American Dairy Science Association, 2007. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectr
信息检索考试题汇总附答案
4．国际标准书号的英文简称ISBN，新版国际标准书号2007年正一、单项选择题（从下列各题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，式实施，国际标准书号由10位升至13位。
（√）并将其代号写在答题纸相应位置处。
每题2分，共30分） 5．检索效果的评价指标主要有查全率和漏检率。
（×） 1．_C_是题录型检索工具 1.NSTL 是（国家科技图书文献中心）的简称。
A.CABIB.中国学术期刊文摘C.全国报刊索引（自然版）D.经济纵2.（信息检索系统）是指由一定的设备和信息集合构成，具有一横定存储、检索与传送技术设备，提供一定的存贮与检索方法及检2.浏览超星数字图书馆，应首先安装__D_____. 索服务功能的工作系统。
体系分类表通常由（类目表、标记符号、说明和注释、类目索3.世界上第一大联机检索系统是_A_。
引）4个部分组成。
A.DIALOG系统B.OBRIT系统C.OCLC系统D.STN系统 4.正式出版的中文期刊在检索工具和数据库中一般著录有国际4.利用baidu搜索信息时，要将检索范围限制在网页标题中，应标准刊号（ISSN）和国内统一刊号（CN）。
该使用的语法是___B_______。
5. A.site:B.intitle:C.inurl:: （JournalofAnalyticalChemistry）。
5．国际农业和生物科学中心英文名称的简称为_A。
6.CASHL是指（中国高校人文社会科学文献中心），其英文全称是ChinaAcademicSocialSciencesandHumanitiesLibrary，是全6.信息检索根据检索对象不同，一般分为___C___________。
国性的、唯一的人文社科外文期刊收藏和服务中心。
2002年开始A.二次检索、高级检索B.分类检索、主题检索规划建设，2004年3月15日正式启动 C.数据检索、事实检索、文献检索D.计算机检索、手工检索 7.电子期刊，指以（数字或称电子）形式出版发行的期刊，英文7.国际上评价期刊最有影响力的一个指标是___A_____。
文献检索
一、填空题1.NSTL是（国家科技图书文献中心）的简称。
2.（信息检索系统）是指由一定的设备和信息集合构成，具有一定存储、检索与传送技术设备，提供一定的存贮与检索方法及检索服务功能的工作系统。
3.体系分类表通常由（类目表、标记符号、说明和注释、类目索引）4个部分组成。
4. 正式出版的中文期刊在检索工具和数据库中一般著录有国际标准刊号（ISSN）和国内统一刊号（CN）。
5. 缩写刊名“J.Anal.Chem.”还原成原刊名为（Journal of Analytical Chemistry）。
6. CASHL是指（中国高校人文社会科学文献中心），其英文全称是China Academic Social Sciences and Humanities Library，是全国性的、唯一的人文社科外文期刊收藏和服务中心。
2002年开始规划建设，2004年3月15日正式启动7. 电子期刊，指以（数字或称电子）形式出版发行的期刊，英文为（electronicJournal），简称e-journal.8. 国家知识基础设施（National Knowledge Infrastructure，NKI）的概念，由世界银行提出于1998年。
CNKI是指（中国基础知识设施工程），它是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目，由清华大学、清华同方发起，始建于（1999）年6月。
KI平台的检索方式有（单库检索）、（跨库检索）、（数据库导航），在单库和跨库检索中有（初级）、（高级）、（专业）三种检索方式。
10．（报告号）是识别科技报告的显著标志。
11. 专利文献著录中，除了和专利有关的（专利名称）、（发明人）和（专利权人）等之外，还著录有（专利公布号）、（国际专利分类号）、（优先权号），有的还有申请号和申请日期、公布日期等。
13. 分类检索语言又称分类法，是用（分类号）和（类名）来表达信息的主题概念，并且按照知识门类的逻辑次序将信息系统地组织和划分的语言。
中国农业大学学生
中国农业大学学生科技创新和学术实践成果奖励办法为了鼓励科技竞赛及科技发明、科技类论文、学科竞赛等方面取得突出成绩的学生，培养学生的创新意识、创新能力，鼓励学生积极参与科技创新活动，学校专门设立科技竞赛及发明类奖金、科技论文奖金和学术实践成果类奖金，奖金的实施办法如下：一、获奖资格在校正式注册的全日制本科学生，热爱祖国，拥护中国共产党的领导，坚持四项基本原则；自觉遵守国家法律、法规，遵守学校的有关规章制度，品行端正，未受纪律处分；学习态度端正，学习成绩优良。
二、奖项设置与评定标准（一）科技竞赛及科技发明类奖金：1、特等奖（奖金3000元）科技类竞赛及科技发明成果得国家级特等奖以上奖励的团体或个人；2、一等奖（奖金1200元）科技类竞赛及科技发明成果获得国家级一等以上奖励的团体或个人；申报发明专利并获得授权的团体或个人，多人申报共享奖金。
3、二等奖（奖金800元）在科技类竞赛中或科技发明成果中，获国家二等以上奖励或省部级一等奖以上奖励；申报实用新型专利并获得授权的团体和个人，多人申报共享奖金。
4、三等奖（奖金500元）科技类竞赛或科技发明成果获国家三等以上奖励或省部级二等奖以上奖励；申报外观设计专利并获得授权的团体和个人，多人申报共享奖金。
（二）科技论文类奖金：科技论文指在《NATURE》、《SCIENCE》上发表和被SCI、EI、SSCI、A&HCI、CSSCI收录的原创性或综述性论文（不含会议论文摘要、短评等），以及在国家级核心期刊、论文集发表的原创性论文，论文的第一作者单位和通讯作者单位应为中国农业大学。
1、特等奖（奖金3000元）以第一作者或指导教师外排名第一作者的身份，在学校确定的相关学科领域顶尖期刊（见附件）上发表的SCI/SSCI论文，或发表的SCI/SSCI论文影响因子大于5;2、一等奖（奖金1200元）发表科技论文被SCI、SSCI、EI、CSSCI等同等资格收录的团体或个人，团体或个人须为第一作者或指导教师外排名第一的作者；3、二等奖（奖金800元）发表科技论文被SCI、SSCI、EI、CSSCI等同等资格收录的团体或个人，团体或个人排名在前3位；4、三等奖（奖金500元）在国家级核心期刊、论文集等以上发表科技论文的团体和个人，团体或个人须为第一作者或除指导教师外排名第一的作者；（三）学术实践类奖励：1、特等奖（奖金1200元）在全国性学科竞赛中获得特等奖及以上奖励或在国际学科竞赛中获得一等及以上奖励的团体或个人；2、一等奖（奖金800元）在全国性学科竞赛中获得一等奖及以上奖励或在国际学科竞赛中获得二等奖及以上奖励的团体或个人；3、二等奖（奖金500元）在全国性的学科竞赛中获得二等奖以上奖励或在国际学科竞赛中获得三等以上奖励或在省、部级学科竞赛当中获得一等奖及以上奖励的团体或个人；4、三等奖（奖金200元）在全国性的学科竞赛获科技学术活动中获得三等奖以上奖励或在、省部级科技学术活动中获得二等奖以上奖励或在国际学科竞赛中获得鼓励奖以上奖励的团体或个人；以上奖项，同一作品受到不同级别奖励的按最高级别评定；科技论文以正式发表的时间为准；集体项目均以作品为单位进行评定，该项目的奖金由项目所有成员按照贡献大小自行分配，原则上前四位作者有效；在同一类别中，有两项以上作品分获不同级别奖项的以其中最高级别评定，有两项以上作品获同一级别奖项的，递增一个获奖级别，最高为特等奖。
文献检索与利用试题题库及答案
:标记含义____ 基本肯定是答案——不肯定是正确答案**** 一些辅助注释等.《文献检索与利用》总复习题库一、单项选择题1. 以下不是布尔逻辑算符的是（）2.布尔逻辑算符通常的运算顺序是（）：A．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时NOT > AND > OR B．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时NOT > OR >AND C．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时AND >NOT > OR D．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时AND > OR > NOT 3.截词符“”可以用来代替0个或（）个字符A．多个B．1个C．2个D．3个4.以下哪个是图书馆公共目录检索系统的简称A. CalisB. NSTLC. OCLCD. OPAC号是哪种文献特有的标识A.会议文献B.标准文献C.学位论文D.期刊号是哪种文献特有的标识A.图书B.期刊C.科技报告D.专利文献7.下列哪个数据库是全文数据库A．CPCIB．Elsevier Science DirectC．EID. SCI8.用Adobe Reader可以阅读以下哪种格式的文件A .PDFB. VIPC. HTMLD. TXT是下面哪个数据库全文的阅读软件：A.超星数字图书馆B.维普中文科技期刊全文数据库中国知网期刊全文库D.万方数据资源10.浏览超星数字图书馆，应首先安装：A. Apabi ReaderB. Adobe ReaderC. CAJ ViewerD. SSReader11.下列数据库属于书目数据库的是A. SCIB. ISTPD.图书馆OPAC是A.会议文献数据库B.学位论文数据库C.标准文献数据库D.科技报告数据库、PB、NASA、DOE 是四大美国政府报告，其中NASA是指A.行政报告B.能源报告C.军事报告D.宇航报告14.（）是系统反映人类一切知识门类或某一知识门类基本知识和基本情况的大型资料性、综合性工具书，被称为“工具书之王”。
图书馆总复习含答案
《数字信息资源检索与利用》总复习题一、填空题1、文献内容特征的检索途径主要有(主题途径)和 (分类途径)。
2、科技报告按密级可以分为（保密报告）（非保密报告）（解密报告）三种。
3、CNKI平台中知网节包括（文献）知网节、（作者）知网节、（概念）知网节。
4、影响因子是指某期刊前两年发表的论文在统计当年的被引用总次数除以（该期刊在前两年内发表的论文总数）。
5、开放存取资源的主要类型有(开放期刊)、(学术仓储)。
6、科研单位、高等院校和企业等的科研总结或科研阶段进展情况的实际记录称为(科技报告)。
7、我国把专利分为（发明专利）、（实用新型专利）、（外观设计专利）三大类。
8、 GB/T代表（推荐性国家）标准。
9. 中国预印本服务系统由(国内预印本服务子系统)和(国外预印本门户子系统)构成。
10. （报告号）是识别科技报告的显著标志。
11. 在Google搜索过程中，点击（手气不错）将自动进入 Google 查询到的第一个网页。
12. 百度和Google这两个搜索引擎中,以(空格)表示逻辑“与”。
13. （Scirus）科学搜索引擎由爱思唯尔科学公司(Elsevier Science)于2001年4月1日推出的。
它是目前互联网上最全面、综合性最强的科技文献搜索引擎，是专为搜索高度相关的科学信息而设计的搜索引擎。
14. PQDD ：ProQuest Digital Dissertations 是美国UMI公司出版的（博硕士论文）数据库。
15. DOAJ的全称是(Directory of Open Access Journals)是一个(开放存取期刊)的集成服务平台。
16. 完整的信息检索系统是由(一定的设备)和(信息集合)两部分构成。
17.任意写出3种常用的电子图书格式：（exe）、(pdf)、(chm)。
18.根据对文献内容的不同加工深度可区分为(一次文献)、(二次文献)和（三次文献)。
19. 搜索引擎按照不同的分类标准，可以得到不同的分类结果。
全球各国家行业协会名录列表2
55、Automotive Parts Rebuilds Association 汽车配件制造业协会 http:/ /w ww.a pra .org/ 56、Industrial Truck Association 卡车工业协会 http:/ /w ww.i / 57、International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association 国际雪上汽车产业协会 http:/ /w ww.s nowmobi l 58、Association of International Automobile Manufacturers 国际汽车制造业协会 http:/ /w ww.a i a / 59、American Gear Manufacturers Association 齿轮制造业协会 http:/ /w ww.a gma .org/ 60、American Hardware Manufacturers Association 五金制造业协会 http:/ /w ww.a hma .org/ 61、American Lighting Association 照明器材制造协会 http:/ /w ww.a meri ca nli ghti nga ss / 62、Plumbing Manufacturers Institute 五金管件产业协会 http:/ /w ww.pmi hom / 63、Spring Manufacturers Institute (E-mail Only) 弹簧产业协会 s mi hq@a ol .com
4、National Soft Drink Association 美国 软饮料产业协会 http:/ /w ww.ns da .org/
畜牧业相关机构名称及词汇
畜牧业相关机构名称及词汇A°absolute temperature绝对温度AA amino acid氨基酸AAA American Association of Anatomists美国解剖学家协会AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration (U.S.A.)农业调整管理局[美]AAA amino acid analyzer氨基酸分析仪AAA amino acid availability氨基酸利用率AAA American Angus Association美国安格斯牛协会AAAA apparent available amino acid表观可利用氨基酸AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science美国科学促进协会AAB American Association of Bioanalysts美国生物分析学家协会AAB Association of Applied Biologists应用生物学家协会[英]AABGA American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums 美国植物园与树木园协会AABP American Association of Bovine Practitioners美国牛医师协会AACC American Association of Cereal Chemists美国谷物化学师协会AACC Asociacion Argentina de Criadores de Caprinos阿根廷山羊饲养员协会AACC Asociacion Argentina de Criadores de Cebu阿根廷瘤牛饲养员协会AAEA American Agricultural Economics Association美国农业经济学协会AAEA American Agricultural Editors Association美国农业编辑协会AAEE American Association of Economic Entomologists美国昆虫学家协会AAFCO Association of American Feed Control Officials美国饲料监督官协会AAFE American Association of Feed Exporters美国饲料出口商协会AAGBA American Angora Goat Breeder's Association美国安哥拉山羊育种者协会AAIE Association of Applied Insect Ecologists应用昆虫生态学家协会AALAS American Association for Laboratory Animal Science美国实验动物学协会AAM American Association of Microbiology美国微生物学会AAPA Asociacion Argentina de Produccion Animal阿根廷畜产协会AAPCC American Association of Poison Control Centres美国毒物控制中心协会AAPCO Association of American Pesticide Control Officials美国农药控制官员协会AARM American Association of Range Management美国牧场管理协会AAS American Academy of Sciences美国科学院AASBT American Association of Sugar Beet Technologists美国甜菜技师协会AASCO Association of American Seed Control Officials美国种子检验员协会AASE Association for Applied Solar Energy(U.S.A.)应用太阳能协会[美]AASP American Association of Swine Practitioners美国猪医师协会AASW American Association of Scientific Workers美国科学工作者协会AAUP American Association of University Professors美国大学教授联盟AAVMC Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges美国兽医学院协会AAVN American Association of Veterinary Nutritionists美国兽医营养学家协会AAZPA American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums美国动物园水族馆协会AB air blast鼓风AB artificial breeding人工配种ABA Alexandra business association (of Egypt)(埃及)亚历山大商业协会ABA American Bantam Association美国小型鸡协会ABA American Beefalo Association美国皮弗洛牛协会ABA American Buffalo Association美国水牛协会ABA abscisic acid脱离(落)酸ABBA American Brahman Breeders Association美国婆罗门牛育种者协会ABC Agricultural Bank of China中国农业银行ABC air blast cooled气流冷却的ABF American Beekeeping Federation美国养蜂联合会ABHR American Bay Horse Registry美国栗色马良种登记ABLC American Brown Leghorn Club美国褐色来航鸡协作组ABMAA American Black Maine-Anjou Association美国黑曼安茹牛协会ABOCF Association of British Organic and Compound Fertilizers英国有机与复合肥料协会ABPE acute bovine pulmonary emphysema牛急性肺气肿ABRO Animal Breeding Research Organization(英国) 家畜育种研究组织ABS American Breeders Service美国良种服务社ABZ Association of British Zoologists英国动物学家协会AC acre英亩AC available carbohydrate可利用碳水化合物ACA American Corriedale Association美国考力代羊协会ACA American Cattle Association美国养牛协会ACA American Chianina Association美国契安尼那牛协会ACB Association of Clinical Biochemists临床生物化学家协会[英] ACBA American Cavy Breeders Association美国豚鼠育种者协会ACBRCTA Association for Cooperation in Banana Research in the Caribbean and Tropical America加勒比海与热带美洲香蕉研究合作协会ACCA American Cotton Cooperative Association美国棉花合作协会ACDI Agricultural Cooperative Development International国际农业合作开发处ACE alcohol-chloroform-ether mixture乙醇-氯仿-醚混合物ACGF Australian Citrus Growing Federation澳大利亚柑橘种植联合会ACGRC American Checkered Giant Rabbit Club美国间格纹大型(毛皮用)兔协作组ACIWLP American Committee for International Wild Life Protection 美国国际野生动物保护委员会ACLAM American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine美国实验动物医学学会ACOMR Advisory Committee on Oceanic Meteorological Research (WMO)海洋气象研究咨询委员会(属世界气象组织)ACP acyl carrier protein酰载体蛋白ACPR American Crossbred Pony Registry美国杂种小型马良种登记ACRA American Cotswold Record Association美国考兹伍德羊良种记录协会ACS Austrian Chemical Society奥地利化学学会ACSIRO Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(英联邦)澳大利亚联邦科学及工业研究组织ACSS American Cheviot Sheep Society美国雪维特羊学会ACT Agricultural Central Trading (U.K.)农业发展委员会ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone促肾上腺皮质素ACWF All China Women's Federation中华全国妇女联合会A.D.average deviation平均偏差AD apparent digestibility表观消化率ADA American Dairy Association美国乳业协会ADA American Dietetic Association美国食物学会ADAA apparent digestive amino acid表观可消化氨基酸ADAS agricultural Development and Advisory Services (U.K.)农业发展与咨询服务处[英]ADB Asian Development Bank亚洲开发银行ADBC Agricultural Development Bank of China中国农业发展银行ADC Agricultural Development Council农业发展委员会[美]ADCA American Dexter Cattle Association美国德克斯特牛协会ADCSAS African Demonstration Centre on Sampling Agricultural Surveys (FAO)(联合国粮农组织)非洲典型农业抽样调查示范中心ADE apparent digestible energy表观可消化能ADE Association for Development of Enterprises企业发展协会ADEZ Association pour le Developpement des Etudes Zootechniques动物饲养技术研究发展协会ADF Albanian Development Fund阿尔巴尼亚发展基金ADF acid detergent fiber酸性洗涤纤维ADFA Australian Dried Fruit Association澳大利亚干果协会ADG average daily gain平均日增重ADGA American Dairy Goat Association美国乳山羊协会ADI acceptable daily intake日允许摄取量ADL acceptable defect level容许缺陷标准ADMRA American and Delaine-Merino Record Association美国细毛美利奴羊良种记录协会ADMS American Donkey and Mule Society美国驴骡协会ADP adenosine diphosphate二磷酸腺苷ADP Annual Development Programme(of Bangladesh)(孟加拉)年度发展计划ADPG adenosine diphosphate glucose二磷酸腺苷葡萄糖ADPI American Dairy Products Institute美国乳品协会ADRA Animal Disease Research Association (U.K.)动物疾病研究协会[英]ADSA American Dairy Science Association美国奶(牛)业协会a.e.acid equivalent酸当量(农药)AE absolute error绝对误差AE agricultural engineer农业工程师AEB American Egg Board美国鸡蛋委员会AERI Agricultural Economics Research Institution (British)农业经济学研究学会[英]AES Agricultural Economics Society(china)中国农业经济学会AES agricultural experiment station农业试验站AES American Entomological Society美国昆虫学会AES Agricultural Engineering Society (Australia)农业工程学会[澳] AFA American Forestry Association美国林业协会AFAC American Fisheries Advisory Committee美国渔业咨询委员会AFBF American Farm Bureau Federation美国农场局联合会AFC Area Forecast Centre区域(气象)预报中心[美]AfDB African Development Bank非洲开发银行AFEA American Farm Economic Association美国农场研究协会AFGC American Forage and Grassland Council美国饲草和草地协会AFS Academy of Forestry Sciences (China)中国林业科学院AFS American Fisheries Society美国渔业学会AGC American Grassland Council美国草原理事会AGI Associazion Genetica Italiana意大利遗传学学会AGRIS International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (GAO)国际农业科学技术情报系统(联合国粮农组织)AHC American Horse Council美国马委员会AHC American Horticultural Council美国园艺理事会AHDMA Animal Health Division of Ministry of Agriculture农业部兽医卫生处[英]AHHS American Hackney Horse Society美国海克尼挽马学会AHI Animal Health Institute家畜保健研究所AHI American Honey Institute美国草原理事会AHITI Animal Health and Industry Training Institute家畜保健与工业培训学会[肯尼亚]AHRA Arabian Horse Registry of American美国阿拉伯马良种登记AHRS The ad Hoc Research Scheme (India)(印度)临时研究计划AHS Agricultural History Society (U.S.A.)农业史学会[美]AHS American Horticultural Society美国园艺学会AHSA American Hampshire Sheep Association美国汉普夏羊协会AHT Animal Health Trust家畜保健托拉斯[英]AHY Animal Health Yearbook家畜卫生年鉴a.i.active ingredient有效成分AI artificial insemination人工授精AⅠanaphase I第一次减数分裂后期AIAS Australian Institute of Agricultural Science澳大利亚农业科学研究所AIBS American Institute of Biological Sciences美国生物学研究所AIC Agricultural Institute of Canada加拿大农业研究所AICA American-International Charolais Association美国国际夏洛来牛协会AICC Association International de Chimic Cerealiers国际谷物化学协会AICE Agriculture Institute of Crop Ecology美国作物生态学会AID Agency for International Development国际开发署[美]AIDPA Association Internationale de la Distrbution des Produits Alimentaires国际食品供应协会AIFRB American Institute lf Fishery Research Biologists美国渔业研究生物学家学会AIHR American Indian Horse Registry美国印第安马良种登记AIIAA Association des Ingenieurs des Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires农业与食品工业工程师协会[法]AIN American Institute of Nutrition美国营养学会AIRI Animal Industry Research Institute (Australia)畜产品加工业研究所[澳]AIS Australian Illawarra Shorthorn澳洲依拉华拉短角牛,澳洲短角牛AISF Associazione Italiana Sviluppo Foraggere意大利饲料开发协会AIVPA Association Internationale Veterinaire de Production Animale国际畜产兽医协会AJA American Journal of Anatomy美国解剖学报AJAR Australian Journal of Agricultural Research澳大利亚农业研究学报AJBS Australian Journal of Biological Science澳大利亚生物科学杂志AJCC American Jersey Cattle Club美国娟姗牛协作组AJDT Australian Journal of Dairy Technology澳大利亚乳品工艺杂志AJEAAH Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry澳大利亚实验农业和畜牧业杂志AJS American Journal of Science美国科学杂志AJSA American Junior Shorthorn Association美国小短角牛协会AJSA American Junior Simmental Association美国小西门塔尔牛协会AJVR American Journal of Veterinary Research美国兽医研究学报AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Programme阿迦评农村支持项目ALA American Landrace Association美国兰德瑞斯猪协会Ala.alanine丙氨酸ALC Agricultural Land Commission (U.K.)