2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(55-56)讲义-高三英语二轮复习

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一、长难句翻译
55.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice, I was so surprised that I was speechless, my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape.
56.In a way , I think we both won : I the game , but cousin Ed my respect.
二、长难句翻译解析
55.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice, I was so surprised that I was speechless, my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape.
第一步判定句子类型,这是一个简单句
第二步分析句子成分,这个句子的主干是I was so surprised that I was speechless, or my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. when引导时间状语从句通过not only....but also....同时并列两个with后接的状语修饰真个从句动作
第三步整合句子意思:因此当伊德来参加我们的比赛时,我发现他不仅将衬衫的底部扎进裤里,而且几乎注意不到他的肚子,我感到很惊奇,以致无话可说,我的表弟过去一定努力把自己训练好,保持很好的竞技状态。

56.In a way , I think we both won : I the game , but cousin Ed my respect.
第一步,判定句子类型,这是一个简单句
第二步分析句子成分,这个句子的主干是I think....., 省略了that 引导的宾语从句,还原成正确的语序是I think that we are both won: I win the game, but cousin Ed win my respect.
第三步整合句子意思:在一定程度上,我认为我们都赢了,我赢得了这次比赛,伊德表弟赢得了我的尊重。

三、高考英语名词考点深化式解析
核心考点1 名词的数
1.可数名词的数(不规则变化)
(1)单、复数同形。

如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep。

(2)合成名词的复数。

如:boyfriend→boyfriends,gobetween→gobetweens(中间人),grownup→grownups,passer by→passersby,lookeron→lookerson, woman doctor→women doctors。

(3)只有复数形式的名词。

此类名词往往以复数形式出现,表示“衣服”、“工具”等的总称,不能用具体的数字修饰,也不能加不定冠词a/an,但可以用a pair of/two pairs of,many 等修饰。

如:clothes,tights,jeans,pajamas,pants,shorts,socks,stockings,trousers,glasses,chopsticks,passes,pincers,scissors,scales等;
另外一类总是以复数形式出现,但不能用具体的数字修饰,也不能用a/an,a pair of等修饰,只能用many,a great many,a lot of等修饰。

如:belongings,congratulations,contents,earnings,fireworks,goods,leavings,pains,spirits,savings,stairs,surroundings,wages,arms等。

(4)集体名词的数。

有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery,furniture,
mankind,jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看作整体,复数看作集体的各个成员。

如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。

The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。

名词的数及词性变化可以在语法填空中进行考查。

【考例1】(2022年全国甲卷)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ______ (protect). (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】protection
【详解】考查名词。

句意:Cao和Wu还沿路收集垃圾,以促进环境保护。

根据句意和前文promote environmental可知,此处应用其名词形式protection,作动词宾语,此处protection 为不可数名词。

故填protection。

【考例2】Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.________(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) 【答案】Activities
【详解】考查名词。

句意:1980年被正式承认的科莫多国家公园因其独特的生物多样性而受到生态旅游的欢迎。

从观鲸到徒步旅行,那里有各种各样的活动。

分析句子结构可知,设空处位于句首,在句中作主语,根据谓语动词range可知,设空处应填给定的可数名词activity 的复数形式。

故填Activities。

【考例3】The________(possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
【答案】possibility
【详解】考查名词。

句意:宇宙中其他行星上存在生命的可能性一直激励着科学家探索外层空间。

该空作句子主语,用名词,that there is life on other planets in the universe是同位语从句,特指“这个可能”,用名词单数,故填possibility。

【考例4】Historical ____ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
【答案】accuracy
【详解】考查名词。

句意:历史的准确性很重要,但娱乐也很重要。

此处做主语,位于形容词historical之后,应使用名词,意为“历史的准确性”。

故填accuracy。

【考例5】The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ________ (transform).
【答案】transformation
【详解】考查名词。

句意:许多国家的卫生安全体系正在经历重大变革。

作宾语,表示“变革”应用名词transformation,不可数。

故填transformation。

【考例6】Filled with __________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
【答案】curiosity
【详解】考查名词。

