Topic collections Notes Recent advances Consumer health informatics
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题及答案
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题及答案1.In academic research, where is the best place to start looking for relevant literature?A.The libraryB.The internetC.A professor's officeD.A friend's bookshelf答案：A。
在学术研究中，图书馆通常拥有丰富的学术资源，包括书籍、期刊等，是开始查找相关文献的最佳地方。
选项B 互联网上的信息可能不准确或不权威。
选项C 教授的办公室不是查找文献的主要场所。
选项D 朋友的书架上的书可能不具有学术性。
2.When searching for literature, which keyword should you avoid using?mon wordsB.Specific termsC.Technical jargonD.Academic phrases答案：A。
在查找文献时，应避免使用常见词汇，因为这样会得到大量不相关的结果。
选项B 特定术语、选项C 技术行话、选项D 学术短语都可以帮助缩小搜索范围。
3.Which of the following is NOT a reliable source of literature for academic research?A.Scholarly journalsB.Popular magazinesC.Academic booksD.Research papers答案：B。
学术研究中，可靠的文献来源包括学术期刊、学术书籍和研究论文。
流行杂志通常不具有学术性和权威性。
4.If you can't find a particular piece of literature in your local library, what should you do?A.Give upB.Ask a friendC.Try an online databaseD.Wait for it to appear答案：C。
剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析（test2）
剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析(test2)雅思阅读部分的真题资料，同学们需要进行一些细致的总结，比如说解析其实就是很重要的内容，接下来就是店铺给同学们带来的关于剑桥雅思阅读10真题解析(test2)的内容，一起来详细的分析一下吧，希望对你们的备考有所帮助。
剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number，i-ix，in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi The search for the reasons for an increase in populationii Industrialisation and the fear of unemploymentiii The development of cities in Japaniv The time and place of the Industrial Revolutionv The cases of Holland, France and Chinavi Changes in drinking habits in Britainvii Two keys to Britain’s industrial revolutionviii Conditions required for industrialisationix Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph GTea and the Industrial RevolutionA Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking babits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reportsA Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King’s College, Cambridge, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang — the world-changing birth of industry — happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen. While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising. ‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to c ause the revolution,’ says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything except coal while China also had many of these factors. Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost even kitchen curpboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’sfavourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer — plus the fact that both are made with boiled water — allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters — Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. People suggested four possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around? Unlikely. Was there a revolution in medical science? But this was a century before Lister’s revolution_ Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century. The only option left is food. But the height and weight statistics show a decline. So the food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’E This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution. ‘When youstart moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together,’ says Macfarlane. ‘But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.’ Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time, especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?’F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates. Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century. By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink was common. Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been. No other European nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarla ne’s logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why didn’tJapan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work. So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having ‘abandoned the wheel’._oseph Lister was the first doctor to use antiseptic techniques during surgical operations to prevent infections.Questions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8 China’s transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century.9 Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain.10 Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane’s findings.11 After 1740，there was a reduction in population in Britain.12 People in Britain used to make beer at home.13 The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Gifted children and learningA Internationally, ‘giftedness’ is most frequentlydetermined by a score on a general intelligence test, known as an IQ test, which is above a chosen cutoff point, usually at around the top 2-5%. Children’s educational environment contributes to the IQ score and the way intelligence is used. For example, a very close positive relationship was found when children’s IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman, 2010). The higher the children’s IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc. Because IQ tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has learned, they are to some extent measures of current achievement based on age-norms; that is, how well the children have learned to manipulate their knowledge and know-how within the terms of the test. The vocabulary aspect, for example, is dependent on having heard those words. But IQ tests can neither identify the processes of learning and thinking nor predict creativity.B Excellence does not emerge without appropriate help. To reach an exceptionally high standard in any area very able children need the means to learn, which includes material to work with and focused challenging tuition — and the encouragement to follow their dream. There appears to be a qualitative difference in the way the intellectually highly able think, compared with more average-ability or older pupils, for whom external regulation by the teacher often compensates for lack of internal regulation. To be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all children can be helped to identify their own ways of learning —metacognition —which will include strategies of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what to learn. Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition, so children should behelped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned, feelings of curiosity or confidence, for example.C High achievers have been found to use self-regulatory learning strategies more often and more effectively than lower achievers, and are better able to transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks. This happens to such a high degree in some children that they appear to be demonstrating talent in particular areas. Overviewing research on the thinking process of highly able children, (Shore and Kanevsky, 1993) put the instructor’s problem succinctly: ‘If they [the gifted] merely think mo re quickly, then we need only teach more quickly. If they merely make fewer errors, then we can shorten the practice’. But of course, this is not entirely the case; adjustments have to be made in methods of learning and teaching, to take account of the many ways individuals think.D Yet in order to learn by themselves, the gifted do need some support from their teachers. Conversely, teachers who have a tendency to ‘overdirect’ can diminish their gifted pupils’ learning autonomy. Although ‘spoon-feeding’ can produce extremely high examination results, these are not always followed by equally impressive life successes. Too much dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover. However, when teachers help pupils to reflect on their own learning and thinking activities, they increase their pupils’ self-regulation. For a young child, it may be just the simple question ‘What have you learned today?’ which helps them to recognise what they are doing. Given that a fundamental goal of education is to transfer the control of learning from teachers to pupils, improving pupils’ learning to learn techniques should be a major outcome of the school experience,especially for the highly competent. There are quite a number of new methods which can help, such as child-initiated learning, ability-peer tutoring, etc. Such practices have been found to be particularly useful for bright children from deprived areas.E But scientific progress is not all theoretical, knowledge is a so vital to outstanding performance: individuals who know a great deal about a specific domain will achieve at a higher level than those who do not (Elshout, 1995). Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the conclusion that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills, due to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice. Creativity in all forms can be seen as expertise mixed with a high level of motivation (Weisberg, 1993).F To sum up, learning is affected by emotions of both the individual and significant others. Positive emotions facilitate the creative aspects of learning and negative emotions inhibit it. Fear, for example, can limit the development of curiosity, which is a strong force in scientific advance, because it motivates problem-solving behaviour. In Boekaerts’ (1991) review of emotion the learning of very high IQ and highly achieving children, she found emotional forces in harness. They were not only curious, but often had a strong desire to control their environment, improve their learning efficiency and increase their own learning resources.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answersheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a reference to the influence of the domestic background on the gifted child15 reference to what can be lost if learners are given too much guidance16 a reference to the damaging effects of anxiety17 examples of classroom techniques which favour socially-disadvantaged childrenQuestions 18-22Look at the following statements (Questions 18-22) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person or people, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.18 Less time can be spent on exercises with gifted pupils who produce accurate work.19 Self-reliance is a valuable tool that helps gifted students reach their goals.20 Gifted children know how to channel their feelings to assist their learning.21 The very gifted child benefits from appropriate support from close relatives.22 Really successful students have learnt a considerable amount about their subject.List of PeopleA FreemanB Shore and KanevskyC ElshoutD SimontonE BoekaertsQuestions 23-26Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet23 One study found a strong connection between children’s IQ and the availability of andat home.24 Children of average ability seem to need more direction from teachers because they do not have25 Metacognition involves children understanding their own learning strategies, as well as developing26 Teachers who rely on what is known as often produce sets of impressive grades in class tests.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Museums of fine art and their publicThe fact that people go to the Louvre museum in Paris to see the original painting Mona Lisa when they can see a reproduction anywhere leads us to question some assumptions about the role of museums of fine art in today’s worldOne of the most famous works of art in the world is Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone who goes to see the original will already be familiar with it from reproductions, but they accept that fine art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form.However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few people wouldbother to go to a museum to read the writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed reproduction. This might be explained by the fact that the novel has evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts, whereas oil paintings have always been produced as unique objects. In addition, it could be argued that the practice of interpre ting or ‘reading’ each medium follows different conventions. With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way they are printed on the page, whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting must attend just as closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may signify.Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work. The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century, artists seemed perfectly content to assign the reproduction of their creations to their workshop apprentices as regular ‘bread and butter’ work. And today the task of reproducing pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable, with reprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale, with faithful colour values, and even with duplication of the surface relief of the painting.But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of good reproductions can be culturally valuable, museums continue to promote the special status of original work.Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique historical objects, art museumsare often called ‘treasure houses’. We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards, attendants, ropes and display cases to keep us away from the exhibits. In many cases, the architectural style of the building further reinforces that notion. In addition, a major collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative ‘worthlessness’ in such a n environment.Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that, since these works were originally produced, they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more powerful than themselves. Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the work.The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created. This ‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the sheer volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there isno prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience encounters an opera or a play over a specific time, which is the duration of the performance. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail and labour that is involved.Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. T his is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving ‘authentic’, ‘original’ readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to that spontaneous, participatory criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most art history.The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any other audience, experience art more rewardingly when given the confidence to express their views. If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are, the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them. Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 27-31 on your answersheet.The value attached to original works of artPeople go to art museums because they accept the value of seeing an original work of art. But they do not go to museums to read original manuscripts of novels, perhaps because the availability of novels has depended on 27 for so long, and also because with novels, the 28 are the most important thing.However, in historical times artists such as Leonardo were happy to instruct 29 to produce copies of their work and these days new methods of reproduction allow excellent replication of surface relief features as well as colour and 30It is regrettable that museums still promote the superiority of original works of art, since this may not be in the interests of the 31A institutionB mass productionC mechanical processesD publicE paintsF artistG size H underlying ideas I basic technologyJ readers K picture frames L assistantsQuestions 32-35Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet32 The writer mentions London’s National Gallery to illustrateA the undesirable cost to a nation of maintaining a huge collection of art.B the conflict that may arise in society between financial and artistic values.C the n egative effect a museum can have on visitors’ opinions of themselves.D the need to put individual well-being above large-scaleartistic schemes.33 The writer says that today, viewers may be unwilling to criticise a work becauseA they lack the knowledge needed to support an opinion.B they fear it may have financial implications.C they have no real concept of the work’s value.D they feel their personal reaction is of no significance.34 According to the writer, the ‘displacement effect’ on the visitor is caused byA the variety of works on display and the way they are arranged.B the impossibility of viewing particular works of art over a long period.C the similar nature of the paintings and the lack of great works.D the inappropriate nature of the individual works selected for exhibition.35 The writer says that unlike other forms of art, a painting does notA involve direct contact with an audience.B require a specific location for a performance.C need the involvement of other professionals.D have a specific beginning or end.Questions 36-42Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinksabout this36 Art history should focus on discovering the meaning of art using a range of media.37 The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.38 People should be encouraged to give their opinions openly on works of art.39 Reproductions of fine art should only be sold to the public if they are of high quality.40 In the future, those with power are likely to encourage more people to enjoy art.