农业用地委员会[英国] ALM Asset and Liability Management资产和负债管理咨询和管理技术援助ALPA Asociacion Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal拉丁美洲畜产品协会ALRC ANTI-Locust Research Centre (U.K.)蝗虫防治研究中心[英] ALV Available lysine value可利用赖氨酸值A&M agricultural and mechanical农业与机械的AMA American Management Association美国企业管理协会AMA American Marketing Association美国产品销售协会,美国运销协会AMA Agricultural Marketing Administration农产品销售管理局[美] AMA American Mustang Association美国牧区马协会AMAA American Maine-Anjou Association美国曼安茹牛协会AMAS Association Mondiale d'Aviculture Scientifique世界科学养禽协会AMDEC Agricultural Marketing Development Executive Committee (U.K.)农产品销售发展执行委员会[英]AME apparent metabolism energy表观代谢能AMGA American Murray Grey Association美国墨累灰牛协会AMHA American Morab Horse Association美国摩拉伯马协会AMI American Meat Institute美国肉品研究所AMIF American Meat Institute Foundation美国肉品研究基金AMP Adenosine monophosphate一磷酸腺苷AMPA Asociancion Mexicana de Produccion Animal墨西哥畜产协会AMS Agricultural Marketing Service (U.S.A.)农产品销售局[美]AMS Agricultural Machinery Society (China)中国农机学会AMS American Meteorological Society美国气象学会AMSA American Meat Science Association美国肉品学协会AMSS American Milking Shorthorn Society美国短角奶牛学会AMTDA Agricultural Machinery and Tractor Dealers' Association (U.K.)农业机械与拖拉机商协会[英]AMZ Association Mondiale de Zootechnie世界家畜饲养协会AMZ Australian Milking Zebu澳大利亚乳用瘤牛ANCA American National Cattlemen's Association美国养牛协会ANRC Animal Nutrition Research Council (U.S.A.)动物营养研究委员会[美]ANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准协会ANT Assessment of New Techniques新技术评价[英]ANTU alpha-naphthylthiourea安妥(杀鼠剂)AOAC Association of Official Agricultural Chemists官方农业化学家协会[美]AOCS American Oil Chemists Society美国油脂化学家协会AOM active oxygen method(油脂)活性氮测定法AOMP Australian Objective Measurement Project澳大利亚(销售羊毛)客观测定方案AOQ average outgoing quality平均抽检质量AOTA Advisory and Operational Technical Assistance咨询和管理技术援助a.p.analytic pure分析纯(试剂)AP acid proof耐酸的AP available phosphorus有效磷APA antipernicious anemia factor抗恶性贫血因子,维生素B12 APAW aerobically processed animal waste有氧处理厩肥APBF Accredited Poultry Breeders Federation[U.K.]合格家禽饲养员联合会[英]APC automatic phase control自动相位调整APF animal protein factor动物蛋白因子APF Association of Pacific Fisheries (U.S.A.)太平洋渔业协会[美] APH anterior pituitary hormone垂体前叶激素APHA American Paint Horse Association美国花毛马协会APHA American Polled Hereford Association美国无角海福特牛协会APHA American Public Health Association美国公共卫生协会APHCA Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia亚洲畜牧生产与保健委员会APHF American Poultry and Hatchery Federation美国禽场与孵化场联合会APHIS Animal, Plant and Health Inspection Service动植物卫生检验处APHS American Poultry Historical Society美国家禽史学会APIA Arkansas Poultry Improvement Association阿肯色州家禽改良协会APPRC American Partridge Plymouth Rock Club美国鹧鸪普利茅斯洛克鸡协作组APPROX approximate近似,约计APS American Phytopathological Society美国植物病理学会APS American Pomological Society美国果树学会AQL Acceptable Quality Level合格品质量水平,质量合格标准AR Advanced Registry(乳牛)高级注册AR analytical reagent分析试剂AR atrophic rhinitis(猪)萎缩性鼻炎ARA American Remount Association美国候补军马协会ARBA American Rabbit Breeders' Association美国家兔育种者协会ARBA American Romney Breeders' Association美国罗姆尼羊育种者协会ARC American Render Council美国油脂协会ARC Agricultural Research Council农业研究理事会[英]ARC Associated Research Center联合研究中心ARCRL Agricultural Research Council Radiobiological Laboratory (U.K.)农业研究理事会放射生物实验室[英]ARCURPB Agricultural Research Council Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry(英国剑桥)农业研究理事会生殖生理与生物化学研究室ARF Agricultural Research Fund (Kenya)肯尼亚农业研究基金Arg arginine精氨酸ARI Agricultural Research Institute农业科学研究所ARIAB Agricultural Research Institute and Agricultural Board (U.S.A.)农业研究所与农业局[美国]ARP assimilation regulating protein调节同化的蛋白ARPAC Agricultural Research Policy Advisory Committee (U.S.A.)农业政策研究咨询委员会[美]ARPFS Agricultural Research Program and Facilities Subcommittee (U.S.A.)农业研究计划与设施附属委员会ARSBA American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders Association美国兰布列羊育种者协会ARSUSDA Agricultural Research Service of United States Department of Agriculture美国农业部农业研究院AS Academy of Science科学院AS American Standard美国标准ASA American Shorthorn Association美国短角牛协会ASA American Soybean Association美国大豆协会ASA American Standards Association美国标准协会ASA American Simmental Association美国西门塔尔牛协会ASA American Society of Agronomy美国农学会ASA;ASYA American Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASAB Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (U.K.)动物习性研究协会[英]ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers美国农业工程师协会ASAP American Society of Animal Production美国畜产学会ASAS American Society of Agricultural Sciences美国农业科学协会ASB American Society of Biochemists美国生物化学家协会ASB Association of Southeastern Biologists东南地区生物学家协会[美]ASBA American Shorthorn Breeder's Association美国短角牛育种协会ASBA American Standardbred Breeders' Association美国纯种马育种者协会ASBC American Society of Biological Chemists美国生物化学家学会ASCRA American Standard Chinchilla Rabbit Association美国标准青紫兰兔协会ASDAR Association pour la Selection et le Developpement des Animaux de Race种畜选育协会ASF African Swine Fever非洲猪瘟ASG American Society for Genetics美国遗传学会ASGROW Associated Seed Growers, Inc.( U.S.A.)种子繁殖者联合公司[美]ASHA American Shire Horse Association美国夏尔重挽马协会ASHA American Suffolk Horse Association美国萨福克马协会ASHBA American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association美国骑乘马育种者协会ASHBA American Scotch Highland Breeders' Association美国苏格兰高原牛育种者协会ASHS American Society for Horticultural Science美国园艺学会ASI American Soybean Institute美国大豆研究所ASM American Society for Microbiology美国微生物学学会ASM American Society of Mammalogists美国哺乳动物学家学会ASP American Standard of Perfection美国家禽品种标准Asp.aspartic acid天门冬氨酸ASPC American Sheep Producers Council美国绵羊生产者委员会ASPCA American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals美国防虐待动物协会ASPP American Society of Plant Physiologists美国植物生理学家协会ASRA American Shropshire Registry Association美国雪洛伯夏羊注册协会ASRE American Society of Refrigerating Engineers美国制冷工程师学会ASS Agricultural Support Subsidies支农补助金[英]ASSOPOMAC Association of Common Market Potato Breeders (Germany)共同市场马铃薯育种者协会[德国]ASSS American Suffolk Sheep Society美国萨福克羊协会ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials美国试验和材料学会ASYA American Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASZ American Society of Zoologists美国动物学家学会ATA America Tree Association美国树木协会ATB Agricultural Training Board (U.K.)农业培训局[英]ATCC American Type Culture Collection美国标准菌库ATFA American Turpentine Farmers Association美国脂农协会ATP adenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷ATPase adenosine triphosphatase三磷酸腺甙酶ATTF/ASARECA Agricultural Technology Transfer Fund of Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa加强中非和东非农业研究协会农业技术转让基金AUM animal-unit-month月畜单位AusAID Australian Assistance for International Development澳大利亚国际开发署AV acid value酸价,酸值AVA Australian Veterinary Association澳大利亚兽医协会AVC Association of Vitamin Chemists美国维生素化学工作者协会AVHA Association Veterinaire d Hygiene Alimentaire兽医食品卫生协会[法]AVMA American Veterinary Medical Association美国兽医协会AVTRW Association of Veterinary Teachers and Re-search Workers (U.K.)兽医教师与研究工作者协会[英]AW actual weight实际重量AW water activity水分活度AWA American Waterfowl Association美国水禽协会AWB Agricultural Wages Board (U.K.)农业工资局[英]AWB Australian Wool Board澳大利亚羊毛局AWC Australian Wool Corporation澳大利亚羊毛公司AWC American Wool Council美国羊毛委员会AWF American Wildlife Foundation美国野生动物基金会AWPA American Walking Pony Association美国小型走马协会AWPA American Wood-Preservers' Association美国护林人员协会AWTA Australian Wool Testing Authority澳大利亚羊毛检验局AWWA American Water Works Association美国给水工程学会AWWM Association of Wholesale Woollen Merchants Ltd.(U.K.)羊毛批发商有限公司[英]AYC American Yorkshire Club美国约克夏猪协作组BAA British Agrochemicals Association英国农用化学品协会BAAC Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperation (Thailand) (泰国农业和农业合作银行)BAAP British Association of Animal Production英国畜产品协会BACA British Agricultural Contractors' Association英国农业承包商协会BACAH British Association of Consultants in Agriculture and Horticulture英国与园艺顾问协会BACE Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering (U.S.A.)农业化学与工程局[美]BAE Bureau of Agricultural Economics农业经济局[澳]BAE Bureau of Agricultural Economics[U.S.A.]农业经济局[美]BAE Bureau of Agricultural Engineering[U.S.A.]农业工程局[美] BAGMA British Agricultural & Garden Machinery Association英国农业与园艺机械协会BAGSFAM British Association of Grain, Seed, Feed and Agricultural Merchants英国谷物、种子、饲料与农产品商人协会BAHS British Agricultural History Society英国农业史学会BAI Bureau of Animal Industry (U.S.A.)畜产工业局[美]BAIC Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry (U.S.A)农业与工业化学局[美]BAPP British Association of Pig Producers英国养猪商协会BAS British Association of Standard英国标准协会BASC Biological Abstracts Subject in Context生物学主题索引, 生物学关键词索引BATC British-American Tobacco Company英[[#A12E]]美烟草公司BAWRA British Australian Wool Realization Association英国澳大利亚羊毛交易协会BBA British BeeKeepers' Association英国养蜂者协会BBA British Bloodstock Association英国纯种家畜协会BBBA British Bird Breeders' Association英国禽鸟育种者协会BBCF British Bacon Curers' Federation英国腌肉加工商联合会BBKC British Bee-Keeping Center英国养蜂中心BBS British Biophysical Society英国生物物理学会BCA British Chicken Association英国小鸡协会BCAIC British Columbia Artificial Insemination Center不列颠哥伦比亚人工授精中心[加]BCBC British Cattle Breeders' Club英国牛育种者协作组BCCP biotin carboxyl carrier protein生物素羟基载体蛋白BCFG British Columbia Fruit Growers'不列颠哥伦比亚水果种植者协会[加]BCFS British Columbia Forestry Society不列颠哥伦比亚林业学会[加]BCG Bacillus Calmett-Guerin卡介苗BCGA British Cotton Growing Association美国棉花种植协会BCIA Beef Cattle Improvement Association肉牛改良协会[美]BCPC British Crop Protection Council英国作物保护委员会BCT brucellosis card test布氏杆菌纸版(凝集)试验BDAA Bio-dynamic Agricultural Association生物动力学农业协会BDC Business Development Center商业发展中心BDFA British Dairy Farmers' Association英国乳牛场主协会BDHCA Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America美国比利时重挽马公司BDI Bureau of Dairy Industry乳业局[美]BDMA British Disinfectant Manufacturers' Association英国消毒剂制造商协会BEGEBI Bureau d'Etudes et de Gestion des Elevages Bovins Intensifs集约养牛研究管理局[法]BEMB British Egg Marketing Board英国禽蛋销售委员会BEPQ Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (U.S.A.)昆虫学与植物检疫局[美]BES Biological Engineering Society生物工程学会BFA British Fellmongers' Association英国皮毛商协会BFCI The Bast Fiber Crops Institute (China)麻类研究所[中国] BFCS British Friesian Cattle Society英国黑白花牛学会BFMA British Farm Mechanization Association英国农场机械化协会BFMIRA British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association英国食品工业研究协会BFPC British Farm Produce Council英国农场生产委员会BFTA British Fur Trade Alliance英国毛皮贸易同盟BGF Banana Growers Forestry (China)香蕉种植者联合会[澳]BGS British Goat Society英国山羊学会BGS British Grassland Society英国牧场学会BHA British Horse Association英国马协会BHA butylated hydroxyanisole丁基羟基茴香醚bhp brake horse power制动马力BHS British Horse Society英国马协会BHT butylated hydroxytolune2,6-二丁基羟基甲苯,丁基对甲酚BIF Beef Improvement Federation肉牛改良联合会[美]BIF Beijing Institute of Forestry (China)北京林学院[中]BIOSIS Biosciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts生物学文摘生物科学情报服务局[美]BL basic line基线BLM Bureau of Land Management土地管理局BM basic metabolism基础代谢率bmep brake mean effective pressure制动有效平均压力BMES Biomedical Engineering Society生物医学工程学会[美]BMS British Mycological Society英国真菌学会BMSGMA British Maize Starch and Glucose Manufacturers Association英国玉米淀粉与葡萄糖制造商协会BMVF Bundesmarktverband fur Vieh und Fleisch联邦家畜和肉类市场联合会[德]BNIST Bureau National des Informations Scientifiques et Techniques国家科学技术情报局[法]B.O.D.biochemical oxygen demand生物需氧量BP British Pharmacopoeia英国药典BPBHA British Poultry Breeders and Hatcheries Association英国家禽饲养与孵化商协会BPCA British Pest Control Association英国虫害控制协会BPF British Poultry Federation英国家禽联合会BPHS British Percheron Horse Society英国泼雪龙重挽马学会BRA Beef Recording Association(英)肉牛(生产性能)BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee孟加拉国农村促进委员会BRC British Rabbit Council英国家兔委员会BRD bovine respirator disease牛呼吸道病BRI Biological Research Institute生物研究所[美]BRM biological response modifier生物反应调节剂BS Biological Society生物学学会[美]BS British standard英国标准BSA bovine serum albumin牛血清白蛋白BSA body surface area体表面积BSA Botanical Society of America美国植物学会BSALS British Society for Agricultural Labor Science英国农业劳动科学学会BSBC British Social Biology Council英国社会生物学委员会BSC Biological Stain Commission生物染色委员会[美]BSCBA Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association瑞士褐牛育种者协会BSCP Biological Sciences Communication Project生物学交流计划[美]BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy牛海绵状脑病, 疯牛病BSFV bovine shipping fever virus牛运输热病毒BSI British Standard Institute英国工业协会BSRAE British Society for Research in Agricultural Engineering英国农业工程研究学会BSS British Sheep Society英国绵羊学会BSS British Standard Specification英国标准规范BSSS British Society of Soil Science英国土壤学会BST blood serological test血清学试验BST bovine somatotrophin牛生长激素BTGCA Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association伯利烟草种植者合作协会[美]BTU British thermal unit英国热量单位BTV Boynton's tissue vaccine彭登组织(猪瘟)疫苗BV biological value(蛋白质)生物价值BVA British Veterinary Association英国兽医协会BVC British Veterinary Codex英国兽医药典BVD bovine virus diarrhea牛病毒性腹泻,牛黏膜综合征BVP biological value of protein蛋白质生物学价值bw body weight体重BWA British Waterfowl Association英国水禽协会BWC British Wool Commission英国羊毛委员会BWCC British Weed Control Council英国杂草控制委员会BWD bacillary white diarrhea(雏鸡)白痢BWF British Wool Federation英国羊毛联合会BWMB British Wool Marketing Board英国羊毛销售委员会CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences中国农业科学院CAB Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau(原) 联邦农业局[英] CABI Center for Agricultural Biology, International国际农业与生物中心CaBP calcium binding protein钙结合蛋白质CAC Codex Alimenterius Commission食品标准委员会[国际]CACR Council for Agricultural and Chemurgic Research (U.S.A.)农业与农业化学研究理事会[美]CAFS Chinese Academy of Forestry Science中国林业科学院CAI confused artificial insemination错乱人工授精CALRAB California Raisin Advisory Board加利福尼亚葡萄干咨询局[美]CAM Crassulacean Acid Metabolism景天植物代谢酸Can. Dept. Agr.Canadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CAOPT Council of American Official Poultry Tests美国家禽政府测定委员会CAP catabolite activator protein降解物激活蛋白, 分解代谢产物激活蛋白CAP6-chloro-6-17-acetoxy-progesterone氯地孕酮CAP Committee on Agricultural Policies (of ECE)农业政策委员会(欧洲经济委员会)CAS the Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院CASCC Canadian Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee加拿大农业服务协调委员会CASS Chinese Academy of Social Science中国社会科学院CATF Competitive Agricultural Technology Fund竞争农业技术基金CBABG Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics 联邦动物育种与遗传学局[英]CBAE Commonwealth Bureau of Agricultural Economics联邦农业经济局[英]CBAN Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition英联邦家畜营养局CBC complete blood count全部血细胞数CBDST Commonwealth Bureau of Dairy Science and Technology (U.K.)