make a meaningful difference in the fight against climate change.In conclusion, embracing a zero carbon lifestyle is essential for protecting the planet and securing a sustainable future for all. By making conscious choices in how we consume energy, transport ourselves, and live our daily lives, we can reduce our carbon footprint and help create a cleaner, greener world. It is up to each and every one of us to take responsibility for our actionsand make a positive impact on the environment. Together, we can work towards a zero carbon future and ensure a healthy planet for future generations to enjoy.篇3Zero Carbon Theme EssayWith the growing awareness of climate change and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions, the concept of zero carbon has become increasingly important in the global conversation on sustainability. Aiming for zero carbon means taking significant steps towards reducing our carbon footprint and ultimately achieving a carbon-neutral lifestyle. In this essay, we will explore the importance of the zero carbon movement, its impact on the environment, and the actions that individuals and societies can take to contribute to a zero carbon future.The term "zero carbon" refers to the goal of eliminating the net carbon emissions produced by human activities. This involves reducing the amount of greenhouse gases produced through activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. By transitioning to clean energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, we can significantlyreduce our carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change.The zero carbon movement is crucial in addressing the environmental challenges we face today. Climate change is already having devastating effects on our planet, from rising sea levels and extreme weather events to habitat destruction and species loss. By striving for zero carbon, we can help slow down the pace of climate change and protect the environment for future generations.Individuals can play a significant role in the zero carbon movement by making sustainable choices in their daily lives. This can include reducing energy consumption, using public transportation or carpooling, recycling and composting, and supporting businesses that prioritize sustainability. By taking these small but impactful actions, we can collectively reduce our carbon footprint and make a positive impact on the environment.Societies and governments also have a critical role to play in the transition to zero carbon. Policies and regulations that promote renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices are essential in creating a conducive environment for the zero carbon movement to thrive.Investments in clean energy infrastructure, research and development, and public awareness campaigns can further accelerate the transition to a zero carbon future.In conclusion, the zero carbon movement is a crucial step towards addressing climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for our planet. By reducing our carbon emissions, we can mitigate the effects of climate change, protect the environment, and create a healthier and more sustainable world for future generations. It is up to all of us to take action and contribute to the zero carbon movement, one small step at a time. Let us work together towards a zero carbon future and make a positive impact on the environment.。

Topic 1 Introduction

Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)
1980 Nobel Laureates in Economics
Lawrence R. Klein (University of Pennsylvania), “For the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
Topic 1: Introduction to Econometrics

What is econometrics? Why study econometrics? Types of econometrics Nobel Prize and Econometrics Methodology of econometrics
2. Specification of the Mathematical Model 1) Specification of variables e.g. consumption (income) inflation (money supply of the previous period, GDP growth rate) income (qualification, IQ, EQ, gender, etc.) weight (height, gender, race, age, etc.) * It should be based on economic theory and analysis of economic phenomena * Data availability * The relationship among variables: independence

SolutionsManualforIntroductiontoModernEconomicGrow

Solutions Manual for Introduction to Modern EconomicGrowth 课程设计介绍本文档为 Introduction to Modern Economic Growth 课程设计的解答手册，旨在帮助学生更好地理解课程内容，并帮助教师更好地进行教学和评估学生学习情况。

Introduction to Modern Economic Growth 课程旨在介绍经济增长理论和实践的基本概念、工具和方法，以及其中的主要问题和争议。

本课程主要围绕经济增长的方方面面展开，课程内容涵盖复杂动态模型、人口增长、财政政策、创新和技术进步、投资和储蓄、收入分配等主题。

本文档将包含本课程中所有作业、测验和考试的答案和解释，其中涵盖的主题包括但不限于：•Solow-Swan 模型•Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans 模型•Lucas 模型•开放经济增长模型•技术进步和创新使用说明本文档为解答手册，仅适用于 Introduction to Modern Economic Growth 课程的授课教师和注册学生，不得用于商业目的。

本文档的解答仅供参考，不保证完全准确和全面，故读者不得将本文档的解答作为独立答案提交批改。

授课教师应该根据自己的判断和教学目的，结合作业、测验和考试的具体要求，对学生提交的答案进行综合评估。

内容目录本文档按照课程内容的顺序，为每个主题提供了解答，并在每个主题下面提供了相关习题的解答。

第一部分： Solow-Swan 模型•Solow 模型基本假设和方程•Solow 模型的稳态和动态效应•Solow 模型的经验检验•带人口增长和技术进步的 Solow 模型•Solow 模型的扩展 - 残留同质性模型第二部分： Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans 模型•Ramsey 模型基本假设和方程•Ramsey 模型的稳态和动态效应•Ramsey 模型相对于 Solow 模型的比较•Cass-Koopmans 模型与跨代模型•Cass-Koopmans 模型中的稳态和路径分析第三部分： Lucas 模型•Lucas 模型的基本假设和方程•Lucas 模型的平衡和稳态•Lucas 模型中的在线性化和泰勒扩展•Lucas 模型中的比较静态分析第四部分：开放经济增长模型•开放经济增长模型的定义和分类•开放经济增长模型的五个基本假设•开放经济增长模型中的汇率和资本流动•开放经济增长模型中的贸易政策和贸易自由化第五部分：技术进步和创新•技术进步的概念和分类•技术进步和经济增长的关系•创新的概念和类型•创新与经济增长的关系•知识产权和创新政策结论Introduction to Modern Economic Growth 课程涉及的主题和内容广泛深入，涵盖了现代经济增长理论和实践的众多方面。