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文：茶与工业革命一个剑桥教授称英国工业革命的导火索是饮水习性的改变。
农业食品化学投稿要求
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Please note that the Editor has final approval as to whether an addition/correction will be published.ETHICS, CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors and coauthors are responsible for the integrity of their manuscripts. The Editor may impose a two year submission moratorium on authors and coauthors that are found to be in violation of the ethical guidelines.Authors and coauthors should familiarize themselves by reading the entire Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research, which is available at the ACS Publications Web site.A statement describing any financial conflicts of interest or lack thereof is published with each manuscript. During the submission process, the corresponding author must provide this statement on behalf of all authors of the manuscript.The statement should describe all potential sources of bias, including affiliations, funding sources, and financial or management relationships, that may constitute conflicts of interest (please see /ethics,ACS Ethical Guidelines). The statement will be published in the final paper. If no conflict of interest is declared, the following statement will be published in the paper: “The authors declare no competing financial interest.”In publishing only original research, ACS is committed to deterring plagiarism, including self-plagiarism. ACS Publications uses CrossCheck's iThenticate software to screen submitted manuscripts for similarity to published material. Note that your manuscript may be screened during the submission process. Further information about plagiarism can be found in Part B of the Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research.AUTHOR LISTDuring manuscript submission, the submitting author must provide contact information (full name, e-mail address, institutional affiliation and mailing address) for all of the co-authors. Because all of the author names are automatically imported into the electronic Journal Publishing Agreement, the names must be entered into ACS Paragon Plus in the same sequence as they appear on the first page of the manuscript. (Note that co-authors are not required to register in ACS Paragon Plus.) The author who submits the manuscript for publication accepts the responsibility of notifying all co-authors that the manuscript is being submitted. Deletion of an author after the manuscript has been submitted requires a confirming letter to the Editor-in-Chief from the author whose name is being deleted. For more information on ethical responsibilities of authors, see the Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research. EDITORIAL PEER REVIEW PROCESSPeer review is used to help ensure the highest possible quality in published manuscripts. For a discussion of this, see“The Importance of Peer Review” by H. L. Wheeler and W. B.Wheeler, J. Agric. Food Chem. (Editorial) 2006, 54,8983–8983. Scientists with expertise in the subject matter being treated will evaluate the manuscript for validity of the experimental design and results, originality, significance, and appropriateness to the Journal. The Editors may exercise their prerogative to decline a manuscript without external peer review if that paper is judged to be outside the scope of the Journal (lacks significant chemistry/biochemistry), poorly written or formatted, fragmentary and marginally incremental, or lacking in significance.All manuscripts submitted are reviewed and handled by the Editor-in-Chief or assigned to one of the Associate Editors. The Associate Editor and Editorial Assistant are then responsible for the assigned manuscripts, including evaluating the content and format of the paper, selecting reviewers, monitoring the progress of the review process, evaluating the comments of reviewersand forwarding them to the authors for their response, communicating ultimate acceptance or rejection to the corresponding author, and carrying out a final check of accepted manuscripts for appropriate format and style.Typically, three reviewers are selected per paper on the basis of the subject matter, available expertise, and the Editor’s knowledge of the field. Potential reviewers for each paper are identified by various means, including a computerized search of the subject area. Authors must submit the names and addresses (including e-mail addresses) of at least four potential reviewers who do not have conflicts of interest with the authors or manuscript content; however, the Editors are under no obligation to use specific individuals. Reviewers are normally asked to provide their assessments within two to three weeks. Anonymous copies of the reviews and the Editor’s decision regarding the acceptability of the manuscript are sent to the corresponding author. If the reviewers’ evaluations of the manuscript disagree, or if reviewer’s and Editor’s comments are not satisfactorily addressed by the authors, the Editor may reject the manuscript or select additional reviewers. These additional reviews are used by the Editor to assist in reaching the final decision regarding disposition of the manuscript.The obligations of the Editors and Reviewers are outlined in the Ethical Guidelines. Aids for reviewers titled “A Guide to a Review” and “Components of a Manuscript to be Considered in a Review” are available at the Reviewer Information Web site (/4authors).Just Accepted Manuscripts. Just Accepted manuscripts are peer-reviewed, accepted manuscripts that are published on the ACS Publications Web site prior to technical editing, formatting for publication, and author proofing—usually within 30 minutes to 24 hours of acceptance by the editorial office. During the manuscript submission process, authors can choose to have their manuscript published online as a Just Accepted manuscript. Authors choosing this option must ensure that all intellectual property/patent issues are resolved. To ensure rapid delivery of the accepted manuscript to the Web, authors must adhere carefully to all requirements in the journal’s Scope, Policy, and Instructions for authors. For further information, please refer to the Just Accepted FAQ, at /pubshelp/passthru.cgi?action=kb&item=244. Note that publishing a manuscript as Just Accepted is not a means by which to comply with the NIH Public Access Mandate.ASAP Publication. Accepted manuscripts will be published on the “Articles ASAP” page on the Journal’s Web site as soon as page proofs are corrected and all author concerns are resolved. Publication on the Web usually occurs within 4 working days of receipt of page proof corrections, and this can be anywhere from 2 to 6 weeks in advance of the cover date of the issue. Manuscripts assigned to a special issue often remain published ASAP for several months. Authors should take this schedule into account when planning intellectual and patent activities related to a manuscript. The date on which an accepted paper is published on the Web is recorded on the Web version of the manuscript and on the first page of the PDF version. