(完整版)动词词尾加--ed的三种读音
动词ed结尾的发音规律
动词ed结尾的发音规律
英语中有许多动词以-ed结尾，表示过去式或者过去分词。
这些动词根据不同
的音标规则，其发音方式也有所不同。
下面是一些常见的动词-ed结尾的发音规律：
1. 如果动词以t或d音结束，那么-ed读作[ɪd]。
例如：wanted（想要）读作[ˈwɒntɪd]，needed（需要）读作[ˈniːdɪd]。
2. 如果动词以辅音音素后面的字母e结尾，那么-ed读作[d]。
例如：lived（居住）读作[ˈlɪvd]，baked（烘烤）读作[beɪkt]。
3. 如果动词以清辅音音素（p、t、k、f、θ、s、ʃ、tʃ）后面的非重读音素字母
结尾，那么-ed读作[t]。
例如：hoped（希望）读作[hoʊpt]，missed（错过）读作[ˈmɪst]。
4. 如果动词以浊辅音音素（b、d、g、v、ð、z、ʒ、dʒ、m、n、ŋ、l、r）和辅
音音素后面的重读音素字母结尾，那么-ed读作[d]。
例如：grabbed（抓住）读作[ɡræbd]，loved（爱）读作[lʌvd]。
需要注意的是，这些规律只适用于一部分动词，还有一些动词的-ed结尾并不
遵循以上规则。
因此，在学习新单词的发音时，最好参考字典或者查询相关资料，确保准确地掌握每个单词的发音规律。
总结起来，了解动词-ed结尾的发音规律对于正确发音和理解单词意思是至关
重要的。
通过学习这些规律，我们可以更加自信地运用英语，并且避免发生发音错误的尴尬局面。
动词加ed和ing规则
动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如：work ---worked play---play ed wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：liv e---liv edmov e----mov edtaste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：study---studie d copy---copied cry---criedcarry---carrie d4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop ---stoppe d5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
go – went make – made get – got buy- bought come - came f ly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。
如：begin—began，drink—drank，giv e—gav e，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam 2．把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。
如：driv e—drov e，ride—rode，write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew，变成过去式。
如：draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw（动词show除外，show—showed）4．动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。
如：get—got，f orget—f orgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e，变成过去式。
如：f eed—f ed，meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。
英语单词后加ed的读法和加上es或s的读法分别详解
英语单词后加ed的读法和加上es或s的读法分别详解单词后加ed, 就要根据单词的最后一个音来决定了,一般有三种情况：1. 如果最后一个音是/t/、/d/，则发/id/，如seated/si:tid/,leaded/li;did/；2.如果最后一个音是清辅音，则发/t/，如looked/lukt/；3.如果最后一个音是浊辅音，则发/d/，如robbed/robd/。
一．名词加复数变成-ss的发音有以下几种：1.在清辅音后，读/s/, 如books中k是清辅音[k]，所以s发[s]2.在浊辅音和元音后读 /z/，如pigs中g是浊辅音[g]，所以s发[z]3.在t,d后与前面的[t],[d]连起来一起读，比如cats就是[ts]，（发“磁”的音），beds就是[dz]，（发“子“的音）4. 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches5. 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babiese结尾的要看实际情况1.tree,bee像这样的可数名词,直接加s为trees,bees,这里的e发[i:]的元音,所以s就是[z]2.nuddle(面条),像这样不可数的,就复数就直接nuddle3.还有一类,比如people,当作"人"讲时,不可数,复数和单数同形,当作"民族"讲时,复数就是peoples.4.还有一些特殊的,比如knife,的复数是kinves,一般来说fe结尾的复数就是变f为v,加es,这个时候发音就是[naivz].6.以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses二. 动词加–ed 的读法：规则动词过去式的读音也有规律可循。
请记住：清后[t]，元浊[d]，[t] [d]之后读[id]。
①清辅音[k] [f] [s] [f]等后，ed要读[t]。
ed的用法规则范文
ed的用法规则范文ED是英语中的一种词缀，可以加在动词、形容词或名词前面，从而根据特定规则进行词形变化。
ED的主要用法是构成过去式和过去分词。
以下是关于ED的用法规则的详细说明：一、ED的发音规则：1. 在动词词尾以字母E结尾的时候，只需要加D，读作/d/音，如：live-lived (发音为/lɪvd/)，love-loved (发音为/lʌvd/)。
2. 在动词词尾以字母Y结尾，且在Y前面有一个辅音字母时，Y改成I，再加ED，读作/ɪd/音，如：study-studied (读作/'stʌdid/)，try-tried (读作/'traid/)。
3. 在动词词尾以短元音音素字母加一个辅音字母结尾的时候，重读辅音字母需要加一个E，并且再加ED，读作发音/t/，如：stop-stopped (读作/'stɒpt/)，plan-planned (读作/plænd/)。
4. 在动词词尾以非元音音素字母加一个辅音字母结尾的时候，直接加ED，读作/d/音，如：shout-shouted (读作/'ʃaʊʊtɪd/)，paint-painted (读作/'peɪntɪd/)。
二、过去式的用法规则：1. 在大多数动词中，过去式的构成方法是在动词词尾加上ED，如：play-played，watch-watched。
2. 当动词词尾是以不发音的E结尾时，通常只需要在E后加上D即可，如：arrive-arrived，like-liked。
3. 对于以辅音字母和Y结尾的动词，通常将Y改为I再加ED构成过去式，如：carry-carried，study-studied。
4. 在以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节结尾动词中，通常需要双写结尾辅音字母再加ED构成过去式，如：stop-stopped，plan-planned。
三、过去分词的用法规则：1. 过去分词的构成方法通常是在动词词尾加上ED，如：finish-finished，hurt-hurt。
动词词尾加--ed的三种读音
动词词尾加--ed的三种读音规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：1.在清辅音后读作[t]。
如：asked。
helped。
watched。
ped2.在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。
如：enjoyed。
studied。
moved。
called3.在t / d后读作[id]。
如：wanted。
needed补充说明：规则动词的过去式由“动词原形+-ed”构成，具体变化有：1.直接在词尾加-ed。
如: want—wanted,work—worked,need—needed。
clean—cleaned2.以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。
如：like—liked。
live—lived。
use—used,move—moved3.以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。
如：—ped。
trip—tripped4.以子音字母加y末端的动词，先把y酿成i，再加-ed。
如：study—studied,carry—carried。
hurry—hurried。
marry—married不划定规矩动词的曩昔式大致上归结有以下六条影象法：1.以t末端的词，曩昔式与真相不异。
如：put—put。
let—let。
cut—cut。
beat—beat2.以d末端的词，把d酿成t。
如:build—built,lend—lent,send—sent,spend—spent3.以n末端的词，在词后加t。
