《冲刺高考语法模块》·高中英语语法专题解析

高中英语语法初步解析
学习英语句法要始终抓住句子的"成分"和"语序"，简单地说句法要掌握的就是各成分在句子中的位置，即英语的表达习惯，而不是中文的表达习惯。

同时，要学好简单句，因为并列句、复合句以及特殊句式都是从简单句中变化而来的。

一般而言，并列句是简单句加并列连词加简单句。

复合句是主句加从属连词加从句，从句在主句中担任什么成分就叫什么从句。

特殊句式是从正常语序根据语法需要变化而来。

总之，句法讲究的是"形式主义"，这是中英表达的差异之一。

不能很好的构建这种形式是句法学习的难点。

下面附简单句的基本结构图。

句法掌握不好影响最大的最明显的是写作(书面表达)。

高考书面表达的评分要求是：使用较多的语法结构，尽可能使用较复杂的语法结构，准确地使用语法结构，避免语法结构错误，语法结构单调。

如果你写不出语法结构正确的句子，很难在写作中得高分
因为涉及句子的成分--谓语，谓语动词可以说是一个句子的灵魂，正确的谓语动词的形式是写好句子最基本的条件，所以本全集将主谓一致、谓语动词的时态与语态、谓语动词的时态与语态的特殊情况、不规则动词表以及虚拟语气收集在句法部分。

语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Mr. James owns a company. He put an advertisement __1__ a newspaper for a boy to work
in his office. Out of nearly fifty people__2__ came to apply, the man selected one and dismissed __3__ others.
"I would like to know," said a friend, "the reason you preferred that boy, who brought neither a single letter, __4__ a single recommendation."
"You are wrong," said the gentlemen. "He had many. He wiped his feet at the door and closed the door behind him, __5__ (mean) that he was careful. He gave his seat immediately to an old man, showing that he was kind and __6__ (thought). He took off his cap when he came in and answered my questions quickly, showing that he was a polite gentleman. Everyone else stepped over the book that I __7__ (put) on the floor purposely. He picked __8__ up and placed it on the table, and he waited quietly for his turn instead of pushing and crowding. When I talked to him, I noticed his tidy clothing, his__9__ (neat) brushed hair, and his clean finger mails. Can't you see that these are excellent recommendations? I considered them to be more significant than__10__ (letter).
Hearing the words, the friend nodded in agreement.
1.考查介词搭配，in
2.考查定语从句，who/that
3.考查冠词，the
4.考查连词，nor
5.考查非谓语动词，meaning
6.考查词性与构词法，thoughtful
7.考查时态，had put
8.考查代词，it
9.考查词性与构词法，neatly 10.考查名词的复数，letters
=It is necessary to master a foreign language.
6. To swim in summer is a great pleasure.
=It is a great pleasure to swim in summer.
.
二．谓语
a. 主语所做的动作或具有的状态。

b. 可以由连系动词(be, become, smell…), 及物动词(vt,后须带宾语), 不及物动词(vi,后不直接带宾语), 情态动词(must, may, can…)加动词原形及短语动词来充当；
c. 谓语动词的时态与语态；
d. 不作谓语的动词称为非谓语动词，动词作其它成分。

1. He looked a little bit excited.
2. They have been here for several days.
3. Li Ming fell ill last week.
4. The foreign guests have already left.
三．表语
a. 放在连系动词后,表示主语的内容、状态和特征等。

1. The food smells good/nice.
2. The country music is becoming more and more popular.
3. Mr. King is our teacher of English.
4. Beijing is the capital of China.
5. She was the first to learn about it.
6. This English-Chinese dictionary is hers.
7. The door remained open.
四．宾语
a. 动作的对象，位于及物动词后。

介词后作介词宾语。

b. ...作...的宾语。

1. He is going to buy a dictionary.
2. I need three pieces of paper.
3. We are thinking about the plan.
4. We should learn from him.
5. We should respect the old and love the young.
五．定语
a. 用来限定，修饰名词或代词。