环境科学概论 INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

concern? Knowledge degree ? 3. Brief introduce the environmental technical means your current understanding, what’s
the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies and methods ? 4. Which type of environmental filed do you want to engage in your future work? What
Environment is the complex of nature, social, culture and economy other than human being.
1.1.2 Environmental types
According to the subject
According to the cause of formation
The environment researched in Environmental Science is the external world where human beings are the mainstay, the complex of material condition supporting human survival and development, including the natural environment and artificial environment (Liu Peitong, 1984).
Examples of diversity of natural enviroment

00+概述

讨论、总结、清晰
法律问题
伦理问题
LiJT
首先弄清楚几个基本概念
相当于我们课程的公理
–
后续内容建立在这些公理之上
1、公众网络
– •
私有网络/专用网络/private network Internet
复旦软件学院李景涛
几个基本概念
2、信息安全、隐私、保密性之辨析
–
信息安全的含义最广
如可用性、完整性等等；举例
授课计划
三个部分
信息保密的科学方法
公众网络中安全与隐私的保护技术
隐私与安全法律与伦理
LiJT
内容间的联系
密码学初探
从历史发展来看信息保密的科学方法
什么是隐私与安全?
讨论、总结、清晰
LiJT
内容间的联系
密码学初探
公众网络中隐私与安全保护技术
数字签名、数字证书等应用相当广泛
什么是隐私与安全?
网络隐私与安全（00）
李景涛 lijt@
复旦大学软件学院
课程简介
主讲: 李景涛 E-Mail: lijt@ BBS ID: jtli Phone: 51355373-8002 Office: 软件楼316 Mobile: 1376 研究领域: 网络安全
复旦软件学院李景涛Biblioteka 吕俊辉等译机械工业出版社
复旦软件学院李景涛
参考教材 – 好书难觅
密码编码学与网络安全 ——原理与实践（第四版） Stallings著电子工业出版社
复旦软件学院李景涛
参考书
计算机网络安全技术教程. – 谢冬青，冷健等 – 机械工业出版社
复旦软件学院李景涛
另一本很好的教材

lecture notes in microeconomic theory

lecture notes in microeconomic theoryLecture notes in microeconomic theory typically cover the fundamental concepts and principles of microeconomics. These notes aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how individuals, households, and firms make economic decisions and interact in markets.Some common topics covered in lecture notes on microeconomic theory may include:1. Introduction to Microeconomics: This section provides an overview of microeconomic principles, the economic problem, and the role of markets in allocating resources.2. Supply and Demand: These notes explain the demand and supply curves, elasticity, market equilibrium, and the factors that influence market outcomes.3. Consumer Behavior: This section delves into the theory of consumer behavior, including utility, preferences, budget constraints, and how consumers make decisions about purchasing goods and services.4. Theory of the Firm: Lecture notes in this area discuss the objectives of a firm, production theory, costs, and different market structures, such as perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.5. Market Failures: This section addresses situations where markets may not lead to efficient outcomes, such as market power,externalities, public goods, and asymmetric information.6. Welfare Economics: These notes cover the measurement of economic welfare, including concepts like consumer and producer surplus, efficiency, and equity.7. Game Theory: Lecture notes in this area focus on strategic decision-making and how individuals or firms interact strategically in different situations.8. Topics in Managerial Economics: This section may include additional topics on decision making, pricing strategies, market analysis, and applications of microeconomic theory in business settings.It's important to note that the specific content and organization of lecture notes in microeconomic theory can vary depending on the instructor and the curriculum. The above list provides a general outline of the topics commonly covered in microeconomic theory courses.。