如：mean—meant。
burn—burnt。
learn—learnt4.以ow/ aw末端的词，把ow / aw酿成ew。
如：blow—blew。
draw—drew,know—knew,grow—grew5.含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。
如：keep—kept。
sleep—slept,feel—felt。
smell—smelt6.含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i酿成a。
如：sing—sang。
动词加ed做形容词时的读音规则
动词加ed做形容词时的读音规则动词加-ed构成形容词时，通常有三种读音规则：1. /ɪd/音：当动词的词尾是辅音音素/t/或/d/时，加-ed的形容词的读音为/ɪd/。
例：interested（/ˈɪntrəstɪd/）意为“感兴趣的”双语例句：He is very interested in learning new languages.他对学习新语言非常感兴趣。
2. /t/音：当动词的词尾是无声辅音（除/t/或/d/以外）时，加-ed的形容词的读音为/t/。
例：baked（/beɪkt/）意为“烤的”双语例句：She served us delicious baked goods.她给我们提供了美味的烘焙食品。
3. /d/音：当动词的词尾是有声辅音或元音时，加-ed的形容词的读音为/d/。
例：annoyed（/əˈnɔɪd/）意为“恼怒的”双语例句：The constant noise from the construction site annoyed the residents.建筑工地不停的噪音使居民感到很恼火。
其他类型的双语例句：1. We saw a frightened cat hiding under the table.我们看到一只受惊的猫躲在桌子下面。
2. The exhausted hikers finally reached the mountain top.精疲力竭的徒步旅行者终于到达山顶。
3. She was thrilled to receive an unexpected gift.她收到了一个意外的礼物，感到兴奋不已。
4. The surprised children gasped when they saw the magician's magic trick.孩子们惊讶地看到魔术师的魔术把戏时倒吸了一口气。
5. The injured athlete had to withdraw from the competition.受伤的运动员不得不退出比赛。
动词加ed和ing规则讲解
动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如：work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop ---stopped5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
go – went make – made get – got buy – bought come - came fly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。
如：begin—began，drink—drank，give—gave，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam2．把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。
如：drive—drove，ride—rode，write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew，变成过去式。
如：draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw（动词show除外，show—showed）4．动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。
如：get—got，forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e，变成过去式。
如：feed—fed，meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。
如：keep—kept，sleep—slept，sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke，变成过去式。
动词过去式跟过去分词的发音规则
规则动词过去式的构成和读音规则动词过去式的构成构成规则1、一般在动词原形末尾加–edlooklookedplayplayedstartstarted2、结尾是e的动词加-- dlivelivedhopehopeduseused3、末尾只有一个辅音字母的stopstopped重读闭音节词，先双写这个planplanned辅音字母，再加—edtriptripped4、结尾是―辅音字母+y‖的动词，studystudied先变―y‖为―i‖再加—edcarrycarried规则动词词-ed的读音1、清念/t/，即ed在清辅音后面念/t/ ,例：finishedhelpedpassedcooked2、元浊/d/ ,即ed在元音，浊辅音后面念/d/ ,例：borrowedenjoyedcalledmoved3、/t//d/之后念/id/ ,即ed在/t/ /d/音后面念/id/例：wantedshoutedneededcounted清念/t/ ,元浊/d/ ;/t/ /d/之后念/id/动词现在分词规则一规则二规则三一般动词加-inge.g. look—looking,read—reading,play—playing以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-inge.g. make—making, take—taking, arrive—arriving重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-inge. g. run—running, sit—sitting, get—getting, swim—swimming, stop--stopping 动词过去式规则动词变化规则一规则二规则三规则四一般动词加-ede.g. look—looked, watch—watched, play--played以e结尾的加-de.g. make—maked, arrive--arrived以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-edcry—cried, carry-carried重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-edstop—stopped,。
单词加ed后的发音
单词汇加ed后的收音：之阳早格格创做1.以浑辅音末端(没有包罗正在词汇尾收音的t 战d), 加了-ed后,收/t/.2.以元音或者浊辅音末端的,加了-ed后, 收/d/.3.末端是收音的t 或者d,加了-ed后,收/id/.准则动词汇的往日式由“动词汇本形+-ed”形成，简曲变更有：1. 曲交正在词汇尾加-ed.如: want—wanted, work—worked, need—needed, clean—cleaned2. 以没有收音的e末端的正在词汇尾加-d.如：like—liked, live—lived, use—used, move—moved3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母末端的沉读关音节动词汇，先单写末端的辅音字母，再加-ed.如：stop—stopped, trip—tripped4. 以辅音字母加y末端的动词汇，先把y形成i，再加-ed.如：study—studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married没有准则动词汇的往日式睹课本后的没有准则动词汇表.大概上归纳有以下六条影象法：1. 以t末端的词汇，往日式取本形相共.如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat2. 以d末端的词汇，把d形成t.如:build—built, lend—lent,send—sent, spend—spent3. 以n末端的词汇，正在词汇后加t.如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt4. 以ow / aw末端的词汇，把ow / aw形成ew.如：blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew5. 含有单写字母的词汇，将单写改为单写，正在词汇尾加t.如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt6. 含有元音字母o / i的词汇，将o / i形成a.如：sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank准则动词汇词汇尾加-ed有三种读音：1. 正在浑辅音后读做[t].如：asked, helped, watched, stopped 2正在浊辅音战元音后读做[d].如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called3. 