联邦乳酪科学与技术局[英]CBPBG Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics (U.K.)联邦植物育种遗传学局[英]CBPFC Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops (U.K.)联邦牧草与大田作物局[英]CBSA Cleveland Bay Society of America美国克利夫兰骝毛马学会CC commercial crossbreeding商业性杂交育种,经济杂交CCA Canadian Cooperative Association加拿大合作协会CCAC Canadian Council on Animal Care加拿大动物饲养协会CCAHC Central Council for Agricultural and HorticulturalCo-operation (U.K.)中央农业与园艺合作理事会[英]CCFA Codex Committee on Food Additive食品添加剂标准委员会CCFH Codex Committee on Food Hygiene国际食品卫生标准委员会CCK contagious conjunctivokeratitis传染性结膜角膜炎ccm cubic centimeter立方厘米CCN cere-cortical necrosis大脑皮质坏死CCW counter-clockwise反时针方向的C.D.cow day(牛)放牧日CD critical density临界密度CDA Canadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CDC Commonwealth Development Corporation联邦发展合作CDCD caesarean-derived colostrum-deprived剖宫产禁食初乳的CDF Commonwealth Development Framework联邦发展框架CDP cytidine diphophate胞苷二磷酸CEC Committee for Environmental Conservation环境保护委员会CF Committee of Fisheries [FAO]渔业委员会[联合国粮农组织]CF crude fider粗纤维CFA Canadian Federation of Agriculture加拿大农业联合会CFA Canadian Forestry Association加拿大林业协会CFA Commonwealth Forestry Association (U.K.)联邦林业协会[英] CFIA China Feed Industry Association中国饲料工业协会CFMS Commercial Farm Management Service农业管理服务组织CFS condensed fish solubles浓缩鱼汁CFTA Canadian Food Technologists' Association加拿大食品工艺师协会CFTRI Central Food Technological Research Institute(印度)中央食品工艺研究所CGAP Consultative Group of Assisting the Poorest帮助最贫困者咨询小组CGI Credit Guarantee Institution信贷担保机构C.G.R.crop growth rate作物生长率CHO carbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类CICETE China International Center for Economic and Technical Exchange中国国际经济技术交流中心CIDA Canadian International Development Assistance加拿大国际开发署CILBCEP Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique Contre les Ennemis des Plantes国际生物控制委员会[法]CIMMT Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo国际玉米和小麦改良中心[墨西哥]CIV Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias兽医学研究中心CIVBP The Control Institute of Veterinary Bioproducts and Pharmaceuticals (China)兽医药品监察所[中]CLP Council for Livestock Protection家畜保护委员会[美]CMC clump microscopic count直接镜检菌落数CMC carboxymethyl cellulose羧甲基纤维素CMDC Central Milk Distributive Committee中央牛奶分配委员会CMS carboxymethyl starch羧甲基淀粉CMT California mastitis test加利福尼亚乳房炎试验CNABSIEC China National Animal Breeding Stock Import and Export Corporation中国种畜进出口公司CNCOFIEC China National Cereals, Oils and Food-stuffs Import and Export Corporation中国粮油食品进出口总公司CNE Confederation Nationale de l'Elevage全国畜牧联合会[法] CNFQC China National Feed Quality Control中国国家饲料质量监督检验中心CNMIEC China National Machinery,Import and Export Corporation 中国机械进出口公司CNNPABIEC China National Native Produce and AnimalBy-products Import and Export Corporation中国土产畜产进出口总公司CNRZ Centre National de Recherches Zootechniques国立畜牧研究中心[法]CNTIEC China National Textiles Import and Export Corporation中国纺织品进出口总公司CoA coenzyme A辅酶ACOD chemical oxygen demand化学需氧量CODAZR Committee on Desert and Arid Zones Research (U.S.A.)沙漠与干旱地区研究委员会[美]COFI Council of Forest Industries of British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚森林工业理事会[加]COGECA General Committee for Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union欧盟农业合作综合委员会COSTED Committee on Science and Technology in the Developing Countries发展中国家科学技术委员会CP crude protein粗蛋白质C/P ratio energy (calorie) protein ratio能量蛋白比CPAC Committee for Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives 促进合作委员会CPCIZ Comite Permanent des Congres Internationaux de Zoologie 国际动物学大会常设委员会[法]CR compression ratio压缩比CRD chronic respiratory disease(家禽)慢性呼吸道病CSAP Canadian Society of Animal Production加拿大畜产学会CSAS Canadian Society of Animal Science加拿大畜牧学会CSH cotton seed hull 棉籽壳CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research科学与工业研究理事会[澳]CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization联邦科学与工业研究组织[澳]CSL corn steep liquor玉米浆CSM corn-soya-milk玉米[[#A12E]]大豆[[#A12E]]牛乳。
《文献检索与利用》总复习题库
P.S标记含义____ 基本肯定是答案——不肯定是正确答案**** 一些辅助注释等.《文献检索与利用》总复习题库一、单项选择题1. 以下不是布尔逻辑算符的是（）A.NOTB.ORC.ANDD.NEAR2.布尔逻辑算符通常的运算顺序是（）：A．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时 NOT > AND > OR B．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时 NOT > OR >AND C．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时 AND >NOT > OR D．有括号时，括号内的先执行；无括号时 AND > OR > NOT3.截词符“？”可以用来代替0个或（）个字符？A．多个B．1个C．2个D．3个4.以下哪个是图书馆公共目录检索系统的简称？A. CalisB. NSTLC. OCLCD. OPAC5.ISSN号是哪种文献特有的标识？A.会议文献B.标准文献C.学位论文D.期刊6.ISBN号是哪种文献特有的标识？A.图书B.期刊C.科技报告D.专利文献7.下列哪个数据库是全文数据库A．CPCIB．Elsevier Science DirectC．EID. SCI8.用Adobe Reader可以阅读以下哪种格式的文件A .PDFB. VIPC. HTMLD. TXT9.cajviewer是下面哪个数据库全文的阅读软件：A.超星数字图书馆B.维普中文科技期刊全文数据库KI中国知网期刊全文库D.万方数据资源10.浏览超星数字图书馆，应首先安装：A. Apabi ReaderB. Adobe ReaderC. CAJ ViewerD. SSReader11.下列数据库属于书目数据库的是A. SCIB. ISTPC.EID.图书馆OPAC12.PQDT是A.会议文献数据库B.学位论文数据库C.标准文献数据库D.科技报告数据库13.AD、PB、NASA、DOE 是四大美国政府报告，其中NASA是指A.行政报告B.能源报告C.军事报告D.宇航报告14.（）是系统反映人类一切知识门类或某一知识门类基本知识和基本情况的大型资料性、综合性工具书，被称为“工具书之王”。
信息检索考试题汇总 附答案
4．国际标准书号的英文简称ISBN，新版国际标准书号2007年正一、单项选择题（从下列各题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，式实施，国际标准书号由10位升至13位。
（√）并将其代号写在答题纸相应位置处。
每题2分，共30分） 5．检索效果的评价指标主要有查全率和漏检率。
（×） 1．_C_是题录型检索工具是（国家科技图书文献中心）的简称。
.中国学术期刊文摘 C.全国报刊索引（自然版）D.经济纵2.（信息检索系统）是指由一定的设备和信息集合构成，具有一横定存储、检索与传送技术设备，提供一定的存贮与检索方法及检 2.浏览超星数字图书馆，应首先安装__D_____. 索服务功能的工作系统。
体系分类表通常由（类目表、标记符号、说明和注释、类目索3.世界上第一大联机检索系统是_A_。
引）4个部分组成。
系统系统系统系统 4.正式出版的中文期刊在检索工具和数据库中一般着录有国际4.利用baidu搜索信息时，要将检索范围限制在网页标题中，应标准刊号（ISSN）和国内统一刊号（CN）。
该使用的语法是___B_______。
5. :::: （JournalofAnalyticalChemistry）。
5．国际农业和生物科学中心英文名称的简称为_A。
是指（中国高校人文社会科学文献中心），其英文全称是ChinaAcademicSocialSciencesandHumanitiesLibrary，是全6.信息检索根据检索对象不同，一般分为___C___________。
国性的、唯一的人文社科外文期刊收藏和服务中心。
2002年开始A.二次检索、高级检索B.分类检索、主题检索规划建设，2004年3月15日正式启动 C.数据检索、事实检索、文献检索 D.计算机检索、手工检索 7.电子期刊，指以（数字或称电子）形式出版发行的期刊，英文7.国际上评价期刊最有影响力的一个指标是___A_____。
为（electronic A.影响因子B.读者统计数据C.引文量D.价格 Journal），简称e-journal. 8.二次检索指的是：___C__________。
文献检索
60.检全率与（检准率）存在一定的互逆关系，即检全率和检准率不可能同时都达到最高。
二、判断题
1. The mammalian cell as a microorganism;-genetic and biochemical studies in vitro puck, Theodore T.(Theodore Thomas) xi,219p.illus.24cm. ISBN 0-816-26980-7 San Francisco,Holden-Day 1972 该文献类型为期刊论文。（×）
51．CSSCI是南京大学研制，教育部人文、社会科学重大研究项目，CSSCI的中文全称是（中文社会科学引文索引）。
52．SIAM数据库的全称（工业和应用数学学会）。
53．中国科学引文数据库CSCD，其英文全称是 (Chinese Science Citation Database)， 收入我国数学、物理、化学、天文学、地学、生物学、农林科学、医药卫生、工程技术、环境科学和管理科学等领域出版的中英文科技核心期刊和优秀期刊近千种。
10、缩写刊名的识别与还原的方法有四种：（1用相关工具书（4）在因特网上查找。（√）
11. 为了避免资源的浪费，必须是图书馆纸质和电子资源中不能获取的文献，才能使用文献传递。（√）
专业英文简写、缩写汇总
A°absolute temperature绝对温度AAamino acid氨基酸AAmerican Association of Anatomists美国解剖学家协会AAgricultural Adjustment Administration (U.S.A.)农业调整管理局[美]AAAamino acid analyzer氨基酸分析仪AAAamino acid availability氨基酸利用率AAmerican Angus Association美国安格斯牛协会AAapparent available amino acid表观可利用氨基酸AAASAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science美国科学促进协会AABAmerican Association of Bioanalysts美国生物分析学家协会AABAssociation of Applied Biologists应用生物学家协会[英]AABGAAmerican Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums美国植物园与树木园协会AABPAmerican Association of Bovine Practioners美国牛医师协会AACCAmerican Association of Cereal Chemists美国谷物化学师协会AACCAsociacion Argentina de Criadores de Caprinos阿根廷山羊饲养员协会AACCAsociacion Argentina de Criadores de Cebu阿根廷瘤牛饲养员协会AAEAAmerican Agricultural Economics Association美国农业经济学协会AAEAAmerican Agricultural Editors Association美国农业编辑协会AAEEAmerican Association of Economic Entomologists美国昆虫学家协会AAFCOAssociation of American Feed Control Officials美国饲料监督官协会AAFEAmerican Association of Feed Exporters美国饲料出口商协会AAGBAAmerican Angora Goat Breeder's Association美国安哥拉山羊育种者协会AAIEAssociation of Applied Insect Ecologists应用昆虫生态学家协会AALASAmerican Association for Laboratory Animal Science美国实验动物学协会AAMAmerican Association of Microbiology美国微生物学会AAPAAsociacion Argentina de Produccion Animal阿根廷畜产协会AAPCCAmerican Association of Poison Control Centres美国毒物控制中心协会AAPCOAssociation of American Pesticide Control Officials美国农药控制官员协会AARMAmerican Association of Range Management美国牧场管理协会AASAmerican Academy of Sciences美国科学院AASBTAmerican Association of Sugar Beet Technologists美国甜菜技师协会AASCOAssociation of American Seed Control Officials美国种子检验员协会AASEAssociation for Applied Solar Energy(U.S.A.)应用太阳能协会[美]AASPAmerican Association of Swine Practioners美国猪医师协会AASWAmerican Association of Scientific Workers美国科学工作者协会AAUPAmerican Association of University Professors美国大学教授联盟AAVMCAssociation of American Veterinary Medical Colleges美国兽医学院协会AAVNAmerican Association of Veterinary Nutritionists美国兽医营养学家协会AAZPAAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums美国动物园水族馆协会ABair blast鼓风ABartificial breeding人工配种ABAAlexandra business association (of Egypt)(埃及)亚历山大商业协会ABAAmerican Bantam Association美国小型鸡协会ABAAmerican Beefalo Association美国皮弗洛牛协会ABAAmerican Buffalo Association美国水牛协会ABAabscisic acid脱离(落)酸ABBAAmerican Brahman Breeders Association美国婆罗门牛育种者协会ABCAgricultural Bank of China中国农业银行ABCair blast cooled气流冷却的ABFAmerican Beekeeping Federation美国养蜂联合会ABHRAmerican Bay Horse Registry美国栗色马良种登记ABLCAmerican Brown Leghorn Club美国褐色来航鸡协作组ABMAAAmerican Black Maine-Anjou Association美国黑曼安茹牛协会ABOCFAssociation of British Organic and Compound Fertilizers英国有机与复合肥料协会ABPEacute bovine pulmonary emphysema牛急性肺气肿ABROAnimal Breeding Research Organization(英国)家畜育种研究组织ABSAmerican Breeders Service美国良种服务社ABZAssociation of British Zoologists英国动物学家协会ACacre英亩ACavailable carbohydrate可利用碳水化合物ACAAmerican Corriedale Association美国考力代羊协会ACAAmerican Cattle Association美国养牛协会ACAAmerican Chianina Association美国契安尼那牛协会ACBAssociation of Clinical Biochemists临床生物化学家协会[英]ACBAAmerican Cavy Breeders Association美国豚鼠育种者协会ACBRCTAAssociation for Cooperation in Bana Research in the Caribbean and Tropical America加勒比海与热带美洲香蕉研究合作协会ACCAAmerican Cotton Cooperative Association美国棉花合作协会ACDIAgricultural Cooperative Development International国际农业合作开发处ACEalcohol-chloroform-ether mixture乙醇-氯仿-醚混合物ACGFAustralian Citrus Growing Federation澳大利亚柑橘种植联合会ACGRCAmerican Checkered Giant Rabbit Club美国间格纹大型(毛皮用)兔协作组ACIWLPAmerican Committee for International Wild Life Protection美国国际野生动物保护委员会ACLAMAmerican College of Laboratory Animal Medicine美国实验动物医学学会ACPacyl carrier protein酰载体蛋白ACPRAmerican Crossbred Pony Registry美国杂种小型马良种登记ACRAAmerican Cotswold Record Association美国考兹伍德羊良种记录协会ACSAustrian Chemical Society奥地利化学学会ACSIROAustralian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(英联邦)澳大利亚联邦科学及工业研究组织ACSSAmerican Cheviot Sheep Society美国雪维特羊学会ACTAgricultural Central Trading (U.K.)农业发展委员会ACTHadrenocorticotrophic hormone促肾上腺皮质素ACWFAll China Women's Federation中华全国妇女联合会A.D.average deviation平均偏差ADapparent digestibility表观消化率ADAAmerican Dairy Association美国乳业协会ADAAmerican Dietic Association美国食物学会ADAAapparent digestive amino acid表观可消化氨基酸ADBAsian Development Bank亚洲开发银行ADBCAgricultural Development Bank of China中国农业发展银行ADCAgricultural Development Council农业发展委员会[美]ADCAAmerican Dexter Cattle Association美国德克斯特牛协会ADCSAfrican Demonstration Centre on Sampling Agricultural Surveys (FAO)(联合国粮农组织)非洲典型农业抽样调查示范中心ADEapparent digestible energy表观可消化能ADEAssociation for Development of Enterprises企业发展协会ADEZAssociation pour le Developpement des Etudes Zootechniques动物饲养技术研究发展协会ADFAlbanian Development Fund阿尔巴尼亚发展基金ADFacid detergent fiber酸性洗涤纤维ADFAAustralian Dried Fruit Association澳大利亚干果协会ADGaverage daily gain平均日增重ADGAAmerican Dairy Goat Association美国乳山羊协会ADIacceptable daily intake日允许摄取量ADLacceptable defect level容许缺陷标准ADMRAAmerican and Delaine-Merino Record Association美国细毛美利奴羊良种记录协会ADMSAmerican Donkey and Mule Society美国驴骡协会ADPadenosine diphosphate二磷酸腺苷ADPAnnual Development Programme(of Bangladesh)(孟加拉)年度发展计划ADPGadenosine diphosphate glucose二磷酸腺苷葡萄糖ADPIAmerican Dairy Products Institute美国乳品协会ADRAAnimal Disease Research Association (U.K.)动物疾病研究协会[英]ADSAAmerican Dairy Science Association美国奶(牛)业协会a.e.acid equivalent酸当量(农药)AEabsolute error绝对误差AEagricultural engineer农业工程师AEBAmerican Egg Board美国鸡蛋委员会AERIAgricultural Economics Research Institution (British)农业经济学研究学会[英]AESAgricultural Economics Society(china)中国农业经济学会AESagricultural experiment station农业试验站AESAmerican Entomological Society美国昆虫学会AESAgricultural Engineering Society (Australia)农业工程学会[澳]AFAAmerican Forestry Association美国林业协会AFCArea Forecast Centre区域(气象)预报中心[美]AfDBAfrican Development Bank非洲开发银行AFEAAmerican Farm Economic Association美国农场研究协会AFGCAmerican Forage and Grassland Council美国饲草和草地协会AFSAcademy of Forestry Sciences (China)中国林业科学院AFSAmerican Fisheries Society美国渔业学会AGCAmerican Grassland Council美国草原理事会AGRISInternational Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (GAO)国际农业科学技术情报系统(联合国粮农组织)AHCAmerican Horse Council美国马委员会AHCAmerican Horticultural Council美国园艺理事会AHDMAAnimal Health Division of Ministry of Agriculture农业部兽医卫生处[英]AHHSAmerican Hackney Horse Society美国海克尼挽马学会AHIAnimal Health Institute家畜保健研究所AHIAmerican Honey Institute美国草原理事会AHITIAnimal Health and Industry Traing Institute家畜保健与工业培训学会[肯尼亚]AHRAArabian Horse Registry of American美国阿拉伯马良种登记AHRSThe ad Hoc ResearchScheme (India)(印度)临时研究计划AHSAgricultural History Society (U.S.A.)农业史学会[美]AHSAmerican Horticultural Society美国园艺学会AHSAAmerican Hampshire Sheep Association美国汉普夏羊协会AHTAnimal Health Trust家畜保健托拉斯[英]AHYAnimal Health Yearbook家畜卫生年鉴a.i.active ingredient有效成分AIartificial insemination人工授精AⅠanaphase I第一次减数分裂后期AIASAustralian Institute of Agricultural Science澳大利亚农业科学研究所AIBSAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences美国生物学研究所AICAgricultural Institute of Canada加拿大农业研究所AICAAmerican-International Charolais Association美国国际夏洛来牛协会AICCAssociation International de Chimic Cerealiers国际谷物化学协会AICEAgriculture Institute of Crop Ecology美国作物生态学会AIDAgency for International Development国际开发署[美]AIDPAAssociation Internationale de la Distrbution des Produits Alimentaires国际食品供应协会AIFRBAmerican Institute lf Fishery Research Biologists美国渔业研究生物学家学会AIHRAmerican Indian Horse Registry美国印第安马良种登记AIIAAAssociation des Ingenieurs des Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires农业与食品工业工程师协会[法]AINAmerican Institute of Nutrition美国营养学会AIRIAnimal Industry Research Institute (Australia)畜产品加工业研究所[澳]AISAustralian Illawarra Shorthorn澳洲依拉华拉短角牛,澳洲短角牛AISFAssociazione Italiana Sviluppo Foraggere意大利饲料开发协会AIVPAAssociation Internationale Veterinaire de Production Animale国际畜产兽医协会AJAAmerican Journal of Anatomy美国解剖学报AJARAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research澳大利亚农业研究学报AJBSAustralian Journal of Biological Science澳大利亚生物科学杂志AJCCAmerican Jersey Cattle Club美国娟姗牛协作组AJDTAustralian Journal of Dairy Technology澳大利亚乳品工艺杂志AJEAAHAustralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry澳大利亚实验农业和畜牧业杂志AJSAmerican Journal of Science美国科学杂志AJSAAmerican Junior Shorthorn Association美国小短角牛协会AJSAAmerican Junior Simmental Association美国小西门塔尔牛协会AJVRAmerican Journal of Veterinary Research美国兽医研究学报AKRSPAga Khan Rural Support Programme 阿迦评农村支持项目ALAAmerican Landrace Association美国兰德瑞斯猪协会Ala.alanine丙氨酸ALPAAsociacion Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal拉丁美洲畜产品协会ALRCANTI-Locust Research Centre (U.K.)