Econ_100_Lecture_2.ppt

Economies do not grow at a constant pace but rather experience ups and downs, booms and bust. These booms and busts are typically normal responses to changing economic conditions. Monetary and fiscal policy are tools used to smooth out the fluctuations of a normal economy. Understanding the promise and the limits of these tools is an important aspect of economics.
Strong institutions that support these incentives foster economic growth.
• Such institutions include property rights, political stability, honest government, a dependable legal system, and competitive and open markets.
Slide 10 of 14
Big Idea Five: Tampering with the Laws of Supply and Demand Has Consequences
5. Tampering with the laws of supply and demand has consequences
Slide 2 of 14
Big Ideas in Economics

e-cology二次开发培训文档

二次开发培训文档一、ECOLOGY系统框架结构1、主要的程序结构EcologyClassbean 存放编译后的CLASS文件js 系统中使用的JA V ASCRIPT和VBSCRIPT脚本Css 系统中JSP页面使用的样式ImagesImages_faceImages_frame 系统中使用的图片的存放目录Crm..Workflow 该功能分文件夹存放每个功能的文件WEB-INFProp 系统配置文件存放Service 系统的接口配置文件的存放二、说明一个JSP页面，一个JA V A程序的基本组成，如何阅读JSP页面1、一个jsp页面通常需要包含什么内容2、如何阅读一个JSP页面由于ECOLOGY系统支持多语言，因此在JSP页面上一般不出现中文，全部使用标签的形式来显示中文：比如：在IE上显示“姓名”那么在JSP页面中将通过<%=SystemEnv.getHtmlLabelName(413,user.getLanguage())%>这样的形式来表示，其中的数字413就是表示姓名，同时可以通过“select labelname from htmllabelinfo where indexid=413 and languageid=7”来获取到“姓名”这个显示名称，其中languageid=7表示中文显示名称，languageid=8表示英文显示名称.3、JA V A程序的基本组成在ECOLOGY中开发JA V A程序建议继承weaver.general. BaseBean，在BaseBean 中主要封装了两个方法：写日志文件，获取配置文件中的参数值。

三、几个常用的底层类的说明最基本的底层类，数据库操作类，上传下载文件，如何构建缓存，基本的工具类Ecology系统底层包开发指南.doc四、页面权限控制的说明,怎样在页面中引用权限，怎么样新增一个权限，如何在新开发的模块上引入权限控制在这一部分将描述：新增的页面如何保持和ECOLOGY的风格保持一致；新增的页面上引用ECOLOGY中的权限；新增的页面上引用新的ECOLOGY中还没有的权限；1、可以根据<泛微协同商务系统(Ecology)_JSP式样编写指南>保证新开发的页面在风格上和原有系统保持一致泛微协同商务系统(Ecology)_JSP式样编写2、使用ECOLOGY分页控件实现数据的分页显示泛微分页控件使用帮助及规范.doc3、引用系统中的权限首先从系统的权限设置中找到需要引用的权限名称，如下如找到“地址类型维护”这个权限，其ID为41,然后通过“select rightdetailfrom systemrightdetail where rightid=41”得到其rightdetail=“AddAddressType:Add”，那么在JSP页面中通过如下语句，就可以使得只有的“地址类型维护”这个权限用的用户可以查看该页面<% if(!HrmUserVarify.checkUserRight("AddAddressType:Add ", user) ) {response.sendRedirect("/notice/noright.jsp");return;}%>4、新增新的权限控制新功能的查看新增功能模块添加权限控制.d o c五、系统的人员组织结构的介绍1、主要数据结构HrmResource(人员基本信息表).doc HrmSubCompany(分部信息表).docHrmDepartment(部门信息表).doc2、如何从缓存中获取人员信息（对三个缓存的简单介绍）六、对流程，文档数据的存放说明（主数据，明细数据，一般信息等在数据库中如何存放，主要为了考虑报表的问题）1、文档的主要数据结构文档信息的主要存储表DOCDETAIL:文档信息存储表，主要存放文档的基本信息DOCDETAILCONTENT: 文档内容存放表（如果是ORACLE数据库，如果文档的类型是HTML文档，那么文档内容存放在该表中，SQLSERVER数据库不用该表）DOCIMAGEFILE：文档，附件关联表，此表记录文档和附件（WORD,EXCEL格式文档在数据库中按照附件格式存放）的关系（即一个文档关联了几个附件）IMAGEFILE：附件路径存放表，此表记录了文档的附件（或者WORD,EXCE）存放在文件服务器上的位置DOCSHARE：文档共享表SHARINNERDOC：文档共享明细表，此表存放了该表具体共享给那些用户了DocDetail.doc ImageFile.doc DocImageFile.doc shareinnerdoc.docDocShare.doc2、流程的主要数据结构这里主要介绍流程的数据存放结构及如果通过流程类型获取到流程的字段信息，流程的载体分为表单和单据两类，表单和单据的区别在于：所有使用表单的流程数据存放在同一个表中，而单据每个单据对应着一张独立的数据表1、表单一、对于表单而言流程的数据信息存放在三个数据表中Workflow_requestbase：该表存放了流程的基本信息：标题，创建人，创建时间，流程类型等等Workflow_form:该表存储了流程的具体信息通过REQUESTID字段和Workflow_requestbase表关联Workflow_formdetail：该表存放了流程的明细信息，同样通过REQUESTID字段和Workflow_requestbase表关联二、通过流程的类型如何获取该流程使用了Workflow_form和Workflow_formdetail表中哪些字段在Workflow_form和Workflow_formdetail表中存放了大量字段，所有使用表单的流程的字段都在这两个表中，如何获取每个流程使用了那些字段呢？A、找到流程的类型ID,假定为wfidB、找到流程用了哪个表单select formid from workflow_base whereid=wfid and isbill=’0’C、获得该表单用到了哪些主字段：select(select fieldlable from workflow_fieldlable where workflow_fieldlable.fieldid=workflow_formfield.fieldid and langurageid=7andworkflow_fieldlable.formid=workflow_formfield.formid)as name,(select fieldname from workflow_formdictwhere id=fieldid)from workflow_formfield whereformid=上面获取的FORMID and (isdetail is null orisdetail=’’)哪些明细字段：select(select fieldname fromworkflow_formdictdetail where id=fieldid)fromworkflow_formfield where formid=上面获取的FORMID andisdetail=’1’2、单据对于表单而言流程的数据信息存放在三个数据表中Workflow_requestbase：该表存放了流程的基本信息：标题，创建人，创建时间，流程类型等等Workflow_form：该表只存放Workflow_requestbase和单据表之间的关系信息各单据主表:该表存储了流程的具体信息通过REQUESTID字段和Workflow_requestbase表关联，如何获取该表呢：A、找到流程的类型ID，假定为wfidB、找到流程用了哪个单据select formid form workflow_basewhere id=wfid and isbill=’1’C、通过单据ID可以获取到该单据使用的字段Select * from workflow_billfield where billid= formidD、通过单据ID找到其用了那个表存储流程主信息，那个表存储流程明细信息select tablename from workflow_bill where id= formidselect tablename from workflow_billdetailtablewhere id= formid各单据主明细表：该表存放了流程的明细信息，同样通过REQUESTID字段和Workflow_requestbase表关联3、流程的其他信息表结构流程处理人情况表Workflow_currentoperator:此表存储了流程当前未操作者，已操作者等信息workflow_requestlog 流程处理意见表：此表存储了流程处理人处理过的审批意见workflow_requestviewlog 流程的查看日志workflow_requestbase.doc workflow_bill.doc workflow_base.doc workflow_currentoperator.docworkflow_requestLog.doc七、如何新建，定制一个客户化的单据新建单据的好处，在于可以比较容易到把新建单据表中的信息和其他信息进行一些必要的操作八、系统已经有可开发的接口的培训1、短信接口可以通过该接口实现其他短信网关或者硬件短信设备进行在OA中发送短信的操作通用短信接口实现方式及使用说明.doc2、单点登录接口ECOLOGY提供了通过用户映射和模拟其他系统登录窗体的方式实现多系统之间的单点登录接口Ecology系统接口指南---单点登录篇.doc3、数据源和计划任务接口在ECOLOGY系统中，可以定义多个其他系统的数据连接，通过该连接可以和其他系统的数据库直接连接，同时也可以设置“计划任务”，系统根据设置定时制定执行设定的计划。