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATIONManuscript Format. Manuscripts must be prepared using accepted word-processing software, and all parts must be double-spaced. All pages must be numbered consecutively starting with the title page and including tables and figures. Lines in the abstract and text should be numbered consecutively from beginning to end in a separate column at the left. Do not put line numbers on pages with tables or figures. A standard font, in a size of 12 points or greater, must be used. The Journal has a 20 typed page limit, not including references, tables, and figures. Authors must request approval to submit manuscripts exceeding 20 typed pages.Standard American English usage is required. Authors who are not familiar with standard American English are urged to seek assistance; deficiencies in grammar may be a serious hindrance during the review process.Assistance with English Language Editing. Authors may want to have their manuscripts edited professionally before submission to improve clarity. The ACS ChemWorx English Editing Service can assist you in improving and polishing the language in your manuscript. You can learn more about the services offered, at .The ACS Style Guide(3rd ed., 2006; ISBN 0-8412-3999-1), available from Oxford University Press, Order Department, 201 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, provides a detailed treatment of the fundamentals of manuscript preparation. Refer to a current issue of the Journal for general style. The style guide is also available at the Journal’s Web site and through ACS ChemWorx.The various sections of the manuscript should be assembled in the following sequence: Title and authorship (single page)Abstract and keywords (single page)IntroductionMaterials and Methods (including Safety information)Results/DiscussionAbbreviations UsedAcknowledgmentSupporting Information descriptionReferencesFigure captionsTablesFigure graphicsGraphic for table of contentsTITLE AND AUTHORSHIPThe title, authorship, and institutional affiliations should be included on a single page.Title. The title should be specific, informative, and concise. Keywords in the title assist in effective literature retrieval. If a plant is referred to in the title or elsewhere in the text by its common or trivial name, it should be identified by its scientific name in parentheses immediately following its first occurrence. This term should also be provided as one of the keywords. If trade names are mentioned, give generic names in parentheses.Authorship. Be consistent in authorship designation on the manuscript and on all correspondence. First name, middle initial, and last name are generally adequate for correct identification, but omit titles. Give the complete mailing address of all institutions where work was conducted and identify the affiliation of each author. If the current address of an author is different, include it in a footnote on the title page. The name of the author to whom inquiries about the paper should be addressed must be marked with an asterisk; provide the telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address of this correspondent.ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDSAbstract. Authors’ abstracts are used directly for Chemical Abstracts. The abstract should be a clear, concise (100–150words), one-paragraph summary, informative rather than descriptive, giving scope and purpose, experimental approach,significant results, and major conclusions. Write for literature searchers as well as journal readers.Keywords. Provide significant keywords to aid the reader in literature retrieval. The keywords are published immediately before the text, following the abstract.INTRODUCTIONDiscuss relationships of the study to previously published work, but do not reiterate or attempt to provide a complete literature survey. Use of Chemical Abstracts/Scifinder and other appropriate databases is encouraged to ensure that important prior publications or patents are cited and that the manuscript does not duplicate previously published work. The purpose or reason for the research being reported, and its significance,originality, or contribution to new knowledge in the field,should be clearly and concisely stated.Do not include or summarize current findings in this section.MATERIALS AND METHODSAuthors are required to call special attention in their manuscripts to safety considerations such as explosive tendencies, special precautionary handling procedures, and toxicity.Apparatus, reagents, and biological materials used in the study should be incorporated into a general section. List devices of a specialized nature or instruments that may vary in performance, such that the model used may affect the quality of the data obtained (e.g., spectroscopic resolution).List and describe preparation of special reagents only. Reagents normally found in the laboratory and preparations described in standard handbooks or texts should not be listed.Specify the source, vendor [city and state (or city and country if non-U.S.)], and availability of special equipment, reagents, kits, etc. Do not include catalog numbers.Biological materials should be identified by scientific name (genus, species, authority, and family) and cultivar, if appropriate, together with the site from which the samples were obtained. Specimens obtained from a natural habitat should be preserved by deposit of samples in an herbarium for plants or in a culture collection for microorganisms, with a corresponding collection or strain number listed.Manuscripts describing studies in which live animals or human subjects are used must include a statement that such experiments were performed in compliance with the appropriate laws and institutional guidelines and also name the institutional committee that approved the experiments. Authors are encouraged to note the approval code or number or give the name of the approving office or official.(See Reporting Specific Data: Animal or Human Studies.) Manuscripts reporting data from inhumane treatment of experimental animals will be rejected.Specific experimental methods should be sufficiently detailed for others to repeat the experiments unequivocally. Omit details of procedures that are common knowledge to those in the field. Brief highlights of published procedures may be included, but details must be left to the References, and verbatim repeat of previously published methods, even if done by the authors, will not be permitted unless a quotation from a published work is included, and placed in quotation marks, with the reference to the source included at the end of the quotation. Describe pertinent and critical factors involved in reactions so the method can be reproduced, but avoid excessive description. For information on the reporting of certain types of data see Reporting Specific Data.Describe statistical design and methods in this section.RESULTS/DISCUSSIONResults and discussion may be presented in separate sections or combined into a single section, whichever format conveys the results in the most lucid fashion without redundancy. Be complete but concise in discussing findings, comparing results with previous work and proposing explanations for the results observed.All data must be accompanied by appropriate statistical analyses, including complete information on sampling, replication, and how the statistical method employed was chosen. Avoid comparisons or contrasts that are not pertinent, and avoid speculation unsupported by the data obtained.A separate summary or conclusion section is not to be used; any concluding statements are to be incorporated under Results and Discussion.ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATUREStandard abbreviations, without periods, should be used throughout the manuscript.Refer to The ACS Style Guide for the preferred forms of commonly used abbreviations. Specialized abbreviations may be used provided they are placed in parentheses after the word(s) for which they are to substitute at first point of use and are again defined in this section. Avoid trivial names and “code” abbreviations (e.g., NAR for naringenin) unless such codes are in common usage (e.g., MTBE for methyl tert-butyl ether).If trade names are used, define at point of first use. If nomenclature is specialized, include a “Nomenclature” section at the end of the paper, giving definitions and dimensions for all terms. Use SI units insofar as possible. Refer to The ACS Style Guide for lists of SI units and a discussion of their use.Write all equations and formulas clearly and number equations consecutively. Place superscripts and subscripts accurately; avoid superscripts that may be confused with exponents. Identify typed letters and numbers that might be misinterpreted, such as “oh” for zero or “ell” for one. Chemistry numbering requiring primes should be identified as such (i.e., 3,3´-dihydroxy-), not by an apostrophe (e.g., 3,3´-dihydroxy- ).It is the authors’ responsibility to provide correct nomenclature. Structures should be included for uncommon chemicals, particularly when the systematic or common name is too complex or unclear to readily denote the structure. Such structures should be included as a figure or table. All nomenclature must be consistent and unambiguous and should conform with current American usage. Insofar as possible, authors should use systematic names similar to those used by Chemical Abstracts Service, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Chemical Abstracts (CA) nomenclature rules are described in Appendix IV of the Chemical Abstracts Index Guide. For CA nomenclature advice, consult the Manager of Nomenclature Services, Chemical Abstracts Service, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210-0012. A name generation service is available for a fee through CAS Client Services, 2540 Olentangy River Road, P.O. Box 3343, Columbus, OH 43210-0334 [telephone (614) 447-3870; fax (614) 447-3747; e-mail answers@]. In addition, the ACS Web site has links to nomenclature recommendations at . ACKNOWLEDGMENTInclude essential credits but hold to an absolute minimum. Omit academic and social titles. Meeting presentation data and acknowledgment of financial support of the work should not be。
回家之后必须写作业英语
After returning home,it is essential to complete your homework in English.Here are some steps to follow:1.Prepare Your Study Space:Make sure your study area is clean,welllit,and free from distractions.This will help you focus better on your English homework.2.Review Class Notes:Go through your class notes to refresh your memory about the topics discussed in class.This will provide a good foundation for your homework.3.Understand the Assignment:Read the instructions carefully to understand what is expected of you.If there are any unclear points,make a note to ask your teacher for clarification.4.Gather Necessary Materials:Have all the necessary materials ready,such as textbooks, dictionaries,and any other resources that might be helpful.5.Break Down the Task:If the homework assignment is large,break it down into smaller, manageable tasks.This will make it less overwhelming and easier to tackle.6.Start with the Easiest Part:Begin with the part of the homework that you find the easiest.This will help build your confidence and momentum.e a Timer:Set a timer to work in focused intervals,such as25minutes of work followed by a5minute break.This technique,known as the Pomodoro Technique,can improve concentration and productivity.8.Practice Vocabulary and Grammar:If your homework involves learning new vocabulary or grammar rules,practice using them in sentences.This will help reinforce your understanding.9.Write a Draft:For writing assignments,start by writing a rough draft.This will help you organize your thoughts and make it easier to revise later.10.Proofread and Edit:After completing your homework,take the time to proofread and edit your work.Check for spelling,grammar,and punctuation errors.11.Ask for Help:If youre struggling with a particular concept or question,dont hesitate to ask for help from a teacher,tutor,or classmate.12.Stay Organized:Keep track of your assignments and e a planner ordigital calendar to help you manage your time effectively.13.Reflect on Your Progress:After completing your homework,take a moment to reflect on what youve learned and how you can apply it to future assignments.14.Prepare for Class:Once your homework is done,prepare for the next class by reviewing the material that will be covered and thinking about any questions you might want to ask.By following these steps,you can effectively complete your English homework and improve your language skills.Remember,practice makes perfect,so the more you work on your English,the more proficient you will become.。
快速参考卡开始使用
检索算符
特定的通配符可以扩大检索范围。 算符 功能 ＊ 截词。用于检索以截词符前面的字符开头的
任何单词f例如：用 patent* 可以代替 patent，patents，patentable，patented 等检索词。 ＊ 替代。代替长度不确定的字符串f例如：以 h*ophilia 查寻 haemophilia 和 hemophilia；以 behav*r 查寻 behaviour 和 behavior ？ 屏蔽。用屏蔽符代替任一个字符，可以使用 多个“？㛤代表多个字符f屏蔽符可用在词 中或词尾f例如：wom?n 可检索出含 woman 或 women 的文献；carbon fib??可检索出含 有 carbon fiber 或 carbon fibre 的记录。
快速检索允许使用布林运算符和（AND）、或（OR） 以及非（NOT）以执行广义或狭义检索。如需更 多资讯，请点击「检索工具」。
从下拉式菜单中选择要检索的日期范围。
点击
，开始检索。
辅助说明
随时可以以光标点选屏幕右上角的协助＆支 援，连结至辅助说明。
屏幕上有一些固定的提示。此外，将光标指向 屏幕上的某些位置，也会出现相对应的说明。 这些功能对使用者很有帮助。
或于「储存、列印、电邮」画面点击
。
取得全文功能
ILLUMINA 提供多种方法协助使用者取得在检索 结果中引用之全文。每笔书目记录的下方，可显 示取得文献方法之选择：
查询馆藏情况（Link to Holding） 连接至本馆之馆藏目录(OPAC) 连结至全国电子期刊联合目录系统
全文连接（Full-text Linking） 提供连结至贵图书馆所订购之电子期刊系统，
高中英语学术前沿单选题30题
高中英语学术前沿单选题30题1. In academic research, the data should be analyzed ______ to draw accurate conclusions.A. carefullyB. carelesslyC. roughlyD. hurriedly答案：A。
本题考查副词的用法。
“carefully”表示“仔细地”，在学术研究中，为了得出准确的结论，数据应该被仔细分析，A 选项符合语境。
B 选项“carelessly”意为“粗心地”，不符合学术研究的要求。
C 选项“roughly”指“粗略地”，无法保证结论的准确性。
D 选项“hurriedly”表示“匆忙地”，也不利于进行准确的分析。
2. The ______ of this academic study is to explore the new phenomenon in the field.A. purposeB. resultC. effectD. cause答案：A。
本题考查名词词义辨析。
“purpose”意为“目的”，这项学术研究的目的是探索该领域的新现象，A 选项符合题意。
B 选项“result”指“结果”。
C 选项“effect”是“效果；影响”。
D 选项“cause”表示“原因；起因”。
3. Academic papers often require ______ references to support the arguments.A. plenty ofB. a number ofC. a lotD. much答案：A。
本题考查短语的用法。
“plenty of”既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词；“a number of”修饰可数名词复数；“a lot”常修饰动词；“much”修饰不可数名词。
“references”是可数名词复数，A 选项“plenty of”最合适。
介绍自己的英语作文书
My English composition book is a treasure trove of linguistic creativity and learning. It is not just a collection of essays but a journey through the intricacies of the English language,capturing the essence of various writing styles and themes.Structure and OrganizationThe book is meticulously organized into different sections,each focusing on a specific type of essay,such as narrative,descriptive,expository,and argumentative compositions. This categorization helps in understanding the nuances of each style and provides a clear path for learning and improvement.Content and ThemesThe essays cover a wide range of topics,from personal experiences and cultural observations to social issues and environmental concerns.Each essay is a reflection of thoughtprovoking ideas,encouraging readers to think critically and engage with the subject matter.Vocabulary and Grammar UsageOne of the key strengths of this book is the rich vocabulary and correct usage of grammar. It serves as an excellent resource for enhancing ones vocabulary and understanding the subtleties of English grammar.The compositions are written with precision,ensuring that each sentence is clear and impactful.Examples and ExercisesTo aid in learning,the book includes examples of wellconstructed sentences and paragraphs.Additionally,it offers exercises and prompts that encourage readers to practice their writing skills.These exercises are designed to challenge and improve ones composition abilities.Personal TouchEach essay in the book carries a personal touch,making the reading experience more relatable and engaging.The personal anecdotes and reflections provide insights into the writers perspective,offering a unique viewpoint on various subjects.Cultural InsightsThe book also offers a glimpse into different cultures,as some essays delve into cultural practices,traditions,and celebrations.This not only broadens the readers understanding of the world but also enriches their writing by incorporating diverse cultural elements.Review and FeedbackAt the end of each section,there are review questions and feedback mechanisms that helpreaders assess their understanding and application of the concepts learned.This selfassessment tool is crucial for identifying areas of improvement and reinforcing learning.Appendices and GlossariesFor further assistance,the book includes appendices with additional resources such as a glossary of terms,a list of common grammatical errors to avoid,and a reference section for citation styles.These tools are invaluable for any student looking to excel in English composition.ConclusionIn essence,my English composition book is more than just a collection of essays it is a comprehensive guide to mastering the art of writing in English.It is a testament to the power of language and a tool for anyone seeking to improve their writing skills.Whether you are a student,a teacher,or an enthusiast looking to refine your English writing,this book is a valuable companion on your linguistic journey.。
