湘潭大学 有限单元法及应用 2015年博士研究生考博考研真题
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机专业基础综合真题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机学科专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：140小题，每小题2分，共80分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1．已知程序如下：int s(int n){ return (n<=0) ? 0 : s(n-1) +n; }void main(){ cout<< s(1); }程序运行时使用栈来保存调用过程的信息，自栈底到栈顶保存的信息一次对应的是A．main()->S(1)->S(0) B．S(0)->S(1)->main()C．m ain()->S(0)->S(1) D．S(1)->S(0)->main()2．先序序列为a,b,c,d的不同二叉树的个数是A．13 B．14 C．15 D．163．下列选项给出的是从根分别到达两个叶节点路径上的权值序列，能属于同一棵哈夫曼树的是A．24，10，5和24，10，7 B．24，10，5和24，12，7C．24，10，10和24，14，11 D．24，10，5和24，14，64．现在有一颗无重复关键字的平衡二叉树（A VL树）,对其进行中序遍历可得到一个降序序列。
下列关于该平衡二叉树的叙述中，正确的是A．根节点的度一定为2 B．树中最小元素一定是叶节点C．最后插入的元素一定是叶节点D．树中最大元素一定是无左子树5．设有向图G=(V,E)，顶点集V={V0,V1,V2,V3}，边集E={<v0,v1>,<v0,v2>,<v0,v3>，<v1,v3>},若从顶点V0 开始对图进行深度优先遍历，则可能得到的不同遍历序列个数是A．2 B．3 C．4 D．56．求下面带权图的最小（代价）生成树时，可能是克鲁斯卡（kruskal）算法第二次选中但不是普里姆（Prim）算法（从V4开始）第2次选中的边是A．(V1,V3) B．(V1,V4) C．(V2,V3) D．(V3,V4)7．下列选项中，不能构成折半查找中关键字比较序列的是A．500，200，450，180 B．500，450，200，180C．180，500，200，450 D．180，200，500，4508．已知字符串S为“abaabaabacacaabaabcc”. 模式串t为“abaabc”, 采用KMP算法进行匹配，第一次出现“失配”(s[i] != t[i]) 时，i=j=5,则下次开始匹配时，i和j的值分别是A．i=1，j=0 B．i=5，j=0 C．i=5，j=2 D．i=6，j=29．下列排序算法中元素的移动次数和关键字的初始排列次序无关的是A．直接插入排序B．起泡排序C．基数排序D．快速排序10．已知小根堆为8，15，10，21，34，16，12，删除关键字8之后需重建堆，在此过程中，关键字之间的比较数是A．1 B．2 C．3 D．411．希尔排序的组内排序采用的是（）A．直接插入排序B．折半插入排序 C．快速排序D．归并排序12．计算机硬件能够直接执行的是（）Ⅰ．机器语言程序Ⅱ．汇编语言程序Ⅲ．硬件描述语言程序A．仅ⅠB．仅ⅠⅡC．仅ⅠⅢD．ⅠⅡⅢ13．由3个“1”和5个“0”组成的8位二进制补码，能表示的最小整数是（）A．-126 B．-125 C．-32 D．-314．下列有关浮点数加减运算的叙述中，正确的是（）Ⅰ. 对阶操作不会引起阶码上溢或下溢Ⅱ. 右规和尾数舍入都可能引起阶码上溢Ⅲ. 左规时可能引起阶码下溢Ⅳ. 尾数溢出时结果不一定溢出A．仅ⅡⅢB．仅ⅠⅡⅣC．仅ⅠⅢⅣD．ⅠⅡⅢⅣ15．假定主存地址为32位，按字节编址，主存和Cache之间采用直接映射方式，主存块大小为4个字，每字32位，采用回写（Write Back）方式，则能存放4K字数据的Cache 的总容量的位数至少是（）A．146k B．147K C．148K D．158K16．假定编译器将赋值语句“x=x+3;”转换为指令”add xaddt, 3”，其中xaddt是x 对应的存储单元地址，若执行该指令的计算机采用页式虚拟存储管理方式，并配有相应的TLB，且Cache使用直写（Write Through）方式，则完成该指令功能需要访问主存的次数至少是（）A．0 B．1 C．2 D．317．下列存储器中，在工作期间需要周期性刷新的是（）A．SRAM B．SDRAM C．ROM D．FLASH18．某计算机使用4体交叉存储器，假定在存储器总线上出现的主存地址（十进制）序列为8005，8006，8007，8008，8001，8002，8003，8004，8000，则可能发生发生缓存冲突的地址对是（）A．8004、8008 B．8002、8007 C．8001、8008 D．8000、800419．下列有关总线定时的叙述中，错误的是（）A．异步通信方式中，全互锁协议最慢B．异步通信方式中，非互锁协议的可靠性最差C．同步通信方式中，同步时钟信号可由多设备提供D．半同步通信方式中，握手信号的采样由同步时钟控制20．若磁盘转速为7200转/分，平均寻道时间为8ms,每个磁道包含1000个扇区，则访问一个扇区的平均存取时间大约是( )A．8.1ms B．12.2ms C．16.3ms D．20.5ms21．在采用中断I/O方式控制打印输出的情况下，CPU和打印控制接口中的I/O端口之间交换的信息不可能是( )A．打印字符B．主存地址C．设备状态D．控制命令22．内部异常(内中断)可分为故障(fault)、陷阱(trap)和终止(abort)三类。