0-introduction

Modern Power Electronics
Lecturer：Wang Yi Curriculum Period: 32
Introduction
power electronics: controlling and converting power energy by power
electric device
Uo ☆ large losses、 low efficiency
t ★ with electromagnetic isolation
example：DC voltage source 2、chopping regulated power supply （no filter）
Uo
AC 220V
RL Ui
Uo
t
☆ small output ripple
☆ no electromagnetic isolation
example：DC voltage source
3、half-bridge chopping regulated power supply （with high frequency transformer isolation）
Characteristic of the course 1、emphasize the foundation 2、emphasize the experiment
Applications 1
Applications 2
Applications 3
Applications 4
Applications 5
GTO、GTR(BJT)、MOSFET、IGBT(IGT)、SIT、SITH、MCT 、 IGCT full-controlled device →development of topology structure 20kHz revolution converter → inverter

Introduction to Ecology

Niche

A beaver is an ecosystem engineer. It cuts down trees and dams up a river which will flood the forest with a pond. Eventually the trees will dies, new species of plants and wildlife will arrive to take advantage of the new conditions. Eventually, this forest will become a meadow. The beaver’s NICHE is the role it plays in shaping the environment. But… it is also a main prey species for predators.
Habitat and Niche
Each
organism confronts the challenge of survival in a different way. The niche an organism occupies is the sum of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment. Part of this role may be played as the predator and part may be played as the prey.
Niche
Example:
Snakes eat mice and other birds and rodents but snakes are also eaten by birds of prey and mice eat grasshoppers and other insects.