topik高级备考资料
topik高级备考资料英文回答：When it comes to preparing for the TOPIK advanced exam, it is essential to have the right study materials. The TOPIK advanced exam is designed to assess a person's proficiency in the Korean language at an advanced level. Therefore, it requires a comprehensive and well-structured study plan.One of the best resources for TOPIK advanced exam preparation is the official TOPIK guidebook. This guidebook provides detailed information about the exam format, content, and scoring system. It also includes sample questions and answers, which can be extremely helpful in understanding the types of questions that may appear on the actual exam. Additionally, the guidebook offers tips and strategies for each section of the exam, helping test-takers to maximize their scores.Another valuable resource for TOPIK advanced exam preparation is a good grammar book. A comprehensive grammar book can help test-takers to review and reinforce their understanding of advanced grammar structures and usage. It can also provide explanations and examples that clarify difficult concepts. Some popular grammar books for TOPIK advanced exam preparation include "Korean Grammar in Use: Advanced" and "Advanced Korean."In addition to the official guidebook and grammar books, it is also beneficial to practice with past TOPIK advanced exam papers. These past papers allow test-takers to familiarize themselves with the exam format and types of questions that may be asked. By practicing with past papers, test-takers can improve their time management skills and develop effective strategies for answering different question types.Furthermore, it is important to engage in extensive reading and listening practice to enhance language proficiency. Reading Korean newspapers, magazines, andbooks can help test-takers to improve their vocabulary,grammar, and comprehension skills. Listening to Korean podcasts, news broadcasts, and TV shows can also enhance listening skills and expose test-takers to natural spoken Korean.To supplement the study materials mentioned above, itis also helpful to join a TOPIK advanced exam preparation course or study group. These courses and study groups provide guidance, support, and opportunities for practice and discussion with other test-takers. They can also offer valuable insights and tips from experienced instructors or fellow participants.中文回答：当谈到准备TOPIK高级考试时，拥有正确的备考资料至关重要。
The_Rise_of_Southern_Drama_and_Great_Advance_of_Sh
CultureDuring the Yuan period, while zaju or northern drama was developing in the north, a differenttype of drama was taking shape and spreading in the south with Wenzhou, Zhejiang, as its center. Southern drama, as it was called, had its beginnings in the Northern Song. Using southern dialects and folk songs, it was popular among the ordinary people of Zhejiang and its neighboring provinces, including Fujian, Jiangsu and Anhui. Only a few complete works of southern drama have been preserved, partly because literary men of the Song and Yuan looked down upon this form of drama and would not try to write plays for it, and partly Glimpses of Chinese CultureForeign Language Teaching and Research Press July 2021Ding Wangdao 39.00 (CNY)hineseCulture CCai Bojie, who has passed the imperial examinations, has become a government official, and married the prime minister’s daughter. During the Ming Dynasty, northern drama was on the decline and southern drama flourished. Many important writers took an interest in southern drama and wrote plays. The most outstanding among them was Tang Xianzu (1550---1616). Tang was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi. Having passed the imperial examinations, he only got a position of a low rank, because he hatedto please powerful people. Finally, he had to retire and go back to his hometown to devote himself to writing. He wrote four plays, whichare all connected with dreams,so collectively they are called the“Four Dreams of Linchuan.”The Peony Pavilion, one of the“Four Dreams of Linchuan,” ishis masterpiece. Du Liniang, theheroine, is the daughter of a high-ranking official. In her father’s bighouse, she lives a very dull andunhappy life. The feudal ethicalcode and the strict rules laid downby her father deprive her of allfreedom. One spring day, urged byher maid, she goes to her familygarden for a walk. There she isdelighted and also surprised by thebeauty of nature. As she is tired,she dozes off and has a dream. In it,she meets a young scholar namedLiu Mengmei and falls in love withhim. When she wakes up, she knowsclearly that the dream will nevercome true. After that, she falls illwith a sad heart, and finally shedies. Three years later, the youngscholar she dreamed of comes toher city on his way to the capitalto take the imperial examinations.He happens to pick up the portraitLiniang painted of herself, and atnight he meets Liniang’s ghost.She tells him that he should openher grave at once. So he does, andLiniang comes out of the grave, aliving lady as beautiful as she everwas. They are then married andbegin their happy life together.A still of the Peking opera the Peony PavilionHe was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu. For some time he was a county magistrate, but all his life he was a passionate lover of literature, especially fiction. He collected, edited, revised and published a great number of short stories, plays and folk tales. The first collection of short stories he edited wasoriginally called Ancient and Modern Stories . When the second and third collections came out, he entitled them Ordinary Words to Warn the World and Lasting Words to Awaken the World . Then he changed the title of the first collection to Clear Words to Illustrate the World . The three volumes were then given a general title: Three Volumes of Words .In these three volumes arecollected 120 short stories based on earlier storytellers’ notes and revised or rewritten by Feng. As a result of his work, those storiesThree Volumes of Wordsand Two Volumes of Slapping。
如何提高学术成绩英文作文
如何提高学术成绩英文作文英文：As a student, improving academic performance is always a top priority. Here are some tips that have helped me improve my grades:1. Attend all classes: This may seem obvious, but attending all classes is crucial for academic success. Even if you think you can catch up on your own, attending classes helps you understand the material better, ask questions, and interact with your peers.2. Take notes: Taking notes during class helps you retain information and review it later. It also helps you stay focused during class.3. Review notes regularly: Reviewing your notes regularly, preferably within 24 hours of taking them, helps you remember the information better.4. Participate in class: Participating in class not only helps you stay engaged, but it also helps you understand the material better. Asking questions and answering questions from your peers can help you clarify your understanding of the material.5. Seek help when needed: If you are struggling with a particular subject, don't be afraid to seek help from your teacher or tutor. They are there to help you and want to see you succeed.中文：作为一名学生，提高学术成绩始终是最重要的。
新一代大学英语综合教程2 教师用书-U6
Scenario 2
Your English class is hosting a debate on the topic “Chinese brush should remain as a major writing tool.” Do you agree? Why?