正在t / d后读做[id].如：wanted, needed动词汇本形变第三人称单数的准则取收音顺序共名词汇单数变复数大概相共，请严肃瞅察.1、大普遍动词汇正在词汇尾加“S”正在浑辅音后收音为[s]，正在浊辅音及元音后收音为[z].如：①stop－stops [s] ; make－makes [s]②read－reads [z] ; play－plays [z]2、以辅音字母加“y”末端的，要先将“y”形成“i”，而后正在加“es”读[iz] 如：fly－flies [z]；carry－carries [z]study－studies [z]; worry－worries3、以“s, x, ch, sh”末端的，正在词汇尾加“es”，收音为[iz] 如：teach－teaches [iz]; watch－watches [iz]4、以“o”末端的动词汇，加“es”，读[z] 如：go－goes [z] do－does [z]底下几个动词汇形成单数时，本词汇的元音部分的收音爆收了较大的变更，请注意影象. 如：1、do [du:]－does [dz]2、say [sei]－says [sez]以没有收音字母“e”末端的启音节词汇，如果尾音是[s]，[z]时，加“s”后字母“e”收音，取所加“s”所有读干[iz]. 如：close－closes [iz]两、对于比词汇形变更中本词汇词汇尾变更之同共：变“y”为“”局里单写末尾辅音字母局里例词汇：①baby－babies②carry－carries③study－studyingbe动词汇包罗：am，is，are.第三人称单数用is；往日式为was；复数用are，往日式为were.。
动词过去式变化及ed的发音规则
动词过去式变化规则及 ed的发音规则
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动词过去式变化规则
一、规则变化 1、 一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed, 如： work—worked play—played want— wanted ask—asked 2、 以不发音的-e结尾动词，动词词尾加-d, 如：live—lived move—moved taste— tasted 3、 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，把y改成i, 加—ed, 如：study—studies try—tried copy—copied carry—carried 4、 重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再 加—ed, 如：stop—stopped
d／d／、g／g／、v／v／、the／ð／、z／z／、 ds／dz／、dr／dr／r/ r /再加 鼻音m／m／、n／n／ ing边音l／l／ 半元音j／j／、w／w／合计16个。
动词过去式构成读音
1、 清辅音后读清辅音ed[t] （清读清） 如：jumped liked
动词过去式构成读音
2、 浊辅音后读浊辅音[d] （浊读浊） 如： listen pull
read—read
什么是清辅音和浊辅音？？
01 1.辅音包括清辅音和浊辅音两大类。发音时声带不震动、送气的叫清辅音,
p／p／、t／t／、k／k／、f／f／、th ／θ／、 s／s／、sh／∫／、ch／t∫／、c／ts／、tr／tr／，再加上h／h／ ，合计12个。；
02 2.发音时声带震动、不送气的叫浊辅音,b／b／、
动词过去式构成读音
2、 浊辅音后读浊辅音[d] 元音后面读浊辅音[d] （元音后面读浊 音） 如：watered played
动词过去式构成读音
最新动词加ed后的读音
规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音
• 1. 在清辅音后读作[t]。如： • asked, helped, watched, stopped
• 2在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。如： • enjoyed, studied, moved, called
know—knew,grow—grew 5. 含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。如：
keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt 6. 含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。如：
sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写 结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。
如：stop—stopped, trip—tripped 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。如：study—
studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married
3. 以n结尾的词，在词后加t。 如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt
___________________________ _______________________
4. 以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。 如：blow—blew, draw—drew,
动词加ed化有：
1. 直接在词尾加-ed。如: want—wanted, work—worked, need— needed, clean—cleaned
动词加ed和ing规则
动词过去式变化规则与其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed ,如：work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词,动词词尾加-d,如：live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如：study---studiedcopy---copied cry---cried carry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed,如：stop ---stopped5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go – went make – made get –got buy – bought e - came fly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式.如：begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2．把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式.如：drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew,变成过去式.如：draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw〔动词show除外,show—showed〕4．动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式.如：get—got,forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式.如：feed—fed,meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式.如：keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式.如：break—broke,speak—spoke 8．动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式.如：sell—sold,tell—told9．动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式.如：stand—stood,understand—understood 10．以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式.如：bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught11．以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式.如：can—could,shall—should,will—would12．把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式.如：e—came,bee—became13．在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变.如：hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕14．动词的过去式与动词原形一样.