EXISTENCE OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS TO SUBLINEAR SECOND-ORDER PERIODIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

∗ S uppo rt ed by N at io na l N at ural Science Fo unda tion of Ch ina ( 11 1 61 02 2 ), N a tu ra l Science Founda tion o f Jiang xi P ro vince ( 20 11 4 BA B 21 10 0 6 a nd 20 12 2 BA B 20 10 1 5) and E ducat iona l Dep artm ent of Jiang xi P ro vince ( GJJ12 2 80 ). † M a nuscript received S eptem ber 5 , 2 0 11 ; R evised Ma rch 7 , 2 0 12
25
26
A NN. OF DIFF. EQ S.
A bs tra ct
In t his pap er, we con sider a seco nd-o rde r perio dic bo unda ry va lue problem . By t he t op olog ical deg re e the ory an d ﬁxed p oint index t heo ry, we pro ve the existen ce of p osit ive solut io ns which gives t he rela tio nsh ip b etwee n the ﬁ rst p ositive eig enva lue o f t he asso cia ted eig enva lue problem a nd t he beha vio r of t he nonlinear term o f the syst em . Key wo rds po sit ive so lut io ns; period ic bo unda ry value pro blem; unbo unded fro m b elo w; ﬁxed po int index t heory; t o po lo gica l deg ree 20 00 M athem atic s Sub ject C lassiﬁc ation 3 4 B1 6; 3 4B 18