• Discussion (iExplore 1) • Reading (iExplore 1) • Identifying and synthesizing information (iExplore 1) • Building your language (iExplore 1) • Preparing for the structure (iExplore 1) • Sharing your ideas (iExplore 1)
我们的确会一味地接受并机械地重复照搬信息有时候缺乏足够的分析而且我们确实也使用笔记来做备忘录尽管研究表明如果我们自知有必要我们仍能牢牢地记住某些事情即便是在我们的大脑已经开始学会用搜索引擎查找信息的今天
6 Literacy and Technology
Over view
About the topic
• Reading (iExplore 2) • Identifying and synthesizing information (iExplore 2) • Building your language (iExplore 2)
作文英语藏书方面的问题
作文英语藏书方面的问题Title: The Importance of Book Collection。
As an avid reader and book lover, I have always been passionate about collecting books. In my opinion, book collection is not just a hobby, but a way of preserving knowledge, expanding one's horizons, and creating a personal library that reflects one's interests and personality.First and foremost, book collection is a valuable means of preserving knowledge. Books are a treasure trove of information, ideas, and stories that have been passed down through generations. By collecting books, we areessentially creating a repository of knowledge that can be accessed and shared with others. In a world where information is increasingly digitized and ephemeral, having a physical collection of books serves as a tangible reminder of the importance of reading and learning.Furthermore, book collection is a way of expandingone's horizons and exploring new ideas. When we collect books, we are not just acquiring words on a page, but also the thoughts, perspectives, and experiences of the authors. Each book offers a unique insight into a different world, whether it be a work of fiction that transports us to a fantastical realm or a non-fiction book that educates us about a particular subject. By collecting books from a diverse range of genres and authors, we can broaden our understanding of the world and gain new perspectives onlife.Additionally, book collection allows us to create a personal library that reflects our interests and personality. Our book collection is a reflection of who we are as individuals, showcasing our passions, beliefs, and values. Whether we collect books on a specific topic, genre, or author, our collection tells a story about ourintellectual curiosity and personal tastes. Building a personal library also gives us a sense of pride and accomplishment, as we curate a collection that is uniquely ours.In conclusion, book collection is a meaningful and rewarding pursuit that offers a multitude of benefits. From preserving knowledge to expanding horizons and creating a personal library, collecting books enriches our lives in countless ways. As a book lover, I am grateful for the opportunity to build my own collection and surround myself with the wisdom and beauty of the written word. I encourage others to embrace the joy of book collection and discover the endless possibilities that lie within the pages of a book.。
关于便条的英语作文
In the realm of communication,the note or memo plays a pivotal role,especially in casual and informal settings.Writing an English essay about notes can cover various aspects,from their history and evolution to their uses in different contexts.Heres a detailed exploration of the subject:Introduction to NotesNotes have been an integral part of human communication since the advent of written language.They serve as a quick and efficient means of conveying messages without the need for direct interaction.In the modern world,notes have taken on new forms,from digital messages to sticky notes,but their essence remains the same.Historical PerspectiveThe history of notes dates back to ancient civilizations where messages were inscribed on clay tablets or papyrus.The development of paper in China and its subsequent spread to the West revolutionized the way notes were written and shared.The invention of the printing press further democratized the use of notes,making written communication more accessible.Types of Notes1.Sticky Notes:Small,adhesive pieces of paper that can be attached to surfaces.They are commonly used for reminders and quick messages.2.Digital Notes:Stored electronically,these can be accessed from any device and often include features like reminders and the ability to share with others.3.Handwritten Notes:Traditionally written on paper,these are often used for personal messages,thankyou notes,or informal communication.4.Memorandums Memos:Used in professional settings,memos are formal notes that communicate information within an organization.The Art of Note WritingWriting a note requires clarity and brevity.The message should be concise,yet complete, leaving no room for ambiguity.Here are some tips for effective note writing:Be Clear and Concise:Use simple language and get straight to the point.Use Proper Formatting:If its a formal note,use headings,bullet points,and paragraphs to organize the content.Personalize:A personal touch can make a note more memorable and impactful. Proofread:Ensure there are no spelling or grammatical errors.Uses of Notes in Daily LifeNotes are used in various daily life scenarios:Reminders:For tasks,appointments,or ideas.Communication:Quick messages to family members or roommates.Professional Use:In offices for internal communication or as a record of meetings. Education:Teachers use notes to provide feedback or to outline lessons.Cultural SignificanceIn some cultures,notes have a deeper significance.For example,in Japan,the art of writing letters shikishi is considered a refined form of communication.Similarly,in Western cultures,handwritten notes are often seen as a thoughtful gesture,especially in the context of thankyou notes.The Future of NotesWith the rise of digital communication,the traditional note is evolving.Apps and software are making it easier to create,store,and share notes.However,the tactile experience of writing by hand and the personal touch it brings are still valued and are likely to remain a part of our communication practices.ConclusionNotes,in their various forms,continue to be a vital tool for communication.They offer a quick,informal,and often personal way to convey messages.As technology advances, the way we write and use notes may change,but their purpose as a means of connection remains constant.Writing an essay about notes allows you to explore their significance in both personal and professional contexts,as well as their evolution and potential future developments. Whether youre reflecting on the history of notes or discussing the best practices for writing them,this topic offers a wealth of material for a comprehensive and engaging essay.。
专刊寄语英语作文
专刊寄语英语作文As we embark on this special edition, we are reminded of the power of words to inspire and connect. It's a space where ideas flourish and perspectives converge, a testament to the universal language that is English.In these pages, we celebrate the diversity of voices that make up our global community. Each article is a window into different worlds, offering insights that are bothenlightening and enriching. It's a journey through language that we invite you to take, one that promises to broaden your horizons.As you turn each page, may you find the joy in learning and the satisfaction in understanding. This issue is not just a collection of essays; it's a celebration of the spirit of inquiry and the pursuit of knowledge.Remember, the essence of English is not just in its grammar and vocabulary, but in its ability to convey thedepth of human experience. So, as you read, let the words resonate with you, and let them guide you to new understandings.In this edition, we've curated a selection of topics that span the spectrum of human interest, from the personal to the universal. We hope they spark curiosity, provoke thought, and, most importantly, leave you with a sense of wonder.As you explore these pages, may you find a piece that resonates with you, a story that stays with you long after you've turned the last page. For in these words lie the potential to change how you see the world.Finally, as you delve into the content of this special edition, we hope you carry with you the spirit of exploration and the love for the written word. It's a journey we've taken together, and one that we hope will leave you inspired.。
英语六级作文素材