2015年湖南大学考博报考分析-真题解析-考博辅导-如何复习-育明考博
2015年湖南大学考博报考分析及备考指导 一、招考介绍学校所属博士点招生总数名额分布考博英语难易程度复试分数要求211/98525个博士学位授权一级学科450人硕博连读149人直博生44人资格审核制49人高于六级60分2014年博士研究生入学考试考生初试成绩基本要求报考学科门类或专业英语专业基础课专业课经济学[02]法学[0301]外国语言文学[0502]统计学[0714]建筑学[0813]、城乡规划学[0833]管理学[12]设计学[1305]55 60 60哲学[01]马克思主义理论[0305]历史学[06]计算机科学与技术[0812]、软件工程[0835]50 60 60理学[07]（不含统计学[0714]）工学[08]（不含建筑学[0813]、城乡规划学[0833]、计算机科学与技术[0812]、软件工程[0835]）45 60 60二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
推荐考生在九月中旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系自己也可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看我们的方式方法。
通常跟导师初次联系，一般推荐使用电子邮件。
邮件的内容应包含两大部分：自己的简介以及想要跟随导师深造的期望。
另外，也需要结合导师的研究方向、学术观点、性格偏好有针对性的组织语言。
在这一方面我们育明考博有着一整套关于联系导师环节的经验和资料，相信可以给广大考生带来关键的帮助。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、“欢迎报考”。
简单的四个字，这种答复最笼统说明不了太多的问题，但也没有明确的拒绝。
湘潭大学数值分析2015年研究生考试试卷(A)
( x) 6. 求导数的中心差商公式为 f
。
得 分
, ln 0. 6 0 . 510826 二、 （ 11 分） 已知 ln 0 .5 0 .693147 ，用线性插值计算
ln 0.54 的近似值，要求写出插值多项式并估计插值误差。
（第 1 页 共 4 页）
得 分
三、 （12 分）取初始向量 x
……………………………………………………………装…………………… 订……………………线…………………………………………………………………
： 制卷人签名： 制卷日期： 审核人签名： 审核日期： …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
湘潭大学 2015 年下学期 研究生《数值分析》课程考试试卷
适用专业 考试形式
学院 学号
题 号 得 分 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 一 二 三 四
非数学类各专业 适用年级 2015 闭卷 试卷类别 A 考试时间 120 分钟
专业 姓名
五 六 七 总分 阅卷 教师
班级
得 分
一、 （20 分）填空题（每空 2 分）
1．数值计算中误差按来源可分为如下几种： 2. 梯形求积公式 f ( x)dx
a b
。 。 ， f ( x ) 的二次
，其截断误差 E1 ( f )
3．已知 f (0) 0, f (1) 16, f (2) 46, 则差商 f [0,1, 2] 牛顿插值多项式为 。
Gauss-Seidel 迭代格式; 2)讨论 Gauss-Seidel 迭代格式的收敛性。
全国著名大学考博(博士生入学考试)刑法学真题汇编
全国著名大学考博（博士生入学考试）刑法学真题汇编1.北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院2019年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题2.2018年西南政法大学刑法学考题3.对外经贸大学法学院2018年刑法学考题4.中南财经政法大学2017年博士生入学考试中国刑法考题5.中南财经政法大学2017年博士生入学考试中国刑法考题6.北师大刑科院2017年部分考博复试真题7.北京航空航天大学2017年刑法学考题8.中国社会科学院2017年刑事法学科考题9.中国人民大学法学院刑法专业考博复试部分真题（回忆版）10.清华大学法学院2018年刑法学博士生招生考试笔试真题（2017年9月）11.清华大学法学院2017年刑法学博士生招生考试笔试真题（2016年9月）12.清华大学法学院2017年刑法学博士生招生考试部分面试真题（2016年9月）13.中国人民大学法学院2007年博士入学试题（全）1.北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院2019年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题中国刑法部分一．请从下面两题中任选一题，写一篇不少于2500字的论文。