蝗虫防治研究中心[英]ALVAvailable lysine value可利用赖氨酸值A&Magricultural and mechanical农业与机械的AMAAmerican Management Association美国企业管理协会AMAAmerican Marketing Association美国产品销售协会,美国运销协会AMAAgricultural Marketing Administration农产品销售管理局[美]AMAAmerican Mustang Association美国牧区马协会AMAAAmerican Maine-Anjou Association美国曼安茹牛协会AMASAssociation Mondiale d'Aviculture Scientifique世界科学养禽协会AMDECAgricultural Marketing Development Executive Committee (U.K.)农产品销售发展执行委员会[英]AMEapparent metabolism energy表观代谢能AMGAAmerican Murray Grey Association美国墨累灰牛协会AMHAAmerican Morab Horse Association美国摩拉伯马协会AMIAmerican Meat Institute美国肉品研究所AMIFAmerican Meat Institute Foundation美国肉品研究基金AMPAdenosine monophosphate一磷酸腺苷AMPAAsociancion Mexicana de Produccion Animal墨西哥畜产协会AMSAgricultural Marketing Service (U.S.A.)农产品销售局[美]AMSAgricultural Machinery Society (China)中国农机学会AMSAmerican Meteorological Society美国气象学会AMSAAmerican Meat Science Association美国肉品学协会AMSSAmerican Milking Shorthorn Society美国短角奶牛学会AMTDAAgricultural Machinery and Tractor Dealers' Association (U.K.)农业机械与拖拉机商协会[英]AMZAssociation Mondiale de Zootechnie世界家畜饲养协会AMZAustralian Milking Zebu澳大利亚乳用瘤牛ANCAAmerican National Cattlemen's Association美国养牛协会ANRCAnimal Nutrition Research Council (U.S.A.)动物营养研究委员会[美]ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute美国国家标准协会ANTAssessment of New Techniques新技术评价[英]ANTU alpha-naphthylthiourea安妥(杀鼠剂)AOACAssociation of Official Agricultural Chemists官方农业化学家协会[美]AOCSAmerican Oil Chemists Society美国油脂化学家协会AOMactive oxygen method(油脂)活性氮测定法AOMPAustralian Objective Measurement Project澳大利亚(销售羊毛)客观测定方案AOQaverage outgoing quality平均抽检质量a.p.analytic pure分析纯(试剂)APacid proof耐酸的APavailable phosphorus有效磷APAantipernicious anemia factor抗恶性贫血因子,维生素B12APAWaerobically processed animal waste有氧处理厩肥APBFAccredited Poultry Breeders Federation[U.K.]合格家禽饲养员联合会[英]APCautomatic phase control自动相位调整APFanimal protein factor动物蛋白因子APFAssociation of Pacific Fisheries (U.S.A.)太平洋渔业协会[美]APHanterior pituitary hormone垂体前叶激素APHAAmerican Paint Horse Association美国花毛马协会APHAAmerican Polled Hereford Association美国无角海福特牛协会APHAAmerican Public Health Association美国公共卫生协会APHCAAnimal Production and Health Commission for Asia亚洲畜牧生产与保健委员会APHFAmerican Poultry and Hatchery Federation美国禽场与孵化场联合会APHISAnimal, Plant and Health Inspection Service动植物卫生检验处APHSAmerican Poultry Historical Society美国家禽史学会APIAArkansas Poultry Improvement Association阿肯色州家禽改良协会APPRCAmerican Partridge Plymouth Rock Club美国鹧鸪普利茅斯洛克鸡协作组APPROXapproximate近似,约计APSAmerican Phytopathological Society美国植物病理学会APSAmerican Pomological Society美国果树学会AQLAcceptable Quality Level合格品质量水平,质量合格标准ARAdvanced Registry(乳牛)高级注册ARanalytical reagent分析试剂ARatrophic rhinitis(猪)萎缩性鼻炎ARAAmerican Remount Association美国候补军马协会ARBAAmerican Rabbit Breeders' Association美国家兔育种者协会ARBAAmerican Romney Breeders' Association美国罗姆尼羊育种者协会ARCAmerican Render Council美国油脂协会ARCAgricultural Research Council农业研究理事会[英]ARCAssociated Research Center联合研究中心ARCRLAgricultural Research Council Radiobiological Laboratory (U.K.)农业研究理事会放射生物实验室[英]ARCURPBAgricultural Research Council Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry(英国剑桥)农业研究理事会生殖生理与生物化学研究室ARFAgricultural Research Fund (Kenya)肯尼亚农业研究基金Argargine精氨酸ARIAgricultural Research Institute农业科学研究所ARIABAgricultural Research Institute and Agricultural Board (U.S.A.)农业研究所与农业局[美国]ARPassimilation regulating protein调节同化的蛋白ARSBAAmerican Rambouillet Sheep Breeders Association美国兰布列羊育种者协会ARSUSDAAgricultural Research Service of United States Department of Agriculture美国农业部农业研究院ASAcademy of Science科学院ASAmerican Standard美国标准ASAAmerican Shorthorn Association美国短角牛协会ASAAmerican Soybean Association美国大豆协会ASAAmerican Standards Association美国标准协会ASAAmerican Simmental Association美国西门塔尔牛协会ASAAmerican Society of Agronomy美国农学会ASA;ASYAAmerican Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASABAssociation for the Study of Animal Behaviour (U.K.)动物习性研究协会[英]ASAEAmerican Society of Agricultural Engineers美国农业工程师协会ASAPAmerican Society of Animal Production美国畜产学会ASAmerican Society of Agricultural Sciences美国农业科学协会ASBAmerican Society of Biochemists美国生物化学家协会ASBAssociation of Southeastern Biologists东南地区生物学家协会[美]ASBAAmerican Shorthorn Breeder's Association美国短角牛育种协会ASBAAmerican Standardbred Breeders' Association美国纯种马育种者协会ASBCAmerican Society of Biological Chemists美国生物化学家学会ASCRAAmerican Standard Chinchilla Rabbit Association美国标准青紫兰兔协会ASDARAssociation pour la Selection et le Developpement des Animaux de Race 种畜选育协会ASFAfrican Swine Fever非洲猪瘟ASGROWAssociated Seed Growers, Inc.( U.S.A.)种子繁殖者联合公司[美]ASHAAmerican Shire Horse Association美国夏尔重挽马协会ASHAAmerican Suffolk Horse Association美国萨福克马协会ASHBAAmerican Saddle Horse Breeders' Association美国骑乘马育种者协会ASHBAAmerican Scotch Highland Breeders' Association美国苏格兰高原牛育种者协会ASHSAmerican Society for Horticultural Science美国园艺学会ASIAmerican Soybean Institute美国大豆研究所ASMAmerican Society for Microbiology美国微生物学学会ASMAmerican Society of Mammalogists美国哺乳动物学家学会ASPAmerican Standard of Perfection美国家禽品种标准Asp.aspartic acid天门冬氨酸ASPCAmerican Sheep Producers Council美国绵羊生产者委员会ASPCAAmerican Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals美国防虐待动物协会ASPPAmerican Society of Plant Physiologists美国植物生理学家协会ASRAAmerican Shropshire Registry Association美国雪洛伯夏羊注册协会ASREAmerican Society of Refrigerating Engineers美国制冷工程师学会ASSAgricultural Support Subsidies支农补助金[英]ASSOPOMACAssociation of Common Market Potato Breeders (Germany)共同市场马铃薯育种者协会[德国]ASSSAmerican Suffolk Sheep Society美国萨福克羊协会ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials美国试验和材料学会ASYAAmerican Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASZAmerican Society of Zoologists美国动物学家学会ATAAmerica Tree Association美国树木协会ATBAgricultural Traing Board (U.K.)农业培训局[英]ATCCAmerican Type Culture Collection美国标准菌库ATFAAmerican Turpentine Farmers Association美国脂农协会ATPadenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷ATPaseadenosine triphosphatase三磷酸腺甙酶ATTF/ASARECAAgricultural Technology Transfer Fund of Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa加强中非和东非农业研究协会农业技术转让基金AUManimal-unit-month月畜单位AusAIDAustralian Assistance for International Development澳大利亚国际开发署AVacid value酸价,酸值AVAAustralian Veterinary Association澳大利亚兽医协会AVCAssociation of Vitamin Chemists美国维生素化学工作者协会AVHAAssociation Veterinaire d Hygiene Alimentaire兽医食品卫生协会[法]AVMAAmerican Veterinary Medical Association美国兽医协会AVTRWAssociation of Veterinary Teachers and Re-search Workers (U.K.)兽医教师与研究工作者协会[英]AWactual weight实际重量AWwater activity水分活度AWAAmerican Waterfowl Association美国水禽协会AWBAgricultural Wages Board (U.K.)农业工资局[英]AWBAustralian Wool Board澳大利亚羊毛局AWCAustralian Wool Corporation澳大利亚羊毛公司AWCAmerican Wool Council美国羊毛委员会AWFAmerican Wildlife Foundation美国野生动物基金会AWPAAmerican Walking Pony Association美国小型走马协会AWPAAmerican Wood-Preservers' Association美国护林人员协会AWTAAustralian Wool Testing Authority澳大利亚羊毛检验局AWWAAmerican Water Works Association美国给水工程学会AWWMAssociation of Wholesale Woollen Merchants Ltd.(U.K.)羊毛批发商有限公司[英]AYCAmerican Yorkshire Club美国约克夏猪协作组BAABritish Agrochemicals Association英国农用化学品协会BAACBank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperation (Thailand)(泰国农业和农业合作银行)BAAPBritish Association of Animal Production英国畜产品协会BACABritish Agricultural Contractors' Association英国农业承包商协会BACAHBritish Association of Consultants in Agriculture andHorticulture英国与园艺顾问协会BACEBureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering (U.S.A.)农业化学与工程局[美]BAEBureau of Agricultural Economics农业经济局[澳]BAEBureau of Agricultural Economics[U.S.A.]农业经济局[美]BAEBureau of Agricultural Engineering[U.S.A.]农业工程局[美]BAGMABritish Agricultural & Garden Machinery Association英国农业与园艺机械协会BAGSFAMBritish Association of Grain, Seed, Feed and Agricultural Merchants英国谷物、种子、饲料与农产品商人协会BAHSBritish Agricultural History Society英国农业史学会BAIBureau of Animal Industry (U.S.A.)畜产工业局[美]BAICBureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry (U.S.A)农业与工业化学局[美]BAPPBritish Association of Pig Producers英国养猪商协会BASBritish Association of Standard英国标准协会BASCBiological Abstracts Subject in Context生物学主题索引,生物学关键词索引BATCBritish-American Tobacco Company英[[#A12E]]美烟草公司BAWRABritish Australian Wool Realization Association英国澳大利亚羊毛交易协会BBABritish BeeKeepers' Association英国养蜂者协会BBABritish Bloodstock Association英国纯种家畜协会BBBABritish Bird Breeders' Association英国禽鸟育种者协会BBCFBritish Bacon Curers' Federation英国腌肉加工商联合会BBKCBritish Bee-Keeping Center英国养蜂中心BBSBritish Biophysical Society英国生物物理学会BCABritish Chicken Association英国小鸡协会BCAICBritish Columbia Artificial Insemination Center不列颠哥伦比亚人工授精中心[加]BCBritish Cattle Breeders' Club英国牛育种者协作组BCCPbiotin carboxyl carrier protein生物素羟基载体蛋白BCFGBritish Columbia Fruit Growers'不列颠哥伦比亚水果种植者协会[加]BCFSBritish Columbia Forestry Society不列颠哥伦比亚林业学会[加]BCGBacillus Calmett-Guerin卡介苗BCGABritish Cotton Growing Association美国棉花种植协会BCIABeef Cattle Improvement Association肉牛改良协会[美]BCPCBritish Crop Protection Council英国作物保护委员会BCTbrucellosis card test布氏杆菌纸版(凝集)试验BDAABio-dynamic Agricultural Association生物动力学农业协会BDCBusiness Development Center商业发展中心BDFABritish Dairy Farmers' Association英国乳牛场主协会BDHCABelgian Draft Horse Corporation of America美国比利时重挽马公司BDIBureau of Dairy Industry乳业局[美]BDMABritish Disinfectant Manufacturers' Association英国消毒剂制造商协会BEGEBIBureau d'Etudes et de Gestion des Elevages Bovins Intensifs集约养牛研究管理局[法]BEMBBritish Egg Marketing Board英国禽蛋销售委员会BEPQBureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (U.S.A.)昆虫学与植物检疫局[美]BESBiological Engineering Society生物工程学会BFABritish Fellmongers' Association英国皮毛商协会BFCIThe Bast Fiber Crops Institute (China)麻类研究所[中国]BFCSBritish Friesian Cattle Society英国黑白花牛学会BFMABritish Farm Mechanization Association英国农场机械化协会BFMIRABritish Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association英国食品工业研究协会BFPCBritish Farm Produce Council英国农场生产委员会BFTABritish Fur Trade Alliance英国毛皮贸易同盟BGFBana Growers Forestry (China)香蕉种植者联合会[澳]BGSBritish Goat Society英国山羊学会BGSBritish Grassland Society英国牧场学会BHABritish Horse Association英国马协会BHAbutylated hydroxyanisole丁基羟基茴香醚bhpbrake horse power制动马力BHSBritish Horse Society英国马协会BHTbutylated hydroxytolune2,6-二丁基羟基甲苯,丁基对甲酚BIFBeef Improvement Federation肉牛改良联合会[美]BIFBeijing Institute of Forestry (China)北京林学院[中]BIOSISBiosciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts生物学文摘生物科学情报服务局[美]BLbasic line基线BLMBureau of Land Management土地管理局BMbasic metabolism基础代谢率bmepbrake mean effective pressure制动有效平均压力BMESBiomedical Engineering Society生物医学工程学会[美]BMSBritish Mycological Society英国真菌学会BMSGMABritish Maize Starch and Glucose Manufacturers Association英国玉米淀粉与葡萄糖制造商协会BMVFBundesmarktverband fur Vieh und Fleisch联邦家畜和肉类市场联合会[德]BNISTBureau National des Informations Scientifiques et Techniques国家科学技术情报局[法]B.O.D.biochemical oxygen demand生物需氧量BPBritish Pharmacopoeia英国药典BPBHABritish Poultry Breeders and Hatcheries Association英国家禽饲养与孵化商协会BPCABritish Pest Control Association英国虫害控制协会BPFBritish Poultry Federation英国家禽联合会BPHSBritish Percheron Horse Society英国泼雪龙重挽马学会BRABeef Recording Association(英)肉牛(生产性能)BRACBangladesh Rural Advancement Committee孟加拉国农村促进委员会BRCBritish Rabbit Council英国家兔委员会BRDbovine respirator disease牛呼吸道病BRIBiological Research Institute生物研究所[美]BRMbiological response modifier生物反应调节剂BSBiological Society生物学学会[美]BSBritish standard英国标准BSAbovine serum albumin牛血清白蛋白BSAbody surface area体表面积BSABotanical Society of America美国植物学会BSALSBritish Society for Agricultural Labor Science英国农业劳动科学学会BSBCBritish Social Biology Council英国社会生物学委员会BSCBiological Stain Commission生物染色委员会[美]BSCBABrown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association瑞士褐牛育种者协会BSCPBiological Sciences Communication Project生物学交流计划[美]BSEbovine spongiform encephalopathy牛海绵状脑病,疯牛病BSFVbovine shipping fever virus 牛运输热病毒BSIBritish Standard Institute英国工业协会BSRAEBritish Society for Research in Agricultural Engineering英国农业工程研究学会BSSBritish Sheep Society英国绵羊学会BSSBritish Standard Specification英国标准规范BSSSBritish Society of Soil Science英国土壤学会BSTblood serological test血清学试验BSTbovine somatotrophin牛生长激素BTGCABurley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association伯利烟草种植者合作协会[美]BTUBritish thermal unit英国热量单位BTVBoynton's tissue vaccine彭登组织(猪瘟)疫苗BVbiological value(蛋白质)生物价值BVABritish Veterinary Association英国兽医协会BVCBritish Veterinary Codex英国兽医药典BVDbovine virus diarrhea牛病毒性腹泻,牛黏膜综合征BVPbiological value of protein蛋白质生物学价值bwbody weight体重BWABritish Waterfowl Association英国水禽协会BWCBritish Wool Commission英国羊毛委员会BWCCBritish Weed Control Council英国杂草控制委员会BWDbacillary white diarrhea(雏鸡)白痢BWFBritish Wool Federation英国羊毛联合会BWMBBritish Wool Marketing Board英国羊毛销售委员会CAASChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences中国农业科学院CABCommonwealth Agricultural Bureau(原)联邦农业局[英]CABICenter for Agricultural Biology, International国际农业与生物中心CaBPcalcium binding protein钙结合蛋白质CACCodex Alimenterius Commission食品标准委员会[国际]CACRCouncil for Agricultural and Chemurgic Research (U.S.A.)农业与农业化学研究理事会[美]CAFSChinese Academy of Forestry Science中国林业科学院CAIconfused artificial insemination错乱人工授精CAMCrassulacean Acid Metabolism景天植物代谢酸Can. Dept. Agr.Canadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CAOPTCouncil of American Official Poultry Tests美国家禽政府测定委员会CAPcatabolite activator protein降解物激活蛋白,分解代谢产物激活蛋白CAP6-chloro-6-17-acetoxy-progesterone氯地孕酮CAPCommittee on Agricultural Policies (of ECE)农业政策委员会(欧洲经济委员会)CASthe Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院CASCCCanadian Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee加拿大农业服务协调委员会CASSChinese Academy of Social Science中国社会科学院CBAECommonwealth Bureau of Agricultural Economics联邦农业经济局[英]CBDSTCommonwealth Bureau of Dairy Science and Technology (U.K.)联邦乳酪科学与技术局[英]CBPFCCommonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops (U.K.)联邦牧草与大田作物局[英]CCACanadian Cooperative Association加拿大合作协会CCACCanadian Council on Animal Care加拿大动物饲养协会CCAHCCentral Council for Agricultural and Horticultural Co-operation (U.K.)