生态学英文版

Ecology (生態學)IntroductionEcology -- __________________________________________________________ Concept of the ecosystem - The biosphere and biomes•Bioshpere生物圈o The part of the Earth and its atmosphere inhabited by life is called biosphereo Thus, the oceans, land surface and lower parts of the atmosphere all form parts of the biosphere.•Biome生物群落o The biosphere can be divided into biomes which are linked by a common type of vegetation.o Forests, deserts and grasslands are the examples of biomes. Each biome consists of many ecosystems in which communities have adapted to differences in climate,soil, and other environmental factors throughout the biome.A. The Ecosystem生態系統An ecosystem is defined as a complex formed by the living community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy to result in a stable and self-sustainable system.Components of an ecosystem :living community and non-living component•A population 種群consists of all members of the same species occupying a given area at the same time.• A community 群落consists of Populations of all the different species interacting with one another• A habitat生境is a small specific place where an organism lives.- types of habitats :terrestrial habitat ---- forest, ___________________aquatic habitat ---- fresh water : pond, lake, reservoir, __________ •marine : sandy shore, muddy shore, ___________________A habitat can divide into numerous microhabitats小生境, each with_____________________________________________________________________________________•The niche生態位of a species describes the role of specific species in its community.Niches are sometimes distinguished from habitats by saying that the habitat of anorganism is its address, while its niche is its role in the community.e.g. on a tree : caterpillars (feed on leaves),beetles (burrow into trunk)they live on same place but functionally they occupy different niches.•The biotic (living) factors生物的are comprised by all living organisms within the ecosystem.•The abiotic (non-living) 非生物的factors are mainly divided into soil, water and climate.o Water is essential for all living organisms in the soil and enters living cells by osmosis.o Soils vary in their content of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The composition of soil determines the soil texture, porosity, water-retaining capacity and oxygen content.Soil contains a mixture of organic and inorganic nutrients (humus and minerals).o Climate includes environmental variables such as light, temperature, moisture, salinity and wind. These factors are important in determining the types of livingorganisms in the ecosystem.B. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in the ecosystemI) Transfer of energy (many approaches, according to functions in ecosystem)Food chainA linear sequence of organisms showing a pathway of food consumption from producers through a series of consumers. In this series, an organism feeds on the one before it and forms the food of the organism after it.Food chains are short (4-5 levels) because only 10 - 20 % of energy is transferred to the next stage.Each stage in food chain = _______________Trophic levels•The number of steps by which the organisms obtain their energy from plants in a food chain. --- the producers always at the first trophic level.Producers _______ consumers ______ consumers ______consumersdecomposersa) Producers : autotrophs自養-- photosynthetic e.g. green plant, photosynthetic bacteria,chemosynthetic bacteria e.g. nitrifying bacteria,base of food chain and food web.N.B. : Phytoplanktons, which are microorganisms, are important producers floating on the upper layers of lakes or ocean. They are unicellular organisms which alsocontain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis just like the terrestrial plants .b) Primary consumers : herbivores which feed on plants e.g. pond snails, insect larvae.c) Secondary consumers : carnivores which feed on primary consumers e.g. small fish.d) Tertiary consumers : larger carnivores which feed on secondary consumers e.g. large fishe) Decomposers : mainly ________________________,分解者decompose dead bodies of plants and animals into simpler compoundswhich can then be absorbed by green plants again,important in recycling of nutrients and clearing up dead bodies andexcretory remains.f) Detritivores : consume the losses from the food chain, or dead organic matter detached食腐質動物from dead bodies or excreta (detritus), movement of energy and matter in a continuous manner, therefore hard to define trophic level,mainly bacteria, fungi, protozoans, insects, mites and some small vertebrates,detritus detritivores carnivores and herbivoresImportances :⏹detritivores break down complex compounds to simpler molecules, therefore speeding updecomposition of dead bodies and excretory remains by breaking up detritus into small pieces thus increasing the surface area available for microbial action,⏹adding proteins and microorganisms onto the soil by their faecesg) other definition system :Producer herbivores carnivores top carnivores(prey) (prey/predator) (predator)Some animals may act as both herbivore and carnivore : omnivoreFood web- 2 or more interconnecting food chains, each organism may have different trophic levels營養層in different food chain within a food web.- examples of woodland and fresh water habitat (refer to any textbook)Example of food web : MarshII) Level of organizationArrange the following ecological terms in order :biosphere, community, population, organ, organism, biome, cellSpecies : ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________III) Ecological energeticsProduction : amount of materials which accumulate over a fixed amount of time.Top carnivoresCarnivoresdecomposersHerbivoresGreen plantsN.B. Much of the solar energy reaching the plant is lost by reflection and photosynthetic inefficiency.Useful terms :•Biological productivity生物生產力is the rate at which biomass is produced by an ecosystem. It has two components:o Primary productivity初級生產力, the production of new organic matter by green plants (autotrophs).o Secondary productivity次級生產力, the production of new organic matter by consumers (heterotrophs).•Both of these can be divided into gross primary productivity and net primary productivity.•Gross primary productivity (GPP) 總初級生產力o The total amount of orgainc matter produced by green plants in unit area and per unit time. GPP does not represent the actual amount of food potentially availableto heterotrophs because some of the organic matters are used to meet plant'srespiration and metabolism.•Net primary productivity (NPP) 淨初級生產力o The total amount of organic matter of the organism after respiration andmetabolism have been fueled. Therefore it represents the potential food energyavailable to heterotrophs.Net secondary productivity : ____________________________________________N.B. : Usually, plant has 10% average efficiency of energy transfer while animal has 20%, explain why ?IV) Pyramids1) Pyramid of number (abundance) 數目塔- a diagram representing the progressive drop in numbers of individuals at each successive trophic level, usually upright e.g.- sometimes may be inverted e.g.