如：let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read 〔red〕15．不符合上述规律的动词过去式.如：am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found ,fly—flew,go—went,have ／has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took过去式"-ed"的发音规则〔1〕动词词尾为"t,d"时,发/ id /音,want →wanted 〔要〕need →needed 〔需要〕〔2〕动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音. help →helped 〔帮助〕laugh →laughed 〔笑〕look →looked 〔看〕kiss →kissed 〔吻〕wash →washed 〔洗〕watch →watched 〔注视〕〔3〕动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音.call →called 〔叫〕stay→stayed 〔停留〕cry→cried 〔哭〕过去式是英语语法的一种,表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.目录过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：展开过去式,过去时态[过去式]1、过去发生的而现在已经结束的动作要用一般过去式来表示.2、表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.3、过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格.[过去时态]表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式.[过去时态结构]指的是过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成.过去式就是动词的变化,表示过去发生的事.一般看到ago,before, in 几几年,就是过去式.work-workedlisten-listened 一般的就是直接加ed,特殊的就有一些变化.结构[过去时态结构基本形式]1、主语+动词过去式+其他；2、否定形式①wasn't/weren't②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词；一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他. 概念：表示过去的发生动作或过去存在的某种状态例句：A:What did you do last weekend?B:I played football.A:Did you read books?B:Yes,I did.构成表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.规则动词的过去式变化如下：〔1〕一般情况下,动词词尾加ed ,如：work—worked；play—played；want— wanted；act—acted〔2〕以不发音的 e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d,如：live—lived；move—moved；decide—decided；decline—declined；hope—hoped；〔3〕以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如：studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied〔4〕以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed,如：stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped〔5〕注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go - went,make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,is/am-was,are-were ,see-saw,bring-brought,do-did,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent,eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,kno w-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam,swee p—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew,以上的〔1〕至〔4〕条中的发音均有改变,具体分别有/d/ /t/ /id/.而不规则动词的过去式的发音则略有不同,但是有些还是按照一定规律变化的.如以上的：make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,bring-brought,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat.read-read,spend-spent,give-gave,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam ,sweep—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew.仔细看一看,能发现它们的一些变化规律,也就是说不需要死记硬背这些过去式,知道了原型和变化规律,就可以写出来了.有的变化部分读音也是有规律的.分类记忆是对学习过去式很有帮助的！用法：〔1〕表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in thatfactory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.一般过去时的用法一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用.二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago,a minute ago,last year<week, month>, just now, at that time, in those days.三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式.例：We had a good time last week.2．表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去式.例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作,要用过去式.例：She often came to help me at that time.四.一般过去式的构成形式：☆Be动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+ be 动词的过去式〔was, were〕例：He was ill yesterday. She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.<2>否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式〔was, were〕+ not例：He was not ill yesterday.She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.<3>一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首.例：Was he ill yesterday?肯定回答：Yes, he was.否定回答：No, he wasn't.Was she nine two years ago? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.Were they your students long long ago? Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.☆实意动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+动词的过去式例：He played football last week.She watched TV last night.<2>否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形例：He did not play football last week.She didn’t watch TV last night.<3>一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形例：Did he play football last week?回答：Yes, he did./ No, he didn't.Did she watch TV last night?