要注意定语后置的情况。

b. ...限定...(名、代)。

1. Hangzhou is a beautiful city
2. More than thirty students in our class have read the book
3. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
4. You should follow the doctor’s advice and do more exercises.
5. There are over sixty women teachers in our school.
定语后置的情况:
1. 介词短语作定语
the students in our class/ the boy under the tree
2. doing/done/to do短语作定语
the bridge built 100 years ago /
the language spoken there something to do
3. 形容词修饰不定代词any-, every-, no-, some- 和-body,-one, -thing 等 something interesting/new
4. here/ there/ above/ below/concerned （相关的）/ present/
people there/ the picture above/ people concerned people present
5. 形容词短语作定语
the basket full of fruits
a place worth a visit
6. 定语从句
7. 两个形容词用and 或or连接作定语，进一步说明作用时。

people, young or old
找一找下面句子中折后置定语。

1. He did everything possible to help us.
2. There is something wrong with the computer.
3. They are the boys easiest to teach.
4. Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
5. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.
6. The basket full of fruits belongs to the beautiful girl.
7. Every book, new or old , should be put in the room.
8. The Smiths need a car garage twice larger than this one.
9. The professors present at the meeting came from Shandong University.
10. A car worth $ 80,000 is not too dear for him to buy. 11. People in the village, young and old, went to see the film yesterday evening.
12. They produced gases almost as harmful as the gases from the factories.
13. There was an ancient tree 30 metres high.
14. People aware of their own shortcomings are wise.
六．状语
a. 用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子；
b. 说明时间,地点,条件,原因,目的,结果,程度,伴随等情况。

1. Light travels most quickly. He drives his car carefully.
2. He has lived in the city (since ten years ago).
3. Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
4. He is proud to have passed the English exam.
5. To buy a computer, I need money.
七．宾语补足语
a. 有些宾语后须跟宾补,否则句子意义不完整,用来说明宾语的状态或特征。

八．同位语
a. 用来对名词或代词的进一步解释,可由单词,短语或从句来充当;
b. 可以理解为：名语A=名词B, B作为A的同位语。

1. Beijing, the capital of China, is my hometown.
2. Mr. White, our English teacher, is very kind to us.
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

可分为：
a. 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。

b. 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。

c. 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。

虚拟语气的用法
1、在条件状从句中（条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。

）
2、▲含蓄的虚拟语气
3、but for(要不是)
4、= ( If there weren’t for…/ If there hadn’t been for…)
5、without...,
6、otherwise(否则)=or ....
7、▲当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表
示的时间来调整。

8、▲从句省略if, 用倒装句式“were (had, should) + 主语”
9、▲as if(though) 好像，似乎；wish(that…), 但愿；would rather(that…) 宁愿某人…；If only
要是…就好了
1) I'd rather he didn’t go now.
2) I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
2. 名词性从句中“建议，吃惊”等语气
1) 在宾语从句中在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest（建议）advise（劝告）propose（建议）demand（要求）require（要求）insist（坚持要求）request（要求）command（命令）order（命令）等后的宾语从句中
▲suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要求某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.
The old man insisted that I had taken his wallet. In fact, I didn't.2) 在同位语从句和表语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等表语和同位语从句中。

3) 在主语从句中谓语动词的虚拟语气用(should) do 的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此还可用来表示建议、命令、要求和失望等。

注意：如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。

反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。

It is a pity that you can’t swim.
It is a pity that that she didn’t come yesterday.
3、其他形式的虚拟语气
1) 动词think; hope; expect; want; mean; intend; plan 等表示过去未曾实现的愿望,意为“过去本来…”
I had hoped that she would go to the USA and study there, but she liked to stay in China.
2) 用于in case 或for fear that引导的状语从句中。

Don't lock the door in case he should come back late at night.
Take the umbrella for fear that it should rain tomorrow
简单句
由一个(并列)主语和一个(并列)谓语构成的句子.
1) He works hard at English.
2) Both Tom and Jack enjoy pop music.
3) We sang and danced yesterday evening.
4) My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back at seven in the evening. 1简单句的五种基本结构
-- 各成分在句中的排列顺序(语序)
①主语+连系动词+表语 ( S + V + P )
连系动词：连系主语和表语，没有被动形式，后接形容词，名词。

说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

有些系动词又可作实义动词。

(1) 表状态：
be/stand/lie/stay/keep/remain/fall...
(2) 表变化：
turn/become/get/grow/go/come...
(3) 表感觉：
taste/smell/sound/look/feel/
appear/seem...
(4) 表证实：
prove/turn out...
1) The fish smells terrible. It must be bad.
2) Alice is like his father. She is friendly to everyone.
②主语+不及物动词 ( S + Vi )
a.及物动词(vt): 后须带宾语。