- Not a good representation : ___________________________________________2) Pyramid of biomass (unit :g/m2) 生物量塔- Biomass ? _____________________________________________________________- better idea about the quantity of materials in each trophic level required to support those level above it, total amount of organic matter is largest at the base of a food chain,- normal shape : upright,rare case : inverted, why ?Reason ---- producer level has rapid turnover rate e.g. phytoplanktons may have smaller biomass than true but have higher productivity, therefore in this case, harvestanimal is better than harvest producer,3) Pyramid of energy 能量塔(productivity) (Unit : g/m2/day, month, year)- the best because :a) it takes into account the rate of production, that is the time factor.b) no inverted pyramid --- always upright,c) importance of solar energy can be stressed.Criticism of all pyramids :- in a food web, many organisms cannot be placed in ONE suitable trophic level.- some still inverted, why ??Cycling of Nutrients in EcosystemsA. Carbon Cycle•Carbon is an essential building element for all organic compounds. The cyclic flow of carbon in Nature is known as the carbon cycle.o In Nature, the most abundant source of carbon exists as carbon dioxide free in the atmosphere and dissolve in oceans.o During photosynthesis, producers make use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds in their bodieso When producers are eaten, the organic carbon compounds in their bodies are passed on to the consumers.o In the bodies of both producers and consumers, part of the organic carbon compounds is broken down into carbon dioxide during respiration and bringback to the atmosphere and oceans.o When the organisms die, a certain amount of organic carbon compounds is locked up in the dead bodies.o Generally the dead bodies undergo decomposition. The organic carboncompounds are converted to carbon dioxide and liberated during the respirationof decomposers.o Sometimes, the dead bodies may become fossil fuels. In such a case, the carbon dioxide can only be released when the fuels are burnt. The process is calledcombustion.Carbon CycleB. Nitrogen Cycle•Nitrogen is an essential element in the synthesis of proteins. The cyclic flow of nitrogen in Nature is known as the nitrogen.o During a process called nitrogen fixation, atmospheric nitrogen is changed to nitrates in the soil.This process is carried out by a group of bacteria callednitrogen-fixing bacteria.固氮細菌o During lightening閃電, a tmospheric nitrogen can also be changed to nitrates.o The nitrogen in the soil is absorbed by producers in ionic forms and converted to organic nitrogenous compounds in their body.o When producers are eaten, the organic nitrogenous compounds in their bodies are passed on to the consumers.o Some of the nitrogen in the consumers' bodies are lost as excretory products.o When the organisms die, a certain amount of organic nitrogen is locked up in the dead bodies.o The organic nitrogen in the excretory products and dead bodies is broken down into ammonium compounds by a group of bacteria called putrefying bacteria. Theprocess is called putrefaction. 腐敗作用o The ammonium compounds are changed stepwise to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. The process is called nitrification.o A process called denitrification changes some of the inorganic nitrogencompounds in the soil changed to nitrogen gas by the so-called denitrifyingbacteria. The nitrogen gas is returned to the atmosphere.Nitrogen cycleReference : Chinese version of Carbon and Nitrogen cycle Carbon Cycle :Nitrogen Cycle :Interdependence of organismsBasic interaction types0 no reaction + positive influence : benefit - negativea) + 0 :b) + + :c) + - :d) + - :e) - - :A) Positive interactions1) Commensalism 片行共生Different species of organisms living together, with only one getting benefits while the other get no harm, e.g. the barnacles藤壺attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs. They obtain nourishment from the food left by the crab after it has eaten, and the crab can help them escape from danger.2) Mutualism (symbiosis) 互利共生Different species living together that are beneficial to both, e.g. lichens which are the association of fungi and algae. The alga is protected from high light intensity and desiccation by the fungi. Moreover, the fungi are constantly supplied with organic food substances by the algae from photosynthesis.Other example : symbiotic bacteria and rabbits.B) Negative interaction1) Predation (+ -) :two individuals in which one preys on the other while the other is being eaten e.g. foxes and rabbits.N.B. predators regulating the prey population, i.e. Biological control, therefore benefically.2) Parasitism (+ -) :The parasite obtains food or shelter from the host. It can be further divided into ectoparasites, which live on the outer surface of a host, and endoparasites, which live within a host.e.g. tapeworm found in human digestive system obtain nourishment from the human host. N.B. the parasite must not kill the host or else it destroys itself.3) Competition (- -) :a) Interspecific or intraspecific :which one is more serious ? ________________________e.g. barnacles and oysters ---- compete for space and foodb) Two types :(Scramble爭奪) :(Contest) :c) Effects- on plant : changes in growth rate (competition for nutrients or light),extinction of less successful species,- on animal : i) aggression,ii) territory,iii) emigration,iv) increase in death rate,v) predation.d) Evolutionary significance :1) eliminate less well-adapted individuals, therefore gradual improvement of species,2) gives rise to adaptive radiationi.e. filling of more diverse ecological niches by an original species,therefore competition in field -- __________________________________________________________________________________________________3) success in competition depends on environmental conditions, conditions may favour one species at one time, and a different one at some other time, therefore different species may fluctuate in number.Succession 演替Succession is defined as a series of changes in the structure and composition of a community from the pioneer community to the climax community over a period of time.Primary succession :Invasion and colonization of bare rock, only algae and lichens can invadeand colonize the area(insufficient soil and nutrients for trees and shrubs) --first colonizers.by weatheringColonization by larger plant species such as mosses or fernsThe death and decomposition of these plants further enrich the soilColonization by seed-bearing plants, including grasses, shrubs and trees.Secondary succession :When the completely colonized surface has been influenced by living organisms (human) or environmental factors (fire), secondary succession occurs -- result in mesophytes dominantcauses of succession : changes in environment of a pondexisting communities no longer adaptednew species take overClimax community : 頂極群落The final stable and self-perpetuating community developed after number of successional communities, can resist environmental changes and competition, and it is the most productive community that the environment can sustain.Characteristics1) determined by habitat factors,2) interaction results in a stable balanced