动词的被动语态

动词的被动语态
一．被动语态的构成或用法
（一）被动语态的构成
1. 被动语态的基本机构：be+动词的过去分词
2．各种时态的主动、被动语态的构成如下：
一般现在时--- 主动：do/does 被动：am/is/are+done
We clean the classroom. The classroom is cleaned by us. 一般过去时--- 主动：did 被动：was/were+done
He made the kite. The kite was made by him.
现在进行时--- 主动：am/is/are+doing被动：am/is/are+being done She is watering flowers. Flowers are being watered by her.
现在完成时--- 主动：have/has+done被动：have/has+been done
Jim has finished the work. The work has been finished by Jim. 一般将来时--- 主动：will/shall/be going to do 被动：will/shall/be going to be done
They will plant trees tomorrow. Trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 过去进行时--- 主动：was/were doing 被动：was/were+being done She was writing a letter this time yesterday. A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.
过去完成时--- 主动：had+done 被动：had+been done
Jim had finished the work. The work had been finished by Jim. 过去将
来时--- 主动：would/should/be going to do 被动：
would/should/be going to be done
He said he would make a kite. He said a kite would be made by him.
含有情态动词--- 主动：can/may/must do 被动：can/may/must be done I can find him. He can be found by me.
（二）被动语态的用法在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列情况：
1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁。

This watch is made in China.
2. 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

More trees must be planted every year.
3. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者。

Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
4. 动作的发出者不是指认。

Many houses were washed away in the flood.
二．主动语态和被动语态的转换
（一）主动语态变为被动语态
1. 要将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主动句中的宾语是人
称代词，要将宾格变为主格。

2. 把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变为宾格，并由by
引导。

3. 谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。

We asked him to sing an English song.
He was asked to sing and English song by us.
（二）带双宾的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾时，既可以将间接宾语转化为主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。

若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留间接宾语前加上介词to 或for. She gave me a book. I was given a book by her.
A book was give to me by her.
（三）短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。

注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

We should take good care of the children.
The children should be taken good care of.（o不可省略）
（四）带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾补一起构成复合宾语。

变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。

I saw some boys playing football on the playground.
Some boys were playing football on the playground.
（五）被动语态后动词形式的选择。

主动句中的感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice 等和使役动词let, make, have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符号to。

We often hear the girl sing in her room n the evening.
The girl is often heard to sing in her room in the evening. 易混点清单一．被动语态的一些特殊运用形式
1. open, lock, write, read, well, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive 等词作不及物动词时，他们的主语是物，可用主动语态表示被动意义。

This kind of pens writes very smoothly.
This kind of shirts sells well here.
2. lock, sou nd, taste, smell等系动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

School uniforms look good on us.
The cake smells delicious.
3. be woth dong中，doing表示被动意义。

This flim is woth seeing.
4. “want/need/requre+doing‘ 相当于want/need/require+to be done.To be done表示不定式的被动结构。

My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.
三．不用被动语态的情况
1. 当主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用于被动语态。

The man introduced himself as Mr. White（. 正确）
Himself was introduced as Mr. White.（误）
They help each other study English（. 正确）
Each other is helped to study En glish 误）
2. 当主动句的谓语是表示状态的及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。

We will have a meeting.
3. 当主动句的宾语是不定式或动名词时，不能用作被动语态的主语。

My mother enjoys watching Tv.
He asked to have a try.
四．被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作，而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。

This shop is closed at nine o'clock.
This shop is closed today.
2. 系表结构中的过去分词常有固定的介词搭配，被动语态结构中则没有。

Miss Wang is satisfied with us.
3. 系表结构中的过去分词可以被副词修饰。

He is so worried about his exam.
4. 系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态结构则可用于多种时态。