如: receive, find, like, buy等。

b.不及物动词(vi): 后不需宾语,如要加宾语须有介词。

如: look, go, listen, work, rise, sit, come, happen等。

不及物动词没有被动形态。

c.有些动词既可作及物又可作不及物，如: ring, speak, grow, read, sing等
1) My father has gone abroad.
Ann is waiting for Kate at the gate.
③主语+及物动词+宾语( S + Vt + O )
a. 及物动词除单词动词以外, 还有短语动词, 它由单词动词加介,副词构成。

在使用时,作为一个整体来看,它也可分为及物和不及物.
b.(及物动词) look into/ call on/ look after/ work out/ catch up with/ go on with/ break away from/ look down upon/ take care of/ take part in/ play a part in/ be afraid of / be fond of/ be familiar with…
(不及物动词) ...stay up/ break out/ come out/ die out/ look out/ give in/ turn up/ come back/ set out
1) I usually do my homework at home in the evening.
2) Canada has a great deal of coal, oil and gas.
3) He decided to work harder at English.
10)You'd better look up the word in a dictionary.
④主语+及物+间接宾语/人+直接宾语/物( S + Vt + IO + DO )
可接双宾语的常用动词
a.间接宾语也可位于直接宾语后,此时两者之间要加介词for或to.
b. 有些动词只能以"动词+ 事物+ to / for 某人" 出现。

主语＋及物＋宾语＋宾补( S + Vt + O + Oc )
a. 宾语补足语和宾语合称为复合宾语。

汉语中含有“使成为，称作，以为，保持”等意义的动词常带复合宾语。

如：call/ consider/ think/ elect/ find/make/ leave/ …
1) You must keep the room clean and tidy.
2) We consider the boy (to be) honest.
3) We found a man lying on the ground.
2下列各句含有什么状语从句
01. It was raining when he arrived at the station.
02. He kept working as if nothing had happened.
03. He was so angry that he left there without saying a word.
04. The project was completed earlier than we had expected.
05. As soon as he came to the classroom, he began to read English.
06. Now that you have grown up, you must do it by yourself.
07. The teacher spoke clearly so that his students could understand.
08. I won’t go to the party unless I am invited.
09. I will buy the picture, however expensive it is.
10. Make a mark (记号) where you have any questions.
11. He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
12. No matter what you say, no one believes you.
13. I have written to him twice since I left school.
14. Even though I may fail, I will try again.
15. Take a raincoat with you in case it rains.
4目的状语从句
5结果状语从句
6让步状语从句
7比较状语从句
8方式状语从句
9原因状语从句
4同义连词与介词的用法比较
连词: because; though; in case; as (随着); in order that; as soon as; while (在…过程中); since …后接状语从句介词: because of; despite/ in spite of; in case of; with; on/upon (一…就…); during; since…后接名词或代词. in order (to do不定式);
1. He didn't come to school because he was ill.
=He didn't come to school______ his illness.
2. Though he is ill, he still goes to school.
=______his illness, he still goes to school.
3. You'd better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
=You'd better take an umbrella with you______ rain.
4. I work hard ______ I can catch up with others.
=I work hard in order to catch up with others.
5. ______science and technology develop, people's life is becoming better.
=With the development of science and technology, people's life is becoming better.
6. As soon as I return, I will phone you.
=______ my return, I will phone you.
1. because of
2. Despite或In spite of
3. in case of
4. in order that
5. As
6. On/Upon
5用适当的连词填空
01. We must wait ______the train gets to the station.
02. It is six months ______ she began to teach in our school.
03. ______ he has walked a long way, he doesn’t look a bit tired.
04. We won't go to the town ______it rains.
05. I ws taking a walk ______ I met with an old friend.
06. ______I could stop him, he had rushed out.
07. ______much I tried, I failed to work out the maths problem.
08. He took off his coat ______he felt hot.
09. ______ she says, I won't believe her.
10. ______everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.
11. You will never make progress ______ you work hard.
12. Hardly had he begun to speak ______the audience cheered.
13. Read the text slowly _____you may understand the story better.
14. ______time goes by, the boys know more and more.
15. Matches should be kept _______children can’t get them.
16. The lady spoke ______she were a young girl.
1.until/till
2.since
3.Though
4.if
5.when
6.Before
7.However或No matter how
8.because
9.No matter what或Whatever 10.Since 11.unless 12.when 13.so that 14.As 15.where 16.as if。