1.试论“口袋罪”的限制适用2.试论适用刑法平等原则在产权保护中的体现外国刑法与国际刑法1.试论近代意大利学派的刑法思想2.试论英美法系刑法中法人的刑事责任3.试论国际刑事司法协助模式的发展2.2018年西南政法大学刑法学考题1.安乐死的争议与抉择2.刑法修正案（九）对恐怖犯罪立法完善的论述3.想象竞合犯的性质和处罚规则4.虚构房屋被预定的事实，要求买家额外支付换房款，主管经理分账款，进行分析解读1.德国刑法量刑根据规则评述2.法人犯罪归责原则3.中外因果关系的比较分析4.中外罪数形态比较分析3.对外经贸大学法学院2018年刑法学考题1.英美刑法中的自愿行为2.民愤是否应该成为量刑的考虑因素3.刑法三大基本原则之间的关系？1.犯罪构成要件对刑事诉讼法的意义2.论述自诉行为的缺陷和完善3.大陆法系中的不能犯4.北京师范大学2018年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题部院系代码及名称：031刑事法律科学研究院考试科目代码及名称：2280中国刑法请从下面两题中任选一题，写一篇不少于2500字的论文。
2015考博真题
一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。
2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。
湘大哲学考研题目汇总及答案
湘大哲学考研题目汇总及答案一、名词解释1. 形而上学2. 辩证法3. 存在主义4. 现象学5. 伦理学二、简答题1. 简述柏拉图理念论的基本观点。
2. 阐述康德的先验哲学。
3. 描述黑格尔的绝对精神概念。
4. 简述马克思的异化理论。
5. 解释海德格尔的“存在”概念。
三、论述题1. 论述庄子的“无为而治”思想及其对现代社会的启示。
2. 分析尼采的“超人”哲学及其对现代文化的影响。
3. 探讨现象学对现代心理学的贡献。
4. 论述萨特的存在主义哲学及其对个体自由的强调。
5. 讨论福柯的权力与知识理论在当代社会的应用。
四、案例分析题1. 以《论语》中“仁者爱人”为例，分析儒家伦理思想的现代价值。
2. 通过分析《道德经》中的“无为”思想，探讨其在现代管理学中的应用。
3. 以《庄子》中的“逍遥游”为例，分析道家哲学对现代人生活态度的影响。
4. 通过分析康德的《纯粹理性批判》，探讨其对现代科学方法论的影响。
5. 以海德格尔的《存在与时间》为例，分析其对现代哲学的贡献。
五、材料分析题1. 阅读以下材料，分析其对哲学研究方法的影响：- 材料一：某哲学家关于认识论的论述。
- 材料二：某现代科学实验结果对哲学理论的挑战。
2. 阅读以下材料，讨论其对伦理学研究的启示：- 材料一：关于人工智能伦理的讨论。
- 材料二：某社会事件引发的道德争议。
六、综合应用题1. 结合个人生活经验，谈谈如何将儒家的“中庸之道”应用到日常生活中。
2. 以某历史事件为例，分析黑格尔辩证法的应用。
3. 从现象学角度，探讨现代科技对人类感知世界的影响。
4. 以萨特的存在主义哲学为基础，讨论个体在现代社会中的自我实现。
5. 以福柯的权力与知识理论为视角，分析现代社会中的教育制度。
答案：一、名词解释1. 形而上学：哲学的一个分支，研究超越经验的实在和存在的本质。
2. 辩证法：一种逻辑推理方法，强调事物的对立统一和发展变化。
3. 存在主义：一种哲学思想，强调个体存在的独特性和自由选择的重要性。
博士班资格考历年参考题目
博士班資格考題目(供參考用)甲、形上學一、柏拉圖(Plato)在《理想國》第七卷，借助洞穴的比喻，提出「辯證法」做為吾人能理解知識之第一原則的方法論基礎。
(1)試從柏拉圖在洞穴之喻中對於意見與知識的區分，說明柏拉圖如何理解與建構他的「辯證法」？(10%)(2)試從您對柏拉圖「辯證法」的理解，說明柏拉圖如從蘇格拉底的「對話術」發展出他的「辯證法」，以及柏拉圖從「對話」(dialog)到「辯證」(dialectic)的思想轉折，對西方形上學的發展，究竟產生了什麼樣的影響？(15%)二、柏拉圖在＜理想國＞有所謂「線之比喻」來說明世界之各種真實性(reality)和相對的各種知識(含真理和信念等)之真理性，試說明其理論何以必把理型世界視為最後真實，而我們又如何認識到此理型世界，並請申論理型論在現代哲學上有何參考的價值。
三、亞里士多德有所謂四因說。
請說明為何亞氏要創立這種說法，及闡述四因說之內容和理論效果。
此四因說與亞氏論證第一因有何關係？請申論之。
四、亞里斯多德(Aristotle)在《形上學》第四卷中，曾經說：It is clear then that it is the work of one science also to study the things that are, qua being. But everywhere science deals chiefly with that which is primary, and on which the other things depend, and in virtue of which they get their names. If, then, this is substance, it will be of substances that the philosopher must grasp the principles and the causes.請從這一段話出發，回答下列問題：(1)亞里斯多德既主張形上學研究的應是「存有之為存有」的科學，但在此又說它研究的也應是「實體的原因和本原」。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。