中央农业与园艺合作理事会[英]CCFACodex Committee on Food Additive食品添加剂标准委员会CCFHCodex Committee on Food Hygiene国际食品卫生标准委员会CCK contagious conjunctivokeratis传染性结膜角膜炎ccmcubic centimeter立方厘米CCNcere-cortical necrosis大脑皮质坏死CCWcounter-clockwise反时针方向的C.D.cow day(牛)放牧日CD critical density临界密度CDACanadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CDCCommonwealth Development Corporation联邦发展合作CDcaesarean-derived colostrum-deprived剖宫产禁食初乳的CDFCommonwealth Development Framework联邦发展框架CDPcytidine diphophate胞苷二磷酸CECCommittee for Environmental Conservation环境保护委员会CFCommittee of Fisheries [FAO]渔业委员会[联合国粮农组织]CFcrude fider粗纤维CFACanadian Federation of Agriculture加拿大农业联合会CFACanadian Forestry Association加拿大林业协会CFACommonwealth Forestry Association (U.K.)联邦林业协会[英]CFIAChina Feed Industry Association中国饲料工业协会CFMSCommercial Farm Management Service农业管理服务组织CFScondensed fish solubles浓缩鱼汁CFTACanadian Food Technologists' Association加拿大食品工艺师协会CFTRICentral Food Technological Research Institute(印度)中央食品工艺研究所CGICredit Guarantee Institution信贷担保机构C.G.R.crop growth rate作物生长率CHOcarbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类CICETEChina International Center for Economic and Technical Exchange中国国际经济技术交流中心CIDA Canadian International Development Assistance加拿大国际开发署CILBCEPCommission Internationale de Lutte Biologique Contre les Ennemis des Plantes国际生物控制委员会[法]CIMMTCentro International de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo国际玉米和小麦改良中心[墨西哥]CIVCentro de Investigaciones Veterinarias兽医学研究中心CIVBPThe Control Institute of Veterinary Bioproducts andPharmaceuticals (China)兽医药品监察所[中]CLPCouncil for Livestock Protection家畜保护委员会[美]CMCclump microscopic count直接镜检菌落数CMCcarboxymethyl cellulose羧甲基纤维素CMDCCentral Milk Distributive Committee中央牛奶分配委员会CMScarboxymethyl starch羧甲基淀粉CMTCalifornia mastis test加利福尼亚乳房炎试验CNABSIECChina National Animal Breeding Stock Import and Export Corporation 中国种畜进出口公司CNCOFIECChina National Cereals, Oils and Food-stuffs Import and Export Corporation中国粮油食品进出口总公司CNEConfederation Nationale de l'Elevage全国畜牧联合会[法]CNFQCChina National Feed Quality Control中国国家饲料质量监督检验中心CNMIECChina National Machinery,Import and Export Corporation中国机械进出口公司CNNPABIECChina National Native Produce and Animal By-products Import and Export Corporation中国土产畜产进出口总公司CNRZCentre National de Recherches Zootechniques国立畜牧研究中心[法]CNTIECChina National Textiles Import and Export Corporation中国纺织品进出口总公司CoAcoenzyme A辅酶ACODchemical oxygen demand化学需氧量CODAZRCommittee on Desert and Arid Zones Research (U.S.A.)沙漠与干旱地区研究委员会[美]COFICouncil of Forest Industries of British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚森林工业理事会[加]COGECAGeneral Committee for Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union 欧盟农业合作综合委员会COSTEDCommittee on Science and Technology in the Developing Countries发展中国家科学技术委员会CPcrude protein粗蛋白质C/Pratio energy (calorie) protein ratio能量蛋白比CPACCommittee for Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives促进合作委员会CPCIZComite Permanent des Congres Internationaux de Zoologie国际动物学大会常设委员会[法]CRDchronic respiratory disease(家禽)慢性呼吸道病CSAPCanadian Society of Animal Production加拿大畜产学会CSASCanadian Society of Animal Science加拿大畜牧学会CSHcotton seed hull 棉籽壳CSIRCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research科学与工业研究理事会[澳]CSIROCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization联邦科学与工业研究组织[澳]CSLcorn steep liquor玉米浆CSMcorn-soya-milk玉米[[#A12E]]大豆[[#A12E]]牛乳CSMcotton seed meal棉籽粕CSPconcentrated soybean protein浓缩大豆蛋白CSTACanadian Society of Technical Agriculturists加拿大技术农学家协会CSZCanadian Society of Zoologists加拿大动物学家学会CTCchlortetracycline金霉素,氯四环素CTFCoffee Trade Federation (U.K.)咖啡贸易联合会[英]CTPItotal performance index for cow母牛总生产性能指数CUConsumers Union消费者联盟CUECOOPConfederation Uruguya de Entidades Cooperatives乌拉圭合作社联合会CUSWDASACouncil of U.S. Universities for Soil and WaterDevelopment in Arid and Subhumid Area美国大学干旱与半干旱地区水土开发理事会CUTCredit Union of Thailand泰国信贷联盟C.V.coefficient of variation变异系数CVMACanadian Veterinary Medical Association加拿大兽医协会CWRLCitrus Wastage Research Laboratory (Australia)柑橘损耗研究实验室[澳]CWSCanadian Wildlife Service加拿大野生动物局CWUChemical Workers Union化学工作者联合会[美]Cys.Cystine胱氨酸DAdevelopmental age发育年龄dAdeoxyadenosine脱氧腺苷dA dTtailing脱氧腺苷脱氧胸苷加尾,dA dT加尾DAAOd-amino acid oxidaseD-氨基酸氧化酶DABDeutsches Apothekerbuch德国药典DACDevelopment Assitance Committee (of OECD)(经济与合作发展组织)发展援助委员会DAFSDepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland苏格兰农业与渔业部[英]DANS1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl chloride1-二甲基氨萘-5-磺酰(一种荧光色素)DAOdairy advisory officer奶牛辅导员DAPdiammonium phosphate磷酸氢二铵DAPdiaminopimelic acid二氨基庚二酸DAPQSDalian Animal and Pant Quarantine Service (China)大连动物植物检疫所[中]DBHA3,5-ditertbuly-4-hydroxyanisole3,5-二特丁基-4-羟基茴香醚dCdeoxycytidine脱氧胞苷DCdry cure干腌(猪肉)。
文献检索试题
文献检索试题29、如果要进行准确的词组检索,应该在词组的两边加( “”)表示30、科技报告按密级可以分为（绝密，机密，秘密）三种。
31、我国把专利分为（发明专利）、（实用新型专利）、（外观设计专利）三大类。
，32、大学生或研究生为取得学位资格而提交的学术研究论文称为（学位论文）。
33、科研单位、高等院校和企业等的科研总结或科研阶段进展情况的实际记录称为（科技报告）。
34．任意写出3种常用的电子图书格式（PDF欧美主流格式）、（PDG超星电子书格式）、（CEB 北大方正电子书格式）35.专利的三个特点为（专有性）（时间性）（地域性）。
36.专利的三条性质(新颖性)、(创造性)、(实用性)37.专利说明书的内容主要包括（扉页）（说明书正文）（附图）38.ISO的全称是（国际标准化组织标准），39.IEC的全称是（国际电工委员会标准）40.GB/T代表（推荐性国家）标准41.我国标准分为（24）个大类42.我国把标准分为（国家标准）（行业标准）（地方标准）（企业标准）4个等级43．列举三个常用的化学外文数据库（ACS）（CA）（Science Direct）44．信息素质内涵包括三个方面，即：（信息意识、信息能力和信息道德）。
45．百度和Google这两个搜索引擎中,以( 空格)表示逻辑“与”。
46. 在百度搜索引擎中，查找关于网络技术的课件，可用检索式（网络技术filetype:ppt）。
47．（Scirus ）科学搜索引擎由爱思唯尔科学公司Elsevier Science于2001年4月1日推出的。
它是目前互联网上最全面、综合性最强的科技文献搜索引擎，是专为搜索高度相关的科学信息而设计的搜索引擎。
48.在Google搜索过程中，点击（手气不错）将自动进入Google 查询到的第一个网页。
49.百度和Google这两个搜索引擎中，都用符号（- ）表示逻辑“非”操作。
50. 学位论文分为三个层次：（学士学位论文、硕士学位论文和博士学位论文）。
专业英文简写、缩写汇总
A°absolute temperature绝对温度AAamino acid氨基酸AAmerican Association of Anatomists美国解剖学家协会AAgricultural Adjustment Administration (U.S.A.)农业调整管理局[美]AAAamino acid analyzer氨基酸分析仪AAAamino acid availability氨基酸利用率AAmerican Angus Association美国安格斯牛协会AAapparent available amino acid表观可利用氨基酸AAASAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science美国科学促进协会AABAmerican Association of Bioanalysts美国生物分析学家协会AABAssociation of Applied Biologists应用生物学家协会[英]AABGAAmerican Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums美国植物园与树木园协会AABPAmerican Association of Bovine Practioners美国牛医师协会AACCAmerican Association of Cereal Chemists美国谷物化学师协会AACCAsociacion Argentina de Criadores de Caprinos阿根廷山羊饲养员协会AACCAsociacion Argentina de Criadores de Cebu阿根廷瘤牛饲养员协会AAEAAmerican Agricultural Economics Association美国农业经济学协会AAEAAmerican Agricultural Editors Association美国农业编辑协会AAEEAmerican Association of Economic Entomologists美国昆虫学家协会AAFCOAssociation of American Feed Control Officials美国饲料监督官协会AAFEAmerican Association of Feed Exporters美国饲料出口商协会AAGBAAmerican Angora Goat Breeder's Association美国安哥拉山羊育种者协会AAIEAssociation of Applied Insect Ecologists应用昆虫生态学家协会AALASAmerican Association for Laboratory Animal Science美国实验动物学协会AAMAmerican Association of Microbiology美国微生物学会AAPAAsociacion Argentina de Produccion Animal阿根廷畜产协会AAPCCAmerican Association of Poison Control Centres美国毒物控制中心协会AAPCOAssociation of American Pesticide Control Officials美国农药控制官员协会AARMAmerican Association of Range Management美国牧场管理协会AASAmerican Academy of Sciences美国科学院AASBTAmerican Association of Sugar Beet Technologists美国甜菜技师协会AASCOAssociation of American Seed Control Officials美国种子检验员协会AASEAssociation for Applied Solar Energy(U.S.A.)应用太阳能协会[美]AASPAmerican Association of Swine Practioners美国猪医师协会AASWAmerican Association of Scientific Workers美国科学工作者协会AAUPAmerican Association of University Professors美国大学教授联盟AAVMCAssociation of American Veterinary Medical Colleges美国兽医学院协会AAVNAmerican Association of Veterinary Nutritionists美国兽医营养学家协会AAZPAAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums美国动物园水族馆协会ABair blast鼓风ABartificial breeding人工配种ABAAlexandra business association (of Egypt)(埃及)亚历山大商业协会ABAAmerican Bantam Association美国小型鸡协会ABAAmerican Beefalo Association美国皮弗洛牛协会ABAAmerican Buffalo Association美国水牛协会ABAabscisic acid脱离(落)酸ABBAAmerican Brahman Breeders Association美国婆罗门牛育种者协会ABCAgricultural Bank of China中国农业银行ABCair blast cooled气流冷却的ABFAmerican Beekeeping Federation美国养蜂联合会ABHRAmerican Bay Horse Registry美国栗色马良种登记ABLCAmerican Brown Leghorn Club美国褐色来航鸡协作组ABMAAAmerican Black Maine-Anjou Association美国黑曼安茹牛协会ABOCFAssociation of British Organic and Compound Fertilizers英国有机与复合肥料协会ABPEacute bovine pulmonary emphysema牛急性肺气肿ABROAnimal Breeding Research Organization(英国)家畜育种研究组织ABSAmerican Breeders Service美国良种服务社ABZAssociation of British Zoologists英国动物学家协会ACacre英亩ACavailable carbohydrate可利用碳水化合物ACAAmerican Corriedale Association美国考力代羊协会ACAAmerican Cattle Association美国养牛协会ACAAmerican Chianina Association美国契安尼那牛协会ACBAssociation of Clinical Biochemists临床生物化学家协会[英]ACBAAmerican Cavy Breeders Association美国豚鼠育种者协会ACBRCTAAssociation for Cooperation in Bana Research in the Caribbean and Tropical America加勒比海与热带美洲香蕉研究合作协会ACCAAmerican Cotton Cooperative Association美国棉花合作协会ACDIAgricultural Cooperative Development International国际农业合作开发处ACEalcohol-chloroform-ether mixture乙醇-氯仿-醚混合物ACGFAustralian Citrus Growing Federation澳大利亚柑橘种植联合会ACGRCAmerican Checkered Giant Rabbit Club美国间格纹大型(毛皮用)兔协作组ACIWLPAmerican Committee for International Wild Life Protection美国国际野生动物保护委员会ACLAMAmerican College of Laboratory Animal Medicine美国实验动物医学学会ACPacyl carrier protein酰载体蛋白ACPRAmerican Crossbred Pony Registry美国杂种小型马良种登记ACRAAmerican Cotswold Record Association美国考兹伍德羊良种记录协会ACSAustrian Chemical Society奥地利化学学会ACSIROAustralian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(英联邦)澳大利亚联邦科学及工业研究组织ACSSAmerican Cheviot Sheep Society美国雪维特羊学会ACTAgricultural Central Trading (U.K.)农业发展委员会ACTHadrenocorticotrophic hormone促肾上腺皮质素ACWFAll China Women's Federation中华全国妇女联合会A.D.average deviation平均偏差ADapparent digestibility表观消化率ADAAmerican Dairy Association美国乳业协会ADAAmerican Dietic Association美国食物学会ADAAapparent digestive amino acid表观可消化氨基酸ADBAsian Development Bank亚洲开发银行ADBCAgricultural Development Bank of China中国农业发展银行ADCAgricultural Development Council农业发展委员会[美]ADCAAmerican Dexter Cattle Association美国德克斯特牛协会ADCSAfrican Demonstration Centre on Sampling Agricultural Surveys (FAO)(联合国粮农组织)非洲典型农业抽样调查示范中心ADEapparent digestible energy表观可消化能ADEAssociation for Development of Enterprises企业发展协会ADEZAssociation pour le Developpement des Etudes Zootechniques动物饲养技术研究发展协会ADFAlbanian Development Fund阿尔巴尼亚发展基金ADFacid detergent fiber酸性洗涤纤维ADFAAustralian Dried Fruit Association澳大利亚干果协会ADGaverage daily gain平均日增重ADGAAmerican Dairy Goat Association美国乳山羊协会ADIacceptable daily intake日允许摄取量ADLacceptable defect level容许缺陷标准ADMRAAmerican and Delaine-Merino Record Association美国细毛美利奴羊良种记录协会ADMSAmerican Donkey and Mule Society美国驴骡协会ADPadenosine diphosphate二磷酸腺苷ADPAnnual Development Programme(of Bangladesh)(孟加拉)年度发展计划ADPGadenosine diphosphate glucose二磷酸腺苷葡萄糖ADPIAmerican Dairy Products Institute美国乳品协会ADRAAnimal Disease Research Association (U.K.)动物疾病研究协会[英]ADSAAmerican Dairy Science Association美国奶(牛)业协会a.e.acid equivalent酸当量(农药)AEabsolute error绝对误差AEagricultural engineer农业工程师AEBAmerican Egg Board美国鸡蛋委员会AERIAgricultural Economics Research Institution (British)农业经济学研究学会[英]AESAgricultural Economics Society(china)中国农业经济学会AESagricultural experiment station农业试验站AESAmerican Entomological Society美国昆虫学会AESAgricultural Engineering Society (Australia)农业工程学会[澳]AFAAmerican Forestry Association美国林业协会AFCArea Forecast Centre区域(气象)预报中心[美]AfDBAfrican Development Bank非洲开发银行AFEAAmerican Farm Economic Association美国农场研究协会AFGCAmerican Forage and Grassland Council美国饲草和草地协会AFSAcademy of Forestry Sciences (China)中国林业科学院AFSAmerican Fisheries Society美国渔业学会AGCAmerican Grassland Council美国草原理事会AGRISInternational Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (GAO)国际农业科学技术情报系统(联合国粮农组织)AHCAmerican Horse Council美国马委员会AHCAmerican Horticultural Council美国园艺理事会AHDMAAnimal Health Division of Ministry of Agriculture农业部兽医卫生处[英]AHHSAmerican Hackney Horse Society美国海克尼挽马学会AHIAnimal Health Institute家畜保健研究所AHIAmerican Honey Institute美国草原理事会AHITIAnimal Health and Industry Traing Institute家畜保健与工业培训学会[肯尼亚]AHRAArabian Horse Registry of American美国阿拉伯马良种登记AHRSThe ad Hoc ResearchScheme (India)(印度)临时研究计划AHSAgricultural History Society (U.S.A.)农业史学会[美]AHSAmerican Horticultural Society美国园艺学会AHSAAmerican Hampshire Sheep Association美国汉普夏羊协会AHTAnimal Health Trust家畜保健托拉斯[英]AHYAnimal Health Yearbook家畜卫生年鉴a.i.active ingredient有效成分AIartificial insemination人工授精AⅠanaphase I第一次减数分裂后期AIASAustralian Institute of Agricultural Science澳大利亚农业科学研究所AIBSAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences美国生物学研究所AICAgricultural Institute of Canada加拿大农业研究所AICAAmerican-International Charolais Association美国国际夏洛来牛协会AICCAssociation International de Chimic Cerealiers国际谷物化学协会AICEAgriculture Institute of Crop Ecology美国作物生态学会AIDAgency for International Development国际开发署[美]AIDPAAssociation Internationale de la Distrbution des Produits Alimentaires国际食品供应协会AIFRBAmerican Institute lf Fishery Research Biologists美国渔业研究生物学家学会AIHRAmerican Indian Horse Registry美国印第安马良种登记AIIAAAssociation des Ingenieurs des Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires农业与食品工业工程师协会[法]AINAmerican Institute of Nutrition美国营养学会AIRIAnimal Industry Research Institute (Australia)畜产品加工业研究所[澳]AISAustralian Illawarra Shorthorn澳洲依拉华拉短角牛,澳洲短角牛AISFAssociazione Italiana Sviluppo Foraggere意大利饲料开发协会AIVPAAssociation Internationale Veterinaire de Production Animale国际畜产兽医协会AJAAmerican Journal of Anatomy美国解剖学报AJARAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research澳大利亚农业研究学报AJBSAustralian Journal of Biological Science澳大利亚生物科学杂志AJCCAmerican Jersey Cattle Club美国娟姗牛协作组AJDTAustralian Journal of Dairy Technology澳大利亚乳品工艺杂志AJEAAHAustralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry澳大利亚实验农业和畜牧业杂志AJSAmerican Journal of Science美国科学杂志AJSAAmerican Junior Shorthorn Association美国小短角牛协会AJSAAmerican Junior Simmental Association美国小西门塔尔牛协会AJVRAmerican Journal of Veterinary Research美国兽医研究学报AKRSPAga Khan Rural Support Programme 阿迦评农村支持项目ALAAmerican Landrace Association美国兰德瑞斯猪协会Ala.alanine丙氨酸ALPAAsociacion Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal拉丁美洲畜产品协会ALRCANTI-Locust Research Centre (U.K.)蝗虫防治研究中心[英]ALVAvailable lysine value可利用赖氨酸值A&Magricultural and mechanical农业与机械的AMAAmerican Management Association美国企业管理协会AMAAmerican Marketing Association美国产品销售协会,美国运销协会AMAAgricultural Marketing Administration农产品销售管理局[美]AMAAmerican Mustang Association美国牧区马协会AMAAAmerican Maine-Anjou Association美国曼安茹牛协会AMASAssociation Mondiale d'Aviculture Scientifique世界科学养禽协会AMDECAgricultural Marketing Development Executive Committee (U.K.)农产品销售发展执行委员会[英]AMEapparent metabolism energy表观代谢能AMGAAmerican Murray Grey Association美国墨累灰牛协会AMHAAmerican Morab Horse Association美国摩拉伯马协会AMIAmerican Meat Institute美国肉品研究所AMIFAmerican Meat Institute Foundation美国肉品研究基金AMPAdenosine monophosphate一磷酸腺苷AMPAAsociancion Mexicana de Produccion Animal墨西哥畜产协会AMSAgricultural Marketing Service (U.S.A.)