句意:这位艺术家充满了好奇心,收拾行囊离开了。

作宾语,应用名词curiosity,表抽象概念,不可数。

故填curiosity。

【考例7】I’m not Chinese, but I l ove Chinese New Year. There are many fun New Year ________(celebrate), but nothing quite matches the excitement of the lion dance which can wake up the spirit pletely.
【答案】celebrations
【详解】考查名词复数。

句意:我不是中国人,但我喜欢中国人的新年。

有很多有趣的新年庆典,但没有什么能完全匹配舞狮的兴奋,它可以完全振奋精神。

空处是there be句型的主语,应用名词形式,celebration庆典,庆祝活动,是可数名词,由many可知,此处应用复数形式。

故填celebrations。

【考例8】Beautifully restored(修复)to its 1860 appearance, the house was Abraham and Mary Lincoln's home for 17 years. In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their ________ (marry)ceremony in 1842.
【答案】marriage
【详解】考查名词。

句意:这座被精美地修复到它1860年外貌的房子亚伯拉罕和玛丽·林肯生活了17年的家。

1844年,他们以1200美元的价格从查尔斯·德莱瑟手中买下了这座房子和一些土地,查尔斯·德莱瑟在1842年举行了他们的婚礼。

结合设空前的形容词性物主代词their可知,此处要用名词形式;结合设空处后的ceremony,可知此处意为“婚礼”;提示词marry意为“婚姻”,其名词形式为marriage,marriage ceremony意为“婚礼”。

故填marriage。

【考例9】Nowadays, the___________(prior)for travelling is shifted(转换)from shopping to food and scenery.
【答案】priority
【详解】考查名词。

句意:如今,旅游的重点从购物转向了食品和风景。

分析可知,空处为名词做主语,priority表示“优先考虑的事物”,为不可数名词,符合句意。

故填priority。

【考例10】(2021全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people.
【答案】watchtowers
【详解】考查名词复数。

句意:据说你可以在两个小时内完成,但我们在不同的大门和瞭望台停下来拍照,或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。

根据句意以及前文形容词different(不同的)可知,此处应用可数名词watchtower的复数形式和gates并列作介词at的宾语。

故填watchtowers。

【考例11】The far side of the moon is of particular________(interesting) to scientists.
【答案】interest
【详解】考查名词。

句意:科学家们对月球的背面特别感兴趣。

“be of+n.”结构相当于形容词,故应用interesting的名词interest (不可数) 作介词宾语。

故填interest。

【考例12】By about 6000 BC, people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later, they learned to work with the _________ (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
【答案】seasons
【详解】考查名词的数。

句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们发现了最好的作物和饲养的动物。

后来,他们学会了与季节相适应,在合适的时间种植,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水灌溉他们的田地。

根据常识和语境可知,人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼,season为可数名词,此处应用其复数形式。

故填seasons。

【考例13】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ______ (cause).
【答案】causes
【详解】考查名词的数。

句意:一项研究表明,仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步,就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。

分析句子可知,形容词all修饰可数名词复数。

故填causes。

【考例14】My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________(scie nce) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
【答案】scientist
【详解】考查名词。

句意:我叫Mireya Mayor,我是一名研究像猿类和猴子这类动物的科学家。

分析句子可知,句子“who studies animals such as apes and monkeys”在句中作定语,是定语从句,修饰空格处的名词,根据定语从句句意推知,空格处需填表示职业的名词,science 作为名词,表示“科学”的意思,需转换为名词scientist,表示“科学家”的意思,由空格前的不定冠词a可知,名词scientist需用单数形式。

故填scientist。

【考例15】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making
Chinese________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【详解】考查名词单复数。

句意:我认识的人中好像很少有人喜欢或是有时间做饭。

制作中式菜肴尤其被认为麻烦。

dish是可数名词,其前无单数限定词,故用其复数形式dishes。

故填dishes。

核心考点2 名词的功能及词义辨析
名词的功能
(1)可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.
(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

①分类意义
air pollution空气污染;coffee cup咖啡杯;body language身体语言;road accident交通事故;
②时间、地点、称呼等
Doctor Jack杰克医生;Professor Li李教授;evening school夜校;winter sleep冬眠
③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义
reception desk接待台;sports field田径场;stone table石桌;color TV彩电
(3)作状语
名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。