unit,3) a natural community : self sufficient and self-maintaining,4) species composition of a natural community is the result of natural selection.Adaptations of organisms to the environmenta) Definition :characteristic of an organism with definite value in allowing it to exist under condition of its habitats in order to ensure its continuity, allow the organism to make use of environmental resources or protect it against adverse conditions.b) Types of adaptation :a) morphological, b) physiological, c) behaviouralc) Significance of adaptation :- natural selection eliminates the one not adapted, therefore the adapted are favoured i.e.'survival of fittest',- ability of species to remain in existence depends on :i) ______________________________________________________________ii) ________________________________________________________________Examples of adaptationsReproductiona) Viviparous 胎生droppers of Kandelia水筆仔:- dominant in mangroves in H.K.,- seedlings (fruits) exhibit vivipary -- they develop while still attached to the parent plants, forming 'droppers' which fall into the water and float away, coming to rest in an upright position as the tide recedes,- therefore adapt to i) unstable substratum,ii) anaerobic mud,iii) saline condition.Survivala) Holdfast of Sargassum ( brown algae),- live on the intertidal zone of marine habitat,- develop a powerful holdfast which is a flattened disc capable of adhering strongly to almost any solid substratum.b) Shaped leaves of Pinus :- develop successfully as an evergreen plant in relatively poor, dry soil,- dark green 'needle' leaf with sunken stomata,- each has the shiny look associated with a thick cuticle and is grooved along its length,- small brown scale leaves for protection of buds and dwarfed shoot.Notes on field studiesEnvironment-the surroundings-i.e. the sum total of external influences acting on an organism or community.A) Abiotic (physical) :----- climaticsoil (edaphic)topographica) ClimaticTemperature :- biochemical processes : most life exist within 0 – 600C- physiological effects (breeding),- adaptations :i) behavioral -----ii) structural -----Rainfall :- need for many functions (germination, locomotion, transport, metabolism, osmoregulation), - presence or absence of water causes many adaptations :in plants :in animals :-governs distribution of tropical rain forest, temperate forest,-Light :- three factors : ___________________________________- photosynthesis : food production,flowering (photoperiodism), transpiration,behaviour; breeding cycles,tropisms and nastic response,control zonationHumidity- is related to wind, rainfall and temperature,- transpiration rate,- behaviour of animals e.g. rocky shore animals seek damp place when exposed,Wind- transpiration,- affects mode of growth of vegetation :e.g. mechanical damage : stunting and shearing, defoliation, distortion- dispersal of seeds, fruits and spores, pollinationb) Soil (Edaphic) factors- soil factor i.e. factors which describe the conditions of the soil or substratum,- refer to notes of soil.c) Topographic factors- position of an area in relation to the surrounding country :i) altitude,ii) contour,iii) direction.B) Biotic factorsEffects1) Plant : source of food --- primary producer2) Interaction : refer to notes taught before3) Pollination and dispersal of seed and food by animals4) Protective adaptation :a) ____________ : protective coloration,b) ____________ : many animals resemble plants in shape e.g. stick insects or resembleother harmful animal species, therefore obtain benefits from thisresemblance.5) Man's effect on environment :- farming, pollution – important topic, discuss laterMethods of sampling on area : Study the distribution and abundance of organismsA) Transects 樣條Definition : a line cutting through an area, used to survey vegetation or fauna of the area. Types of transects1) Line transect 樣線:- linear survey of plants and animals through an area, change in level is not recorded.－select a typical stretch of areas of interest in the habitat,－laid a rope on ground, e.g. 10 meter (fixed at the 2 end),－check plants and animals touching the line every 0.5 – 1 meter,－record abundance and distribution of species touching the rope,－data graphed (histograms / kite diagrams / etc.) and analysed .2) Profile transects 剖面樣線:- a diagram shows the profile, i.e. change in level, along a given direction,- vegetation and animals are also indicated along it, show possible changes in vegetable type, - how to measure the level ?3) Belt transect 樣帶:- survey of a strip through an area, usually 2 parallel lines one metre apart,- usually record with quadrat.Presentation of data1)2)3)B) Quadrat樣方Definition : an square of known dimension, used to sample vegetation or animals, record the abundance and distribution of species recorded.The tool used : quadrat frame－random or along a transect (belt transect),－count the number of each species occurring in the quadrat / estimate the percentage coverage of each species in the quadrat,－for random sampling : repeat a number of times to get the average,－for systematic sampling : belt transect --- repeat along the transect,－Present the data (1)May be used to measure1) seasonal change2) zonation3) population numberPoint quadrat : a method by which fine pointed wires are lowered onto the vegetation inside the quadrat to measure relative abundance. e.g. frequency of plant AZonation 成帶現象- characteristic distribution of organisms into zones or strata (vertical zonation e.g. forest).Discussion :What are the limitations of using transect and quadrat ?Example of habitat --- Rocky shore岩岸General layout :Factors on rocky shore1) tidal flow,2) wave action,3) substratum 基層,4) sunlight (illumination),5) rainfall, humidity,6) wind,7) salinity (rock pool)Problems faced1)2)3)4)General adaptation on rocky shoreUpper shore Lower shore1) lung breathers _____________________2) complex excretory organs and excretion by diffusion and excrete ammoniaexcrete uric acids3 mobile, cryptic, thick shells sedimentary, non-cryptic, thinTypical distribution of flora and fauna。

《关于ECO的一个》PPT课件

100
cost of the same market basket
of products at base-year prices
Annual rate of inflation
CPI in given year — CPI
= in previous year
CPI in previous year
× 100
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人均 GDP
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中-美CPI对比表
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多伦多大学大一经济学 Lecture 01 - ECO100

Assumptions are the foundations on which the
model is built Assumptions allow for a simplification of the real
world
Implications are the outcome of the model Implications of the model depend on the assumptions
relationship downward
The l ti hi between t variables that move i Th relationship b two i bl h in the opposite direction is called a negative Such a relationship is shown by a line that slopes
are used in order to satisfy human wants or needs
Resources are characterized for being scarce and human wants for being unlimited
There are 3 main types of resources: natural resources (land, minerals, water, etc.) capital resources ( l machinery, buildings, etc.) i l (tools, hi b ildi ) human resources (mental and physical)
© Gustavo Indart
Slide 10