农产品销售局[美]AMSAgricultural Machinery Society (China)中国农机学会AMSAmerican Meteorological Society美国气象学会AMSAAmerican Meat Science Association美国肉品学协会AMSSAmerican Milking Shorthorn Society美国短角奶牛学会AMTDAAgricultural Machinery and Tractor Dealers' Association (U.K.)农业机械与拖拉机商协会[英]AMZAssociation Mondiale de Zootechnie世界家畜饲养协会AMZAustralian Milking Zebu澳大利亚乳用瘤牛ANCAAmerican National Cattlemen's Association美国养牛协会ANRCAnimal Nutrition Research Council (U.S.A.)动物营养研究委员会[美]ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute美国国家标准协会ANTAssessment of New Techniques新技术评价[英]ANTU alpha-naphthylthiourea安妥(杀鼠剂)AOACAssociation of Official Agricultural Chemists官方农业化学家协会[美]AOCSAmerican Oil Chemists Society美国油脂化学家协会AOMactive oxygen method(油脂)活性氮测定法AOMPAustralian Objective Measurement Project澳大利亚(销售羊毛)客观测定方案AOQaverage outgoing quality平均抽检质量a.p.analytic pure分析纯(试剂)APacid proof耐酸的APavailable phosphorus有效磷APAantipernicious anemia factor抗恶性贫血因子,维生素B12APAWaerobically processed animal waste有氧处理厩肥APBFAccredited Poultry Breeders Federation[U.K.]合格家禽饲养员联合会[英]APCautomatic phase control自动相位调整APFanimal protein factor动物蛋白因子APFAssociation of Pacific Fisheries (U.S.A.)太平洋渔业协会[美]APHanterior pituitary hormone垂体前叶激素APHAAmerican Paint Horse Association美国花毛马协会APHAAmerican Polled Hereford Association美国无角海福特牛协会APHAAmerican Public Health Association美国公共卫生协会APHCAAnimal Production and Health Commission for Asia亚洲畜牧生产与保健委员会APHFAmerican Poultry and Hatchery Federation美国禽场与孵化场联合会APHISAnimal, Plant and Health Inspection Service动植物卫生检验处APHSAmerican Poultry Historical Society美国家禽史学会APIAArkansas Poultry Improvement Association阿肯色州家禽改良协会APPRCAmerican Partridge Plymouth Rock Club美国鹧鸪普利茅斯洛克鸡协作组APPROXapproximate近似,约计APSAmerican Phytopathological Society美国植物病理学会APSAmerican Pomological Society美国果树学会AQLAcceptable Quality Level合格品质量水平,质量合格标准ARAdvanced Registry(乳牛)高级注册ARanalytical reagent分析试剂ARatrophic rhinitis(猪)萎缩性鼻炎ARAAmerican Remount Association美国候补军马协会ARBAAmerican Rabbit Breeders' Association美国家兔育种者协会ARBAAmerican Romney Breeders' Association美国罗姆尼羊育种者协会ARCAmerican Render Council美国油脂协会ARCAgricultural Research Council农业研究理事会[英]ARCAssociated Research Center联合研究中心ARCRLAgricultural Research Council Radiobiological Laboratory (U.K.)农业研究理事会放射生物实验室[英]ARCURPBAgricultural Research Council Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry(英国剑桥)农业研究理事会生殖生理与生物化学研究室ARFAgricultural Research Fund (Kenya)肯尼亚农业研究基金Argargine精氨酸ARIAgricultural Research Institute农业科学研究所ARIABAgricultural Research Institute and Agricultural Board (U.S.A.)农业研究所与农业局[美国]ARPassimilation regulating protein调节同化的蛋白ARSBAAmerican Rambouillet Sheep Breeders Association美国兰布列羊育种者协会ARSUSDAAgricultural Research Service of United States Department of Agriculture美国农业部农业研究院ASAcademy of Science科学院ASAmerican Standard美国标准ASAAmerican Shorthorn Association美国短角牛协会ASAAmerican Soybean Association美国大豆协会ASAAmerican Standards Association美国标准协会ASAAmerican Simmental Association美国西门塔尔牛协会ASAAmerican Society of Agronomy美国农学会ASA;ASYAAmerican Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASABAssociation for the Study of Animal Behaviour (U.K.)动物习性研究协会[英]ASAEAmerican Society of Agricultural Engineers美国农业工程师协会ASAPAmerican Society of Animal Production美国畜产学会ASAmerican Society of Agricultural Sciences美国农业科学协会ASBAmerican Society of Biochemists美国生物化学家协会ASBAssociation of Southeastern Biologists东南地区生物学家协会[美]ASBAAmerican Shorthorn Breeder's Association美国短角牛育种协会ASBAAmerican Standardbred Breeders' Association美国纯种马育种者协会ASBCAmerican Society of Biological Chemists美国生物化学家学会ASCRAAmerican Standard Chinchilla Rabbit Association美国标准青紫兰兔协会ASDARAssociation pour la Selection et le Developpement des Animaux de Race 种畜选育协会ASFAfrican Swine Fever非洲猪瘟ASGROWAssociated Seed Growers, Inc.( U.S.A.)种子繁殖者联合公司[美]ASHAAmerican Shire Horse Association美国夏尔重挽马协会ASHAAmerican Suffolk Horse Association美国萨福克马协会ASHBAAmerican Saddle Horse Breeders' Association美国骑乘马育种者协会ASHBAAmerican Scotch Highland Breeders' Association美国苏格兰高原牛育种者协会ASHSAmerican Society for Horticultural Science美国园艺学会ASIAmerican Soybean Institute美国大豆研究所ASMAmerican Society for Microbiology美国微生物学学会ASMAmerican Society of Mammalogists美国哺乳动物学家学会ASPAmerican Standard of Perfection美国家禽品种标准Asp.aspartic acid天门冬氨酸ASPCAmerican Sheep Producers Council美国绵羊生产者委员会ASPCAAmerican Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals美国防虐待动物协会ASPPAmerican Society of Plant Physiologists美国植物生理学家协会ASRAAmerican Shropshire Registry Association美国雪洛伯夏羊注册协会ASREAmerican Society of Refrigerating Engineers美国制冷工程师学会ASSAgricultural Support Subsidies支农补助金[英]ASSOPOMACAssociation of Common Market Potato Breeders (Germany)共同市场马铃薯育种者协会[德国]ASSSAmerican Suffolk Sheep Society美国萨福克羊协会ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials美国试验和材料学会ASYAAmerican Stockyards Association美国牲畜场协会ASZAmerican Society of Zoologists美国动物学家学会ATAAmerica Tree Association美国树木协会ATBAgricultural Traing Board (U.K.)农业培训局[英]ATCCAmerican Type Culture Collection美国标准菌库ATFAAmerican Turpentine Farmers Association美国脂农协会ATPadenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷ATPaseadenosine triphosphatase三磷酸腺甙酶ATTF/ASARECAAgricultural Technology Transfer Fund of Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa加强中非和东非农业研究协会农业技术转让基金AUManimal-unit-month月畜单位AusAIDAustralian Assistance for International Development澳大利亚国际开发署AVacid value酸价,酸值AVAAustralian Veterinary Association澳大利亚兽医协会AVCAssociation of Vitamin Chemists美国维生素化学工作者协会AVHAAssociation Veterinaire d Hygiene Alimentaire兽医食品卫生协会[法]AVMAAmerican Veterinary Medical Association美国兽医协会AVTRWAssociation of Veterinary Teachers and Re-search Workers (U.K.)兽医教师与研究工作者协会[英]AWactual weight实际重量AWwater activity水分活度AWAAmerican Waterfowl Association美国水禽协会AWBAgricultural Wages Board (U.K.)农业工资局[英]AWBAustralian Wool Board澳大利亚羊毛局AWCAustralian Wool Corporation澳大利亚羊毛公司AWCAmerican Wool Council美国羊毛委员会AWFAmerican Wildlife Foundation美国野生动物基金会AWPAAmerican Walking Pony Association美国小型走马协会AWPAAmerican Wood-Preservers' Association美国护林人员协会AWTAAustralian Wool Testing Authority澳大利亚羊毛检验局AWWAAmerican Water Works Association美国给水工程学会AWWMAssociation of Wholesale Woollen Merchants Ltd.(U.K.)羊毛批发商有限公司[英]AYCAmerican Yorkshire Club美国约克夏猪协作组BAABritish Agrochemicals Association英国农用化学品协会BAACBank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperation (Thailand)(泰国农业和农业合作银行)BAAPBritish Association of Animal Production英国畜产品协会BACABritish Agricultural Contractors' Association英国农业承包商协会BACAHBritish Association of Consultants in Agriculture andHorticulture英国与园艺顾问协会BACEBureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering (U.S.A.)农业化学与工程局[美]BAEBureau of Agricultural Economics农业经济局[澳]BAEBureau of Agricultural Economics[U.S.A.]农业经济局[美]BAEBureau of Agricultural Engineering[U.S.A.]农业工程局[美]BAGMABritish Agricultural & Garden Machinery Association英国农业与园艺机械协会BAGSFAMBritish Association of Grain, Seed, Feed and Agricultural Merchants英国谷物、种子、饲料与农产品商人协会BAHSBritish Agricultural History Society英国农业史学会BAIBureau of Animal Industry (U.S.A.)畜产工业局[美]BAICBureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry (U.S.A)农业与工业化学局[美]BAPPBritish Association of Pig Producers英国养猪商协会BASBritish Association of Standard英国标准协会BASCBiological Abstracts Subject in Context生物学主题索引,生物学关键词索引BATCBritish-American Tobacco Company英[[#A12E]]美烟草公司BAWRABritish Australian Wool Realization Association英国澳大利亚羊毛交易协会BBABritish BeeKeepers' Association英国养蜂者协会BBABritish Bloodstock Association英国纯种家畜协会BBBABritish Bird Breeders' Association英国禽鸟育种者协会BBCFBritish Bacon Curers' Federation英国腌肉加工商联合会BBKCBritish Bee-Keeping Center英国养蜂中心BBSBritish Biophysical Society英国生物物理学会BCABritish Chicken Association英国小鸡协会BCAICBritish Columbia Artificial Insemination Center不列颠哥伦比亚人工授精中心[加]BCBritish Cattle Breeders' Club英国牛育种者协作组BCCPbiotin carboxyl carrier protein生物素羟基载体蛋白BCFGBritish Columbia Fruit Growers'不列颠哥伦比亚水果种植者协会[加]BCFSBritish Columbia Forestry Society不列颠哥伦比亚林业学会[加]BCGBacillus Calmett-Guerin卡介苗BCGABritish Cotton Growing Association美国棉花种植协会BCIABeef Cattle Improvement Association肉牛改良协会[美]BCPCBritish Crop Protection Council英国作物保护委员会BCTbrucellosis card test布氏杆菌纸版(凝集)试验BDAABio-dynamic Agricultural Association生物动力学农业协会BDCBusiness Development Center商业发展中心BDFABritish Dairy Farmers' Association英国乳牛场主协会BDHCABelgian Draft Horse Corporation of America美国比利时重挽马公司BDIBureau of Dairy Industry乳业局[美]BDMABritish Disinfectant Manufacturers' Association英国消毒剂制造商协会BEGEBIBureau d'Etudes et de Gestion des Elevages Bovins Intensifs集约养牛研究管理局[法]BEMBBritish Egg Marketing Board英国禽蛋销售委员会BEPQBureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (U.S.A.)昆虫学与植物检疫局[美]BESBiological Engineering Society生物工程学会BFABritish Fellmongers' Association英国皮毛商协会BFCIThe Bast Fiber Crops Institute (China)麻类研究所[中国]BFCSBritish Friesian Cattle Society英国黑白花牛学会BFMABritish Farm Mechanization Association英国农场机械化协会BFMIRABritish Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association英国食品工业研究协会BFPCBritish Farm Produce Council英国农场生产委员会BFTABritish Fur Trade Alliance英国毛皮贸易同盟BGFBana Growers Forestry (China)香蕉种植者联合会[澳]BGSBritish Goat Society英国山羊学会BGSBritish Grassland Society英国牧场学会BHABritish Horse Association英国马协会BHAbutylated hydroxyanisole丁基羟基茴香醚bhpbrake horse power制动马力BHSBritish Horse Society英国马协会BHTbutylated hydroxytolune2,6-二丁基羟基甲苯,丁基对甲酚BIFBeef Improvement Federation肉牛改良联合会[美]BIFBeijing Institute of Forestry (China)北京林学院[中]BIOSISBiosciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts生物学文摘生物科学情报服务局[美]BLbasic line基线BLMBureau of Land Management土地管理局BMbasic metabolism基础代谢率bmepbrake mean effective pressure制动有效平均压力BMESBiomedical Engineering Society生物医学工程学会[美]BMSBritish Mycological Society英国真菌学会BMSGMABritish Maize Starch and Glucose Manufacturers Association英国玉米淀粉与葡萄糖制造商协会BMVFBundesmarktverband fur Vieh und Fleisch联邦家畜和肉类市场联合会[德]BNISTBureau National des Informations Scientifiques et Techniques国家科学技术情报局[法]B.O.D.biochemical oxygen demand生物需氧量BPBritish Pharmacopoeia英国药典BPBHABritish Poultry Breeders and Hatcheries Association英国家禽饲养与孵化商协会BPCABritish Pest Control Association英国虫害控制协会BPFBritish Poultry Federation英国家禽联合会BPHSBritish Percheron Horse Society英国泼雪龙重挽马学会BRABeef Recording Association(英)肉牛(生产性能)BRACBangladesh Rural Advancement Committee孟加拉国农村促进委员会BRCBritish Rabbit Council英国家兔委员会BRDbovine respirator disease牛呼吸道病BRIBiological Research Institute生物研究所[美]BRMbiological response modifier生物反应调节剂BSBiological Society生物学学会[美]BSBritish standard英国标准BSAbovine serum albumin牛血清白蛋白BSAbody surface area体表面积BSABotanical Society of America美国植物学会BSALSBritish Society for Agricultural Labor Science英国农业劳动科学学会BSBCBritish Social Biology Council英国社会生物学委员会BSCBiological Stain Commission生物染色委员会[美]BSCBABrown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association瑞士褐牛育种者协会BSCPBiological Sciences Communication Project生物学交流计划[美]BSEbovine spongiform encephalopathy牛海绵状脑病,疯牛病BSFVbovine shipping fever virus 牛运输热病毒BSIBritish Standard Institute英国工业协会BSRAEBritish Society for Research in Agricultural Engineering英国农业工程研究学会BSSBritish Sheep Society英国绵羊学会BSSBritish Standard Specification英国标准规范BSSSBritish Society of Soil Science英国土壤学会BSTblood serological test血清学试验BSTbovine somatotrophin牛生长激素BTGCABurley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association伯利烟草种植者合作协会[美]BTUBritish thermal unit英国热量单位BTVBoynton's tissue vaccine彭登组织(猪瘟)疫苗BVbiological value(蛋白质)生物价值BVABritish Veterinary Association英国兽医协会BVCBritish Veterinary Codex英国兽医药典BVDbovine virus diarrhea牛病毒性腹泻,牛黏膜综合征BVPbiological value of protein蛋白质生物学价值bwbody weight体重BWABritish Waterfowl Association英国水禽协会BWCBritish Wool Commission英国羊毛委员会BWCCBritish Weed Control Council英国杂草控制委员会BWDbacillary white diarrhea(雏鸡)白痢BWFBritish Wool Federation英国羊毛联合会BWMBBritish Wool Marketing Board英国羊毛销售委员会CAASChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences中国农业科学院CABCommonwealth Agricultural Bureau(原)联邦农业局[英]CABICenter for Agricultural Biology, International国际农业与生物中心CaBPcalcium binding protein钙结合蛋白质CACCodex Alimenterius Commission食品标准委员会[国际]CACRCouncil for Agricultural and Chemurgic Research (U.S.A.)农业与农业化学研究理事会[美]CAFSChinese Academy of Forestry Science中国林业科学院CAIconfused artificial insemination错乱人工授精CAMCrassulacean Acid Metabolism景天植物代谢酸Can. Dept. Agr.Canadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CAOPTCouncil of American Official Poultry Tests美国家禽政府测定委员会CAPcatabolite activator protein降解物激活蛋白,分解代谢产物激活蛋白CAP6-chloro-6-17-acetoxy-progesterone氯地孕酮CAPCommittee on Agricultural Policies (of ECE)农业政策委员会(欧洲经济委员会)CASthe Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院CASCCCanadian Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee加拿大农业服务协调委员会CASSChinese Academy of Social Science中国社会科学院CBAECommonwealth Bureau of Agricultural Economics联邦农业经济局[英]CBDSTCommonwealth Bureau of Dairy Science and Technology (U.K.)联邦乳酪科学与技术局[英]CBPFCCommonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops (U.K.)联邦牧草与大田作物局[英]CCACanadian Cooperative Association加拿大合作协会CCACCanadian Council on Animal Care加拿大动物饲养协会CCAHCCentral Council for Agricultural and Horticultural Co-operation (U.K.)中央农业与园艺合作理事会[英]CCFACodex Committee on Food Additive食品添加剂标准委员会CCFHCodex Committee on Food Hygiene国际食品卫生标准委员会CCK contagious conjunctivokeratis传染性结膜角膜炎ccmcubic centimeter立方厘米CCNcere-cortical necrosis大脑皮质坏死CCWcounter-clockwise反时针方向的C.D.cow day(牛)放牧日CD critical density临界密度CDACanadian Department of Agriculture加拿大农业部CDCCommonwealth Development Corporation联邦发展合作CDcaesarean-derived colostrum-deprived剖宫产禁食初乳的CDFCommonwealth Development Framework联邦发展框架CDPcytidine diphophate胞苷二磷酸CECCommittee for Environmental Conservation环境保护委员会CFCommittee of Fisheries [FAO]渔业委员会[联合国粮农组织]CFcrude fider粗纤维CFACanadian Federation of Agriculture加拿大农业联合会CFACanadian Forestry Association加拿大林业协会CFACommonwealth Forestry Association (U.K.)联邦林业协会[英]CFIAChina Feed Industry Association中国饲料工业协会CFMSCommercial Farm Management Service农业管理服务组织CFScondensed fish solubles浓缩鱼汁CFTACanadian Food Technologists' Association加拿大食品工艺师协会CFTRICentral Food Technological Research Institute(印度)中央食品工艺研究所CGICredit Guarantee Institution信贷担保机构C.G.R.crop growth rate作物生长率CHOcarbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类CICETEChina International Center for Economic and Technical Exchange中国国际经济技术交流中心CIDA Canadian International Development Assistance加拿大国际开发署CILBCEPCommission Internationale de Lutte Biologique Contre les Ennemis des Plantes国际生物控制委员会[法]CIMMTCentro International de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo国际玉米和小麦改良中心[墨西哥]CIVCentro de Investigaciones Veterinarias兽医学研究中心CIVBPThe Control Institute of Veterinary Bioproducts andPharmaceuticals (China)兽医药品监察所[中]CLPCouncil for Livestock Protection家畜保护委员会[美]CMCclump microscopic count直接镜检菌落数CMCcarboxymethyl cellulose羧甲基纤维素CMDCCentral Milk Distributive Committee中央牛奶分配委员会CMScarboxymethyl starch羧甲基淀粉CMTCalifornia mastis test加利福尼亚乳房炎试验CNABSIECChina National Animal Breeding Stock Import and Export Corporation 中国种畜进出口公司CNCOFIECChina National Cereals, Oils and Food-stuffs Import and Export Corporation中国粮油食品进出口总公司CNEConfederation Nationale de l'Elevage全国畜牧联合会[法]CNFQCChina National Feed Quality Control中国国家饲料质量监督检验中心CNMIECChina National Machinery,Import and Export Corporation中国机械进出口公司CNNPABIECChina National Native Produce and Animal By-products Import and Export Corporation中国土产畜产进出口总公司CNRZCentre National de Recherches Zootechniques国立畜牧研究中心[法]CNTIECChina National Textiles Import and Export Corporation中国纺织品进出口总公司CoAcoenzyme A辅酶ACODchemical oxygen demand化学需氧量CODAZRCommittee on Desert and Arid Zones Research (U.S.A.)