回答：Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed;例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied4．重读闭音节结尾的,词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned5.不规则动词: 动词由原形转变为过去式时不按词尾加"-ed"之变化规则者叫做不规则动词.小学常见的动词不规则过去式如：是be/is/am/are- was, 是are- were, 来e-came, 去go- went, 有have- had, 做/干do- did, 做make- made 读read- read, 放put- put, 切割cut- cut,写write- wrote, 带走take- took, 买buy- bought, 带来bring- brought,想think- thought, 看见see- saw, 说say- said, 说话speak- spoke,打破break- broke, 得到get- got, 跑run- ran, 告诉tell- told,唱sing- sang, 喝drink- drank, 吃eat- ate, 游泳swim- swam,开始begin- began, 偷steal- stole, 遇见meet- met, 卖sell- sold, 坐sit- sat,跑run-ran,读read-read,想要want-want,知道know/known等等表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.I stayed at home,yesterday.昨天,我整日呆在家里.〔2〕一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态.谓语动词要用一般过去式.时间标志：yesterday〔昨天〕, last weekend〔上周〕, last month〔上个月〕, last year〔去年〕, two months ago〔两个月前〕, the day before yesterday〔前天〕,in 1990 <在1990年>, in those days 〔在那些日子里〕等表示过去的时间状语.如：I was born in 1990. <我出生在1990年>.When did you go to the park? 〔你是什么时候去的公园〕.I went to the park last weekend. 〔我是上周去的公园〕在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态；第二句和第三句属于实义动词go的一般过去时态.1．Be 动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.构成：肯定句：主语+was <were> +表语如：I was late yesterday. 〔昨天我迟到了.〕否定句：主语+was <were> +not+表语如：We weren't late yesterday. <我们昨天没迟到>疑问句：Was <Were> +主语+表语如：Do you sick yesterday? 〔你昨天病了吗？〕肯定回答：Yes, I was. <是的,我病了.>否定回答：No, I wasn't. <不,我没病.>特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was <were> +主语+表语如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？读法：规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：1. 在清辅音后读作[t].如：asked, helped, watched, stopped2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d].如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called3.在t / d后读作[id].如：wanted, needed不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：1. 以t结尾的词,过去式与原形相同.如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beatstop - stoppingcut - cuttingcontrol - controlling动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：<1>把不定式置于句首.如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.<2>用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如：①It ＋be＋名词＋to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the positionin a quarter of an hour.④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.⑤It seems<appears>＋形容词＋to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式,如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.⒉动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如：①It's +no good<no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time>+doing…It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.②It's＋形容词＋doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.③There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如：It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如：It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句.如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式.如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.③介词but,except,besides+to do<do>在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do,则接to 不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等.如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.②动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如：have difficulty<in>doing,have no trouble<in>doing,lose no ti me<in>doing,prevent/stop…<from>doing,there is no use<in>doing等.⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等.在need,require,want 后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如：Your handwr iting needs improving<tobe improved>. hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.在下列情况下,一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would<should>时,如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如：I soon began to understand whatwas happening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如：Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如：Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in BeijingAirport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overe your shortings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事〔不定式作目的状语〕doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么〔目的状语〕doing停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果〔例①〕.