被动语态
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
被动语态
英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。
一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。
须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。
注意那些汉语中没有"被……"的意思,英语却应该用被动态。
还要注意,英语的被动态往往由"by"引出,而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态,而是系表结构。
还有些特殊现象,如:kn own to man(人类......所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot),in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等。
还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及so heavy to carr y而不用so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法。
有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。
英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同"。
这两种时态无被动形式。
另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。
即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构)的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。
下面口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示。
被动语态(一般现在时)
主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。
被动语态的口诀:
一般现、过用be +V.过去分词,be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have(has) done,被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done。
将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing,
现在完成进行同,have (has) been doing。
现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done,双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。
1.一般现在时is\am\are+P.P(过去分词)
2.一般过去时was\were+P.P
3.一般将来时will be+P.P
4.现在进行时is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P
5.过去进行时was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P
6.现在完成时have\has been+P.P
7.过去完成时had been+P.P
语法结构
一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变
例:1、主动:The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
被动:The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。
2、主动:People regard him as brilliant.
被动:He is regarded as brilliant by people.
人们认为他很有才华。
完成时态have done,被动将been加中间。
(过去完成时had done也包括在内)。
例:1、主动:We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the sp are-time school.
被动:English has been studied for 3 years by us off and on at the spa re-time school. (have随新主语变为has)
我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。
2、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机。
一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done
即由shall do或will do变为shall done或will be done。
例:主动: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city ne xt year.
被动:Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.
过年我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。
(shall do中的shall要随新主语变为will, do为be done.)
主动:I shall send my second boy to school next September.
被动:My second boy will be sent to school next September.
过年九月我将送我次子去读书。
(现在完成进行时)以上均无被动态。
现、过进行be doing,被动be加being done
即现在进行时或过去进行时都是be的人称、时和数的形式加doing。
而被动态则是be加上being done的形式,being是不变的。
现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态个的重点,容易搞错。
例如:
主动:The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engi neering Institute.
被动:The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being r epaired by the workers.
工人们正在维修东北工学院主楼。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。
带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。
要随新的主语来变化,这些词如can, could;will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need 需要;have to不得不;be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。
例如:
主动: We must keep this in mind.
被动:This must be kept in mind.
我们必须把这个记在心里。
主动:We can put the refrigerator in that place. (refrigerator=freezer.)
被动:The refrigerator can be put in that place.
我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。
may加不定式的完成体或完成进行体表示"可能",主要用于肯定句,决不能用在疑问句中。
而can与不定式的完成体或完成进行体连用表示"可能",只用于否定
句和疑问句,不用于肯定句。
但如果can或may的过去式即could与might与不定式完成体或完成进行体搭配时,可用于各种结构。
肯,否,陈,疑均可。
It can't have been lost in the post, can it?
它不可能在邮局丢失的吧:(反意疑问句)
否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前
在否定句的被动态中,否定副词not-定加在第一助动词之后,不放在别的助动词之后。
同样在疑问句的被动态中,第一助动词置于主语之前。
例:Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike?
not必须放在第一助动词has之后,第-助动词has必须放在主语anything之前。
决不可写成: why has fot been anything done to end the strike?或why has b een not anything done to end the strike?
为什么不采取些措施来结束罢工呢?
The exercises will not be done in class.
不可写成:The exercise will be not done in class.
我们将不在课堂上作练习。
凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时,后面要用陈述语序。
例: What(主语) could be dropped from a satellite?
卫星上扔下何物?
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
1.把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2.把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
4.其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。
不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词):
appear, die(死亡),disappear(消失), end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错)The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。
特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。
解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态(keep除外):
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sou nd, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.PS:
有些动词可以带双宾语
在用于被动结构时,主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时,直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面;直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to
★He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在记者招待会上人们问了他很多问题
★They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.他们在幼儿园被教给很多东西。
★A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present/gift.作为生日礼物他收到了一个新MP4。
【特别提醒】
有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。
例如
We heard him sing in his room just now.
---He was heard to sing in his room just now.
刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。
need doing something也表示被动
一、被动语态的用法:
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many count ries.
4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤:
1. 先找出谓语动词;
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语;
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce e very week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will b e planted by the m tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to 。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do somethi ng
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen t o drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss m ade the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him eve ry day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.。