沙漠与干旱地区研究委员会[美]COFICouncil of Forest Industries of British Columbia不列颠哥伦比亚森林工业理事会[加]COGECAGeneral Committee for Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union 欧盟农业合作综合委员会COSTEDCommittee on Science and Technology in the Developing Countries发展中国家科学技术委员会CPcrude protein粗蛋白质C/Pratio energy (calorie) protein ratio能量蛋白比CPACCommittee for Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives促进合作委员会CPCIZComite Permanent des Congres Internationaux de Zoologie国际动物学大会常设委员会[法]CRDchronic respiratory disease(家禽)慢性呼吸道病CSAPCanadian Society of Animal Production加拿大畜产学会CSASCanadian Society of Animal Science加拿大畜牧学会CSHcotton seed hull 棉籽壳CSIRCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research科学与工业研究理事会[澳]CSIROCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization联邦科学与工业研究组织[澳]CSLcorn steep liquor玉米浆CSMcorn-soya-milk玉米[[#A12E]]大豆[[#A12E]]牛乳CSMcotton seed meal棉籽粕CSPconcentrated soybean protein浓缩大豆蛋白CSTACanadian Society of Technical Agriculturists加拿大技术农学家协会CSZCanadian Society of Zoologists加拿大动物学家学会CTCchlortetracycline金霉素,氯四环素CTFCoffee Trade Federation (U.K.)咖啡贸易联合会[英]CTPItotal performance index for cow母牛总生产性能指数CUConsumers Union消费者联盟CUECOOPConfederation Uruguya de Entidades Cooperatives乌拉圭合作社联合会CUSWDASACouncil of U.S. Universities for Soil and WaterDevelopment in Arid and Subhumid Area美国大学干旱与半干旱地区水土开发理事会CUTCredit Union of Thailand泰国信贷联盟C.V.coefficient of variation变异系数CVMACanadian Veterinary Medical Association加拿大兽医协会CWRLCitrus Wastage Research Laboratory (Australia)柑橘损耗研究实验室[澳]CWSCanadian Wildlife Service加拿大野生动物局CWUChemical Workers Union化学工作者联合会[美]Cys.Cystine胱氨酸DAdevelopmental age发育年龄dAdeoxyadenosine脱氧腺苷dA dTtailing脱氧腺苷脱氧胸苷加尾,dA dT加尾DAAOd-amino acid oxidaseD-氨基酸氧化酶DABDeutsches Apothekerbuch德国药典DACDevelopment Assitance Committee (of OECD)(经济与合作发展组织)发展援助委员会DAFSDepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland苏格兰农业与渔业部[英]DANS1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl chloride1-二甲基氨萘-5-磺酰(一种荧光色素)DAOdairy advisory officer奶牛辅导员DAPdiammonium phosphate磷酸氢二铵DAPdiaminopimelic acid二氨基庚二酸DAPQSDalian Animal and Pant Quarantine Service (China)大连动物植物检疫所[中]DBHA3,5-ditertbuly-4-hydroxyanisole3,5-二特丁基-4-羟基茴香醚dCdeoxycytidine脱氧胞苷DCdry cure干腌(猪肉)。
美国科学促进会
2023年3月，美国科学促进会2023年年会在华盛顿举办。
创办期刊
2021年11月16日，在之江实验室、美国科学促进会旗下期刊Science和Science Robotics共同主办的2021 世界青年科学家峰会系列活动之“智能计算创新论坛”现场，之江实验室与美国科学促进会（AAAS）在中国杭州、 美国华盛顿两地，以视频方式在线签署联合办刊协议，双方将共同创办科学伙伴期刊Intelligent Computing （《智能计算》）。之江实验室主任朱世强与《科学》系列期刊出版人比尔·莫兰代表双方签约。
该期刊计划于2021年底前开发建设完成投审稿系统，在Science站上搭建完成伙伴期刊页。2022年1月开放投 审稿系统，正式接收投稿。
感谢观看
1985年，美国科促会针对美国科学教育中存在的问题提出并开始实施“2061计划”，以期到21世纪中叶使全 体美国公民的科学素养能够适应美国国家发展战略的需要。这是一项长期计划，目的是全面提高美国公民对科学、 数学和技术的素养。其内容不仅涉及到科学和技术的原理，而且包含有科学的研究过程和方法、科学发展史、科 学技术与社会之间的关系。
主要活动
1
科学与政策项 目
2
国际项目
3
教育和人力资 源
4
“2061计划”
5
机构年会
在科学与政策项目下的有关建制及开展的活动有： ·科技与国会中心：成立于1994年7月，目的是就现行的科技问题向国会提供及时而客观的信息，同时帮助 科学与工程界理解国会的工作并学习如何做国会的工作； ·关于科学、道德和宗教的对话； ·研发预算分析：科促会每年都就联邦研发预算作出详尽分析并向社会公布其分析结果； ·对科学家和工程师的资助：这一资助的宗旨在于建立并扶植政府决策者和科学家之间的关系，通过传播科 学知识来改进公共政策的制定，以促成并支持那些对国家和全球有益的公共政策的形成与执行； ·科学自由、责任与法律：这一项目的重点在于开展与科学研究及科技进步有关的道德、法律及社会问题的 研究； ·研究方面的竞争力； ·科学与人权； ·科技与安全政策中心：旨在鼓励科学与公共政策的结合，以促进国家和国际安全。
理工文献检索期末试卷
一、单项选择题（从下列各题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将其代号写在答题纸相应位置处。
每题2分，共30分）1．_C_ 是题录型检索工具A. CABIB.中国学术期刊文摘C.全国报刊索引（自然版）D.经济纵横2. 浏览超星数字图书馆，应首先安装__D_____.A. Apabi ReaderB. Adobe ReaderC. CAJ ViewerD. SSReader3. 世界上第一大联机检索系统是_A_。
A.DIALOG系统B.OBRIT系统C.OCLC系统D.STN 系统4. 利用baidu搜索信息时，要将检索范围限制在网页标题中，应该使用的语法是___B_______。
A.site:B.intitle:C. inurl::5．国际农业和生物科学中心英文名称的简称为_A 。
A.CABIB. AGRINDEXC. BAD.B of A6.信息检索根据检索对象不同，一般分为___C___________。
A. 二次检索、高级检索B.分类检索、主题检索C.数据检索、事实检索、文献检索D.计算机检索、手工检索7. 国际上评价期刊最有影响力的一个指标是___A_____。
A. 影响因子B.读者统计数据C.引文量D.价格8. 二次检索指的是：___C__________。
A．第二次检索B．检索了一次之后，结果不满意，再检索一次C．在检索结果中运用“与、或、非”进行再限制检索D.以上都不是9.国际连续出版物编号___A__________。
A.ISSNB.OCLCC.ISBND. CSSCI10．下列搜索引擎具有书名号检索功能的有______B________。
A．Google B.百度C.中搜D.AltaVista11．《中文核心期刊要目总览》2004 版的“农业经济”类核心期刊有_B__ 种。
A．20 B．19 C．17 D．1512．通过追溯检索获得的相关文献与原文献相比在发表时间上__B__。
A．早B.晚C. 相同D. 不确定13．在维普中文期刊全文数据库中“在检索结果中”检索相当于B 。
信息检索-判断题(精心整理)较全版本
判断题1.信息素养是由信息意识、信息知识、信息能力、信息道德四个要素构成的。
（A）KI中国知网数据库可以检索到博硕士论文。
（A）3.查全率与查准率是评价检索效果的两项重要指标。
（A ）4.广义的信息检索是指将信息按一定的方式组织和存储起来，并根据信息用户的需要查找出特定信息的技术和过程。
（A）5.逻辑“与”是一种用于交叉概念或者限定关系的组配，可以缩小检索范围，提高查准率。
（A）6.逻辑“或”是一种用于概念并列关系的组配，可以扩大检索范围，提高查全率。
（A）7.信息检索过程是一个检索的操作过程，如选择数据库、确定关键词、构造检索式等。
（B）8.界定问题过程首先需要根据待完成的任务，确定信息问题。
然后根据信息问题，确定信息需要。
（A）9.概览性资料通常出现在我们所说的二次文献中。
（B）10.图书馆OPAC检索系统属二次文献数据库（A）11.当检索关键词具有多个同义词和近义词时，容易造成漏检，使得查全率较低。
（A）12.对于要求一定深度、研究性的信息问题，应主要检索搜索引擎检索网络信息源。
（B）13.选择信息源是信息检索的第一步。
（B）14.PQDT是美国Proquest公司出版的学位论文数据库。
（A）15.根据文献内容的不同加工深度可区分为一文献、二次文献和三次文献，学位论文属三次文献。
（B）16.综述文献属于二次文献（B）17.The mammalian cell asa microorganism;-genetic and biochemical studies in vitro puck, Theodore T.(Theodore Thomas) xi,219p.illus.24cm. ISBN 0-816-26980-7 San Francisco,Holden-Day 1972该文献类型为期刊论文。
（B）18.通过EBSCO、EI、OCLC数据库都能检索到外文期刊论文全文。
（B）19.在超星阅览器登录个人用户名后下载的图书支持拷贝到其他机器上阅读。
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J.Dairy Sci.90:3596–3603doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0063©American Dairy Science Association,2007.Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Short-Chain Free Fatty Acids in Swiss CheeseN.Koca,*†L.E.Rodriguez-Saona,*W.J.Harper,*and V.B.Alvarez*1*Department of Food Science and Technology,The Ohio State University,110Parker Food Science and Technology Building,2015Fyffe Rd.,Columbus 43210†Department of Food Engineering,Ege University,35100Bornova,Izmir,TurkeyABSTRACTShort-chain free fatty acids (FFA)are important sources of cheese flavor and have been reported to be indicators for assessing quality.The objective of this research was to develop a simple and rapid screening tool for monitoring the short-chain FFA contents in Swiss cheese by using Fourier transform infrared spec-troscopy (FTIR).Forty-four Swiss cheese samples were evaluated by using a MIRacle three-reflection diamond attenuated total reflectance (ATR)accessory.Two dif-ferent sampling techniques were used for FTIR/ATR measurement:direct measurement of Swiss cheese slices (∼0.5g)and measurement of a water-soluble frac-tion of cheese.The amounts of FFA (propionic,acetic,and butyric acids)in the water-soluble fraction of sam-ples were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ion-ization detection as a reference method.Calibration models for both direct measurement and the water-soluble fraction of cheese were developed based on a cross-validated (leave-one-out approach)partial least squares regression by using the regions of 3,000to 2,800,1,775to 1,680,and 1,500to 900cm −1for short-chain FFA in cheese.Promising performance statistics were obtained for the calibration models of both direct measurement and the water-soluble fraction,with im-proved performance statistics obtained from the water-soluble extract,particularly for propionic acid.Partial least squares models generated from FTIR/ATR spectra by direct measurement of cheeses gave standard errors of cross-validation of 9.7mg/100g of cheese for propi-onic acid,9.3mg/100g of cheese for acetic acid,and 5.5mg/100g of cheese for butyric acid,and correlation coefficients >0.9.Standard error of cross-validation val-ues for the water-soluble fraction were 4.4mg/100g of cheese for propionic acid,9.2mg/100g of cheese for acetic acid,and 5.2mg/100g of cheese for butyric acid with correlation coefficients of 0.98,0.95,and 0.92,re-Received January 27,2007.Accepted April 26,2007.1Corresponding author:alvarez.23@3596spectively.Infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics ac-curately and precisely predicted the short-chain FFA content in Swiss cheeses and in the water-soluble frac-tion of the cheese.Key words:Swiss cheese,free fatty acid,infrared spec-troscopy,multivariate analysisINTRODUCTIONShort-chain FFA are important sources of cheese fla-vor.Moreover,they contribute to cheese flavor as pre-cursors for the production of other volatile flavor com-pounds (McSweeney,2004).These components are also useful parameters for evaluating the quality of some types of cheeses (Innocente et al.,2000).Bosset and Gauch (1993)reported that FFA found even in low con-centrations contribute to the flavor of Cheddar,Gouda,and Swiss cheeses when they are in good balance with the products of proteolysis and other reactions.In Swiss cheese production,thermophilic lactic acid bacteria and propionibacteria are used as starters for the develop-ment of its characteristic flavor (Langsrud and Rein-bold,1973).Thermophilic bacteria degrade lactose to lactic acid in the first day of production (Thierry et al.,2004),and propionibacteria metabolize the lactic acid to propionic and acetic acids during warm room ripen-ing at 18to 24°C.The amounts of propionic and acetic acids and their relative proportions are important for Swiss cheese flavor (Piveteau,1999).Determination of FFA in dairy products is somewhat difficult because the FFA are found as <0.5%of total fat in a wide range of carbon chain numbers (from 2to 20)in these products,and short-chain FFA (2:0to 6:0)are extremely volatile (Chavarri et al.,1997).Gas chro-matography has commonly been used for the determi-nation of FFA in cheese.Lipid extraction,isolation of FFA,and gas chromatographic quantification of the individual FFA are involved in most published methods (de Jong and Badings,1990).Recently,there has also been a trend to use GC-MS and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Collins et al.,2003).However,these methods are time-consuming,expensive,and also re-FREE FATTY ACID DETERMINATION BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY3597quire hazardous chemicals and trained users.Ac-cording to Lues and Bekker (2002),the possibilities of predicting the quality of cheese during maturation,or of categorizing cheese by means of a few selected vari-ables are prospects that hold many advantages for the cheese maker.Development of a simple,nondestruc-tive,and rapid method for direct determination of FFA will save the cheese maker time and money while stand-ardizing the quality of the final product.Infrared spectroscopy is an attractive technology for rapid,inexpensive,sensitive,and high-throughput analysis of food components and does not require spe-cial skills by the users.Advances in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR )instrumentation and pattern-recogni-tion techniques have made it possible to extract infor-mation from the spectra related to the composition and conformation of food components.Developments in multivariate techniques for classification and regres-sion have been prompted by the need for reliable,accu-rate,robust,and simple methods for routine analysis of spectroscopic data in agriculture,microbiology,medi-cine,diagnostics,and other fields (Udelhoven et al.,2000).Mid-infrared spectroscopy (4,000to 700cm −1)allows for chemically based discrimination of organic constituents,producing distinct and reproducible bio-chemical fingerprints that arise from group vibrations with known assignments in most cases.Few reports have evaluated the application of mid-infrared spectroscopy for cheese analysis because of dif-ficulties in the sampling procedures due to heterogene-ity of the components in the cheese (McQueen et al.,1995).Mid-infrared spectroscopy has mainly been used for monitoring the geographic origin of a variety of cheeses (Picque et al.,2002;Pillonel et al.,2003)and for determining the major components (protein,fat,moisture)in cheese (McQueen et al.,1995;Chen et al.,1998;Rodriguez-Saona et al.,2006).There has been one attempt to determine VFA in cheese by using Fourier transform near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy,with encouraging results reported for acetic acid (r =0.93),but not for propionic and butyric acids,with correlation coefficients <0.81(Sgorlon et al.,2003).The objective of this research was to develop a simple and rapid screening tool for monitoring the short-chain FFA (acetic,propionic,and butyric acids)contents in Swiss cheese by FTIR/attenuated total reflectance (ATR )spectroscopy.MATERIALS AND METHODSCheese SamplesForty-four commercial Swiss cheese samples (∼500g),supplied by different Swiss cheese manufacturers in Ohio,were taken on different production dates andJournal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007at different aging times,ranging from just after produc-tion to more than 120d.Cheese samples were vacuum-packaged,stored under refrigerated (4to 7°C)condi-tions,and analyzed within 2wk.Reference Analyses of Water-Soluble FFAWater-soluble FFA in cheese were extracted by modi-fication of the methods reported by Kuchroo and Fox (1982)and Kleinhenz and Harper (1997).Cheese sam-ples were grated immediately after FTIR measurement,kept in vacuum bags in the refrigerator,and analyzed within 2d.The grated cheese was crushed in a mortar.A water extract was prepared in a Stomacher bag (STO-400,Tekmar Co.,Cincinnati,OH)with 10g of cheese,18.5mL of deionized water,and 1.5mL of internal standard containing 20mg/mL of 3-methyl acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Co.,St.Louis,MO).After homogenizing the samples with a Stomacher for 10min and holding them in a water bath at 40°C for 1h,the mixture was centrifuged (Sorvall SS34,Kendro Lab Products,Newtown,CT)in 50-mL polypropylene screw-capped centrifuge bottles at 8°C and 10,000×g for 30min.The samples were then kept in ice for 30min and filtered through glass wool by breaking the solid fat layer.The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 4.0with 85%concentrated phosphoric acid (Mallinckrodt Inc.,St.Louis,MO)at 25°C to precipitate CN.The acidified supernatant was kept at −18°C overnight to aggregate the protein.The supernatant was centrifuged at 12,000×g and 4°C for 30min to remove the protein residue and was then filtered through 0.2-m