当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组〔例②〕时,或以what引导的名词性分句〔例③〕,不定式说明主语的内容.④Our work is serving the people.⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如：①The next train to arrive is from Washington.②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question?④Would you please give me some paper to write on?⑤My wish to visit France has e true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：<1>表示将来的动作〔例①〕.<2>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不与物动词,则需加介词〔例④〕.<3>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态〔例③〕；如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态〔例②〕.<4>不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.⒉动名词作定语①This passage can be used as listening materials. ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.③All moving bodies have energy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些与物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整.<1>常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive〔强迫〕,encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like<love,hate>,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等.如：①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.<2>部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如：believe,consider,discover,find<=consider>,feel<=think>,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see<=unde rstand>,understa nd等.①We all believe John<to be>honest.②I consider him<to be>one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如：We consider him tohave been foolish.<3>感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.②They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.<4>help,know后面的"to"可有可无.如：Would you please help me<to> fill in the taxform?I've never known her<to>be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.<5>部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for〔渴望〕, prepare for,wish for等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如：①He was not allowed to enter the classroom forbeing late.②The young university student is considered to have great promise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语<1> ①I stayed there to see what would happen.②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.<2>有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如：Bob took down my telephone number so as<in order>not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如：I stayed there so that <in order that>I could see whatwould happen.<3>在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等.①We are glad to hear the news.②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.The room is really fortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等.⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如：①so…as to;such…as toI'm not so stupid<a fool> as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.②enough…toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.③only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.④too…toI'm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如：①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试与格我太高兴了.〔too修饰glad to have…,相当于very〕②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了〔不定式作定语〕.⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末.如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact〔确切地说〕,to begin with〔首先〕,to do him justice 〔说句对他公道的话〕,to be sure〔真的〕等等.七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词＋不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等.如：①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.④The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如：①When we shall leave…③…how Icould learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等.⒉动词不定式的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如：I hope to bee a university student this year.〔tobee发生在hope之后〕We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.〔play和hear同时发生〕②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如：The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.They seemed to be discussing something important.<2>语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如：It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.〔不定式作主语〕It was impossible for lost time to be made up.