The war lasted eight years.
(4)作同位语
Tom,our monitor, left school last year.
名词的词义辨析
主要考察单词基本义的引申和拓展、易错的名词固定搭配以及对同义词、近义词的考查等,是高考中名词考点的重要部分。

要解决名词词义辨析,需注意平时积累。

词义辨析通常以单选题形式出现
【考例16】He is never satisfied with what he has got. The grass is always greener on the other side of the ____.
A.road B.fence C.wall D.garden
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意:他对自己所拥有的东西从不满意。

这山望着那山高。

A. road路;
B. fence篱笆,围墙;
C. wall墙;
D. garden花园。

The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.是谚语,意为“这山望着那山高”。

故选B。

【考例17】—Americans spend more on health care than most other people .
—You’re right . But a new study shows that life in the United States is falling . A.development B.position C.experience D.expectancy
【答案】D
【详解】试题分析:句意:美国人花费在医疗保健的费用比其他的人要多得多。

你是对的。

但是新的研究表明人的平均寿命在下降。

development 发展;position位置;experience 经历;life expectancy平均寿命。

根据句意故选D。

考点:考查名词辨析。

点评:本题难度适中。

名词辨析是近几年高考的热点,本题是对已学知识点的回顾,需要考生能够理解该题的语言环境,牢记它们的用法及意义。

即学即练:is the father of wisdom.
A. Development
B. Position
C. Experience
D. Expectancy
解析:C。

句意: 经验是智慧之父。

【考例18】She has lost only nine games in five matches on the way to the semifinals. Always the perfectionist, she sees room for .
A.achievement B.improvement
C.entertainment D.Amusement
【答案】B
【详解】试题分析:考查名词。

句意:她的九场比赛中只有五场是输在了半决赛中的。

作为一个完美主义者,她总是在提高自己。

A.achievement成就;B. Improvement提高;C. Entertainment娱乐;D. Amusement乐趣;根据词义,可知她是要提高,故选B项。

考点:考查名词
【考例19】【2018·天津】The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A.advice B.order
C.possibility D.invitation
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。

句意:宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。

A. advice建议;B. order命令;C. possibility可能性;D. invitation 邀请。

故选C。

点睛:本题考查名词辨析。

名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。

本题语法上是一个同位语从句,从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。

根据常识可以判断,宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性,目前无法证明,从而选出正确答案。

【考例20】We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ________ on our lives in many ways.
A.statement B.impact
C.impression D.judgment
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意:我们可以观察到人工智能已经在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了影响。

A. statement陈述说明;B. impact影响,效果;C. impression印象;D. judgment 判断。

故选B符合语境。

【考例21】The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______. A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.submission
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意:许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。

A. reservation预订;B. transformation改革,变革;C. distinction区别;D. submission提交。

根据前文The health security systems可知,此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。

故选B。

【考例22】Great improvements in public health have been brought about by ________ in medical science.
A.traditions B.advances C.pressures D.examples
【答案】B
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意:医学的进步带来了公共健康的巨大改善。

A. traditions 传统;B. advances前进,进步;C. pressures压力;D. examples例子。

根据上文“Great improvements in public health have been brought about”可知,公共健康的巨大改善是由医学的进步带来的,advances符合语境。

故选B。

【考例23】Nowadays the ________ of travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
A.autonomy B.barrier C.prospect D.priority
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意:如今旅游的重点从购物转移到食物和风景。

A. autonomy 自治;B. barrier障碍;C. prospect前景;D. priority重点。

根据空后shifted from shopping to food and scenery及常识可知,在旅游中,食物和风景已成为人们优先考虑的事情,此处指旅游重点的转变。

故选D项。

核心考点3 名词与主谓一致
高考主谓一致的知识结构
一致原则
考点详解
例句
语法一致
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。

His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
What he said is very important for us all.
The children were in the classroom two hours ago.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。

Lucy and Lily are twins.
She and I are classmates.
The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.
Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。

Mr. Green,together with his wife and children,has e to China.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She,like you and Tom,is very tall.
4. either,neither,each,every 或no +单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。