filters (Fish-erbrand 25-mm syringe filters,polytetrafluoroethylene membrane,0.45-m pore size,Fisher Scientific,Pitts-burgh,PA).Water extracts were kept in the refrigerator and analyzed within 2d by FTIR spectroscopy.A gas chromatograph (HP 6890,Agilent Technologies Inc.,Wilmington,DE)equipped with a flame-ionization de-tector and a 25m ×0.32mm capillary column (HP-FFAP,J&W Scientific columns from Agilent Technolog-ies)with a 0.5-m film thickness was used for the quan-titative analysis of volatile FFA in Swiss cheese.A vol-ume of 0.5L of water extract was injected manually (SGE Syringe Perfection,23-gauge microvolume sy-ringe,Restek Corp.,Bellefonte,PA).The injection port and flame-ionization detector temperatures were 220and 270°C,respectively.The oven temperature was held at 110°C for 1min and increased by 10°C per minute to 230°C.A post run at 238°C was applied for 10min.The split injection mode was used,with a split ratio of 1:1.The velocity of carrier gas (pure helium)was 44.8cm/s.Agilent Chemstation data analysis software (Agilent Technologies,Wilmington,DE)was used for integrating the chromatograms,and a multiple-pointKOCA ET AL. 3598internal standard method was used for quantifying ace-tic,propionic and butyric acids.Pure fatty acid stan-dards(Sigma-Aldrich Co.)at different levels were used to generate a calibration curve.The amounts of FFA were calculated as milligrams in100g of cheese.Two replicates were analyzed for each cheese.FTIR/ATR Spectroscopy MeasurementsInfrared spectra were recorded between4,000and 700cm−1at a resolution of4cm−1on a FTS Excalibur 3500GX FTIR spectrometer(Digilab,Randolph,MA) mounted with a MIRacle ATR accessory equipped with a high-pressure clamp(Pike Technologies,Madison, WI).The instrument had a computer-controlled dual-source assembly with a Permaglow mid-infrared source and extended-range KBr beam splitter.Additionally,a 3-reflection diamond ATR crystal provided an increase in sample absorbance,allowing measurement of low concentrations of components(Pike Technologies, 2004).Two different sampling techniques were used for FTIR measurements:direct measurement of cheese slices and use of the water-soluble fraction of cheese. For direct measurement,cheese slices(about0.5g) were taken from different areas of the Swiss cheese sample,avoiding the eyes.The samples were pressed with the high-pressure clamp to ensure a good contact between the sample and the diamond crystal.For mea-surement of the water-soluble fraction,10L of the water extract used for the gas chromatography experi-ments was placed onto the diamond ATR crystal and the water was evaporated under vacuum to obtain a thin,dryfilm.To improve the signal-to-noise ratio,128 scans were co-added for each spectrum.The absorbance spectrum was obtained by rationing the single-beam spectrum against that of the air background.Four spec-tra,each obtained from independent pieces of cheese samples,were recorded for direct measurements,and2 spectra,each obtained from the water-soluble fractions, were collected for the water-soluble FFA measure-ments.Each sample was removed from the ATR and replaced with a new one before spectral collection.Pure fatty acids in liquid form(Sigma-Aldrich Co.)were placed individually onto the diamond ATR crystal as a thinfilm to obtain each fatty acid spectrum. Multivariate Data AnalysisPartial least squares regression was applied to gener-ate calibration models with Pirouette pattern-recogni-tion software(Version3.02for Windows NT,Infome-trix,Inc.,Woodinville,WA).The optimum number of latent variables used for prediction was determined by Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007full cross-validation(a leave-one-out approach).The performance of the resulting models was evaluated in terms of the standard error of calibration,standard error of cross-validation(SECV),and coefficient corre-lations(r)for the calibration and validation models. The model producing thefirst local minimum SECV was selected as the best model for the spectral data set (Haaland and Thomas,1988;Martens and Naes,1989).RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization of FTIR Spectra of Pure FFAThe pure FFA(2:0to6:0)acetic,propionic,butyric, and n-caproic acids were analyzed by FTIR/ATR to ob-tain spectral information for each fatty acid,with the spectral bands arising from specific functional group vibrations.The spectra of pure fatty acids had strong absorptions between3,000and2,800cm−1,∼1,680and 1,775cm−1,and also in thefingerprint region of1,500 and700cm−1(Figure1).Each fatty acid gave different mid-infrared band in-tensities that could be used to develop prediction models by multivariate analysis to determine the FFA con-tents.The absorptions observed in the region of3,000 to2,800cm−1corresponded to the asymmetric C-H stretching of methyl and methylene groups(2,900to 2,800cm−1)and symmetric C-H stretching of methyl and methylene groups(2,900to2,800cm−1;Karoui et al.,2005).Increases in carbon chains and molecular weights of FFA resulted in higher relative intensities of C-H stretching groups,which were most obvious in the symmetric C-H stretching region.Coates(2000)re-ported that a characteristic broad band in the3,300 to2,500cm−1region,corresponding to the hydrogen-bonded O-H of most carboxylic acids,overlaps the C-H stretching region.In Figure1,this broad band is clearly seen for all fatty acids.All pure fatty acids showed a strong band at∼1,710 cm−1,corresponding to absorption by carbonyl double bonds(C=O stretching)in FFA.Carboxylic acid can easily be distinguished from all other carbonyl com-pounds,with a broad band at1,700to1,725cm−-mon bands for all short-chain fatty acids in thefinger-print region were observed at∼1,415,∼1,240,and∼935 cm−1,corresponding to C-O-H in-plane bending,C-O stretching,and O-H out-of-plane bending,respectively. Characterization of FTIR Spectraof Cheese SamplesTwo approaches(direct measurement and with the water-soluble fraction)were used for sampling to deter-mine the FFA in Swiss cheese with FTIR/ATR.The Savitzky-Golay second-derivative transform(Figures2FREE FATTY ACID DETERMINATION BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY3599Figure 1.Mid-infrared spectra of standard short-chain fatty acids (2:0to 6:0)in the 4,000to 700cm −1region.AU =arbitrary units.and 3)allowed the extraction of useful band information through the removal of baseline variations and resolu-tion of overlapping peaks (Hrushka,1987).The infor-mation-rich infrared spectral ranges for direct mea-surement of Swiss cheese samples were 3,000to 2,800cm −1and 1,800to 900cm −1,with strong and well-sepa-rated bands (Figure 2).The direct measurementspec-Figure 2.Mid-infrared spectra and second-derivative spectral transformation of Swiss cheese using Fourier transform infrared spectros-copy-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy.AU =arbitrary units.Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007trum shows the spectral bands arising from amides I and II (1,650to 1,540cm −1),lipids (3,000to 2,800cm −1and 1,800to 1,700cm −1),and water (3,700to 2,500cm −1and 1,700to 1,600cm −1),which were detailed by Rodriguez-Saona et al.(2006).The spectrum had strong bands at 2,920and 2,850cm −1(C-H stretching of meth-ylene groups),1,745cm −1(carbonyl groups),1,460(C-KOCA ET AL.3600Figure 3.Mid-infrared spectra and second-derivative spectral transformation of the water-soluble fraction of Swiss cheese by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy.AU =arbitrary units.H bending),and 1,175cm −1(C-O stretching)for direct cheese measurement.The spectrum also exhibited fat-related bands at 1,477to 1,400cm −1(C-H bending),1,240cm −1,and 1,170to 1,115(C-O stretching;Chen et al.,1998).Although the direct measurement protocol was very simple,the high amount of fat and protein in cheese resulted in interferences.Therefore,in the second ap-proach,the water extract of cheese samples was used to remove fat and protein while retaining the water-soluble acetic,propionic,and butyric acids to attempt to improve the ability of the multivariate analysis to detect the FFA (Figure 3).The water-soluble fraction of cheese contains volatile polar compounds consisting mainly of short-and medium-chain-length FFA (EngelTable 1.Calibration and cross-validation results of FFA analysis by FTIR/ATR spectroscopy 1Range of FFANumber Latent Cumulative (mg/100g of cheese)Technique 2of samplesvariables varianceSEC rCal SECV rVal Acetic acid (20–160)DM 44990.7 5.920.989.280.95WSF 441085.8 2.710.999.160.95Propionic acid (0–100)DM 421092.9 5.600.979.690.91WSF 421084.90.970.99 4.360.98Butyric acid (0–50)DM 391194.0 2.270.99 5.510.92WSF39986.51.310.995.240.921Mid-infrared analysis was performed using the 3,000to 2,800,1,775to 1,680,and 1,500to 900cm −1regions.SEC =standard error of calibration;SECV =standard error of validation;rCal =correlation coefficient of calibration;rVal =correlation coefficient of cross-validation;latent variables =small number of orthogonal factors providing the optimal linear model in terms of predictability;cumulative variance =measure of the percentage of variance explained by the model.2DM =direct measurement of Swiss cheese samples;WSF =water-soluble fraction of Swiss cheese samples.Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007et al.,2002)and nonvolatile compounds,such as min-eral salts,lactic acid,lactose,AA,and peptides (Aston and Creamer,1986).As seen in the second-derivative spectrum of the water-soluble fraction of cheeses (Fig-ure 3),less intense bands,as compared with the direct measurements,were obtained between 3,000and 2,800cm −1and 1,775and 1,600cm −1because of the removal of fat and proteins during the extraction procedure with water.A strong band at ∼1,710cm −1was obtained in the water-soluble fraction spectrum,corresponding to absorption by carbonyl bonds (C=O stretching)of car-boxylic acids and a small band at 1,750cm −1arising from carbonyl groups of esters.One of the most visible differences between the spectra from direct measure-ment and from the water-soluble fraction was theFREE FATTY ACID DETERMINATION BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY3601Figure 4.Partial least squares regression cross-validation plots for acetic,propionic,and butyric acids in Swiss cheese samples for direct measurements (DM;A,C,E)and for the water-soluble fraction (WSF;B,D,F).stronger and well-separated bands in the 1,500to 800cm −1region of the water-soluble fraction.Irudayaraj and Tewari (2003)assigned the bands in the region 1,153to 904cm −1to C-O and C-C stretching modes and those in the region 1,474to 1,199cm −1to O-C-H,C-C-H,and C-O-H vibrational modes arising from sugars and organic acids.Comparison of the Sampling TechniquesThe regions 3,000to 2,800,1,775to 1,680,and 1,500to 900cm −1were used to develop calibration models for Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007acetic,propionic,and butyric acids,with the levels given in Table 1.The cross-validated (leave-one-out)partial least squares regression results for direct mea-surement and for the water-soluble fraction are shown in Table 1and Figure 4.Direct measurement of cheese showed good performance statistics,with estimated SECV of 9.28,9.68,and 5.51mg/100g of cheese for acetic,propionic,and butyric acids,respectively,and correlation coefficients of >0.91.On the other hand,the water-soluble fraction gave higher correlation coeffi-cients of validation (>0.92)and lower SECV values (9.16,4.36,and 5.24mg/100g of cheese for acetic,propi-KOCA ET AL. 3602onic,and butyric acids,respectively)compared with direct measurement.The superiority of using the wa-ter-soluble fraction over direct measurement was more visible for propionic acid than for the other fatty acids, with SECV of4.36mg/100g for the water-soluble frac-tion,which can be clearly seen in Figure4D.This could be attributed to the combination of different limitations of the direct measurement technique for the cheese. Cheeses are heterogeneous,showing differences in com-position in different parts of the same sample(McQueen et al.,1995;Rodriguez-Saona et al.,2006).Additionally, Swiss cheese contains eyes that introduce further in-terfering variability into the infrared spectral data.In fact,Kleinhenz(1995)reported that the amounts of acetic,propionic,and butyric acids in the areas closer to eye sections were significantly different from those in the middle section of Swiss cheese.Other sources of variability include morphological changes during aging (McQueen et al.,1995),heterogeneity of fat globules, bound moisture in the protein matrix,and the presence of voids in the cheese matrix(Chen and Irudayaraj, 1998).Advantages of using the water-soluble fraction included analysis of a homogeneous sample for the ex-traction of FFA with water and limited interference of fat(medium-and long-chain fatty acids)and protein. Therefore,short-chain fatty acids became more domi-nant in the water-soluble fraction.In this research, lower SECV values and higher correlation coefficient values were obtained than those in Montasio cheese studied by Fourier transform near-infrared spectros-copy with reported correlation coefficient values of0.93, 0.80,and0.81for acetic,propionic,and butyric acids, respectively(Sgorlon et al.,2003.)A major advantage of measuring the cheese directly by applying infrared spectroscopy was the ability to rapidly obtain a spectrum that contained information about its physicochemical characteristics.Although the direct measurement technique gave slightly higher SECV values than the water-soluble fraction,this rapid measurement technique could be valuable for routine quality control and online analysis of FFA for the cheese industry.CONCLUSIONSA simple and rapid FTIR/ATR method was developed for the determination of short-chain FFA in Swiss cheese.Overall,good performance statistics were ob-tained by direct measurement and by using water-solu-ble extracts.In particular,the water-soluble fraction of the cheese allowed the confounding signal to be mini-mized and improved the performance of the prediction models with SECV of4.4mg of propionic acid/100g of cheese detected and a correlation coefficient of0.98. Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.8,2007The potential of FTIR/ATR spectroscopy for simple, rapid(<3min),and accurate determination of the major and minor constituents in Swiss cheese was shown. 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