〔不定式作主语〕I wish to be sent to work in the country.〔不定式作宾语〕Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?〔不定式作定语〕He went to the hospital to be examined.〔不定式作状语〕在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如：There are still many things to t ake care of <to be taken care of>.但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如：These is nothing to do now.< We have nothing to do now.> There is nothing to be done now.<We can do nothing now.>⒊动名词的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后.如：We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. ②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon.We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.<2>被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分.如：The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如：The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如：①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. ②—Would you like to e to a party?—I'd love to.③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?—I'll try not to. ④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?—OK,I'll try.另外,be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中.⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如：Why spend such a lot of money?Why not wait for a couple of days?⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to".如：It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如：devote…to,face up to〔勇敢地面对〕,look forward to〔盼望〕,object to〔反对〕,take to〔养成习惯,对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动〕,be used to〔习惯于〕等.不定式的用法不定式的用法不定式由"to + 动词原形"构成,其否定形式是"not to + 动词原形".不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时有"for + 名词或代词宾格"构成.1．不定式的用法1〕作主语.不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式宾语.如：To see is to believe.It is right to give up smoking.2〕作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语.如：He wanted to go.I find it interesting to study history.有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,必须跟动名词.如：decide,plan,desire,expect,hope,wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage3〕作宾语补足语.如：。
动词加ed的发音规则
动词加ed的发音规则
动词加ed的发音规则是广泛适用于英式英语中现在分词和过去分
词形式的句子形态。
一般来说，动词加ed有两种不同的发音规则：（1）/t/ 和 /d/
结尾的动词，当词尾是/t/或/d/时，在加上ed之后它们的发音会变成
/ɪd/，如hoped（həʊpt）；（2）其他人称动词，即/tʃ/，/k/，
/s/或/z/开头动词，其后加上ed时会变成/t/，如
watched(wɔːtʃt)。
例外情况：
（1）含有双写字母的动词，读出“/ɪd/”，如stopped
(stɒpt)；
（2）以/ə/结尾的动词，加ed发音为/t/，如formed
（fɔːmt）；
（3）以/t/结尾的动词，加ed发音为/ɪd/，如wanted
（wɒntɪd）；
（4）以/d/结尾的动词，加ed发音为/d/，如landed
（lændɪd）；
（5）以元音和/t/或/d/结尾的动词，加ed发音为/ɪd/，如
loved（lʌvd）；
（6）以/tʃ/，/k/，/s/，/z/，/ʃ/，/ʒ/或/dʒ/结尾的动词，加ed发音为/t/，如kissed（kɪst）。
总之，动词加ed的发音规则要根据动词本身的读音来确定。
当动
词以/t/或/d/结尾时，加ed后发音为/ɪd/，而当动词以其它音结尾时，加ed后发音为/t/。
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规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：
1. 在清辅音后读作[t]。
如：asked, helped, watched, stopped
2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。
如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called
3. 在t / d后读作[id]。
如：wanted, needed
补充说明：
规则动词的过去式由“动词原形+-ed”构成，具体变化有：
1. 直接在词尾加-ed。
如: want—wanted, work—worked, need—needed, clean—cleaned
2. 以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。
如：like—liked, live—lived, use—used, move—moved
3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。
如：stop—stopped, trip—tripped
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。
如：study—studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married
不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：
1. 以t结尾的词，过去式与原形相同。
如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat
2. 以d结尾的词，把d变成t。
如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent
3. 以n结尾的词，在词后加t。
如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt
4. 以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。
如：blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew
5. 含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。
如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt
6. 含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。
如：sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
•在浊辅音和元音后面 [d]
called borrowed
moved[mu:vd] enjoyed
welcomed
answered
在清辅音后面 [t]
asked
finished
helped[helpt]
passed[pa:st]
reached
在[t]音后面 [id]
wanted['wCntid] started['sta:tid]
[d]音后面[id]
needed['ni:did] counted['kauntid]0。