Each of us has a new book.
Everything around us is matter.
5. 在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。

这些词有family, class, crowd, mittee, population, audience等。

Class Four is on the third floor.
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注:people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。

如:The police are looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数
或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。

There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
50% of the students in our class are girls.
注:a number of 与the number of的区别
8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。

There es the bus.
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result. Such are the facts.
逻辑一致
1. what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。

Which is your bag?Which are your bags?
All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。

Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
Ten miles is too long.
3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting storybook.
4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table.
逻辑一致
5. 算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。

Twelve plus eight is twenty.
Fiftysix divided by eight is seven.
6. 一些学科名词是以–ics 结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics 以及news,works 等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。

The paper works was built in 1990.
I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,jeans 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。

My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。

The old are taken good care of.
9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

A large quantity of people is needed here.
注意:quantities一般用复数。

Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。

A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
就近一致
1. 当两个主语由either … or,neither … nor,whether … or …,not only …but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。

如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
Here引导的句子用法同上。

如:Here is a map and a handbook for you.
一、语法一致
就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

【考例24】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review sa ys it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 (than) walking, cycling or swimming.
【答案】is
【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。

医学报告显示:跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。

这里叙述的是一个事实,故用一般现在时,且主语是it,表示单数概念。

故填is。

【考例25】He is one of the most selfish men that _______ ever lived; that’s why hardly _______ making friends with him.
A. has;anyone likes
B. have;does anyone like
C. has;no one likes
D. have;anyone likes
【答案】D
【解析】考查主谓一致。

that引导的定语从句修饰的是名词复数men,因此定语从句的谓语动词应用have。

第一个空考查的是定语从句中谓语动词的单复数,one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词,因此第一个空用have;后半句译为"那就是几乎没有任何人和他交朋友的原因",hardly表示"几乎不",根据句意,后面应是肯定句,故排除C项;hardly作为否定副词放在句首时,句子才使用倒装语序,因此排除B项。

故选D项。

二、逻辑一致
谓语动词的数须与主语的意义一致(因有时主语的形式是单数,但意义却为复数;有时主语形式为复数,而意义却为单数)。

【考例26】—________ one and a half months enough for the project to be finished?
—I am afraid not. The professor is ill and only after he recovers ________ go on with it.
A.Is; he can B.Are; he can
C.Is; can he D.Are; can he
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致。

句意:——一个半月足够完成这件工程吗?——恐怕不行,教授生病了,只有当他恢复他才能继续这件事。

第一空,将one and a half months 看成一个名词主语,强调这个时间内,故谓语用单数。

第二个空考查only+after从句,主句用部分倒装,故选C项。

【考例27】—The talent show Youth with You ________being hotter and hotter online. —Exactly. Half of our class ________interested in it.
A.is; is B.are; are C.is; are D.are; is
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致和动词的时态。

句意:——才艺秀《青春有你》在网上越来越火了。

——确实。

我们班上一半的人对它感兴趣。

根据对话可知,讲述现在的事实用一般现在时态。

空一主语是The talent show,是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数is;half +of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。

“our class”指的是我们班上的人,是复数概念,此处谓语动词用复数形式are。

故选C。

三、就近一致
在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

【考例28】The father as well as his three children ___________ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A.is going
B.go
C.goes
D.are going
【答案】C
【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。

句意:在冬天的每个星期天下午,这位父亲和他的三个孩子都去结冰的河面上滑冰。

当as well as 连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数应与as well as前面的名词或代词保持一致,即为就远原则。

本题的谓语动词应与The father保持一致,用单数形式;由时间状语every Sunday afternoon可知,本句应用一般现在时。

故选C项。

【考例29】The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ around $8,450 a year, which ________ a burden for some of them.
A. are;is
B. are;are
C. is;are
D. is;is
【答案】A
【解析】考查主谓一致。

句意:那所大学估计,对国际学生来说,一年的生活开销大约是8450美元,这对他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。

第一空的主语是living expenses,是复数,因此谓语动词用复数;第二空的主语是which,指代的是前面整个句子,因此谓语动词用单数。

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