英语六级作文素材Certainly! Here's a collection of potential writing materials for your English CET-6 essay:1. Technology Advancements: Discuss the impact of technological advancements on society, economy, and daily life. Highlight examples such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the Internet of Things.2. Environmental Conservation: Address the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable development. Include discussions on climate change, renewable energy sources, and biodiversity conservation efforts.3. Globalization: Examine the effects of globalization on culture, trade, and international relations. Consider topics such as cultural exchange, outsourcing, and the challenges of economic interdependence.4. Education Reform: Explore the need for educationreform in response to changing societal needs and technological advancements. Discuss issues such as online learning, skills-based education, and access to quality education for all.5. Social Media Influence: Analyze the impact of social media on communication, relationships, and mental health. Discuss topics such as online activism, digital privacy, and the spread of misinformation.6. Healthcare Systems: Evaluate different healthcare systems around the world and their effectiveness in providing quality healthcare to citizens. Compare topics such as universal healthcare, privatization, and healthcare inequalities.7. Economic Inequality: Address the issue of economic inequality and its consequences on society. Discuss topics such as wealth distribution, poverty alleviation measures, and the role of government policies.8. Cultural Diversity: Celebrate the richness ofcultural diversity and its importance in promoting tolerance and understanding. Discuss topics such as multiculturalism, cultural heritage preservation, and the benefits of cross-cultural exchange.9. Gender Equality: Examine the progress and challenges of achieving gender equality in various aspects of society, including the workplace, education, and politics. Discuss topics such as gender stereotypes, pay gaps, and women's empowerment.10. Ethical Dilemmas: Explore ethical dilemmas facing contemporary society, such as genetic engineering,artificial intelligence ethics, and the ethicalimplications of big data.Remember to provide examples, statistics, and personal insights to support your arguments and make your essay more compelling. Good luck with your writing!。
recent results papers regular papers
recent results papers regular
papers
"Recent results papers" 和 "regular papers" 是在学术界中常用的术语，尤其在科学研究和学术出版中。
以下是这两个术语的详细解释：
Recent results papers：
这些论文主要关注的是最新的研究结果和方法。
它们通常比其他论文更短，更直接地呈现了最新的研究进展。
这些论文的目标是快速地分享研究的新发现，因此它们通常在研究完成后不久就被发表。
在一些学术会议中，也会有专门的“最新研究成果”板块，这些板块主要展示的是还未经过充分审查或同行评审的论文，但已经足够新颖，值得在会议上分享。
Regular papers：
这些论文通常更为全面和深入。
它们不仅仅报告新的发现，而且还会对这些发现进行更全面的讨论、分析和解释。
相比“recent results papers”，它们通常需要更多的时间来完成，因为作者有更多的机会来完善他们的研究、进行更多的分析，并撰写更长的文本。
在大多数情况下，这些论文会经过严格的审查和同行评审过程，以确保其质量和准确性。
“Regular papers”在学术界中更为常见，因为它们为读者提供了更完整、更深入的研究视角。
总的来说，“Recent results papers”和“regular papers”的主要区别在于它们的深度、广度、目的和发表过程。
但无论哪种类型的论文，其核心目标都是为了分享和推进学术知识。
建议收藏卡片英语作文
建议收藏卡片英语作文Title: Strategies for Collecting Index Card English Essays。
Introduction:In today's fast-paced world, effective study strategies are essential for success, especially in learning a new language like English. One useful method is collecting index card essays, which not only aid in language acquisition but also facilitate organized revision. In this essay, we will explore various strategies for collecting index card English essays without revealing the specific prompts used.1. Online Resources:Utilize online platforms that offer a wide range of essay topics and prompts. Websites dedicated to language learning, educational forums, and even social media groupscan be valuable resources. Search for prompts that cover different themes, such as technology, environment, education, and culture.2. Language Learning Apps:Many language learning apps provide writingexercises and prompts suitable for index card essays. These apps often tailor exercises to different proficiency levels, allowing learners to gradually progress. Explore apps that offer features like daily writing challenges or interactive writing exercises.3. Textbooks and Workbooks:Traditional textbooks and workbooks designed for English learners can provide a wealth of essay prompts. These resources typically cover various topics and offer structured exercises to practice writing skills. Look for textbooks with supplementary materials or online platforms that accompany them for additional prompts.4. Literature and News Articles:Engage with authentic English materials such as literature and news articles. Extract essay prompts from short stories, novels, or newspaper articles. This approach not only enhances language skills but also exposes learners to different writing styles and genres.5. Personal Experiences and Reflections:Encourage creativity by generating essay prompts based on personal experiences, opinions, and reflections. Consider topics related to travel experiences, memorable events, cultural observations, or philosophical inquiries. These prompts can inspire meaningful and introspective writing.6. Peer Collaboration:Collaborate with peers or language exchange partners to create essay prompts collaboratively. Engage in discussions about various topics and brainstorm potentialwriting prompts together. Sharing ideas and perspectives can lead to diverse and thought-provoking essay topics.7. Customized Prompts Generator:Develop or utilize online tools that generate customized essay prompts based on specific criteria. These tools allow users to input preferences such as topic category, difficulty level, word count, and writing style. By customizing prompts, learners can tailor their practice to their individual needs and interests.8. Writing Challenges and Contests:Participate in writing challenges or contests that provide prompts for participants. These events often have themes or prompts that spark creativity and encourage participants to explore different writing styles. Additionally, they offer opportunities for feedback and recognition.Conclusion:Collecting index card English essays is a valuable study strategy for language learners, offeringopportunities for practice, creativity, and reflection. By utilizing various resources and strategies, learners can gather a diverse range of essay prompts without revealing their specific prompts. Continuous practice with index card essays not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters critical thinking and communication skills. Embrace the journey of language learning and enjoy the process of exploring new topics through writing.。
对唐诗比赛的看法和建议,英语作文
对唐诗比赛的看法和建议,英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Tang Poetry Competition: A Student's PerspectiveWow, a Tang poetry competition at our school? That sounds like such an amazing opportunity! I love poetry, especially the beautiful and profound works from the Tang Dynasty era in ancient China. Those poets had a way with words that could paint vivid pictures and express deep emotions.When I first heard about this poetry competition, I was over the moon with excitement! Finally, a chance to really dive into studying the Tang greats like Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wang Wei. Their masterpieces have stood the test of time for over a millennium. Just imagining getting to analyze and appreciate their brilliant use of imagery, metaphor, and poetic devices fills me with joy.Of course, the competition aspect adds an extra thrill and sense of friendly rivalry. I can't wait to go head-to-head with my classmates to see who has the deepest understanding and appreciation for Tang poetry. It will be such a fun challenge to out-analyze and out-interpret each other on these classic works.I already have a few Tang poems in mind that I want to really dive deeply into studying for the competition. "Climbing Stair Mountain" by Wang Wei is a particular favorite of mine with its incredible descriptions of nature's beauty. Lines like "The birds have gone to rest on the endless mountain peaks" just transport me to that serene mountain scene.Li Bai's "Bring the Wine" is another I'm considering focusing on for its perfect blending of imagery of the natural world with the human experience. When he writes "With a cup of wine under the blossoms, I sing - Whose wrongdoings are as blankly idle and free?" I feel immersed in that carefree, drunken revelry under the blooming trees.And of course, I can't overlook the work of the esteemed Du Fu. His "A View of Taishan" blew me away with lines like "Ten thousand gullies run down the mountainside - depth and height unrolled before you." Such vivid descriptions make me feel like I'm standing before that majestic sacred mountain myself.I have a good feeling that those three poets will likely be featured heavily in our competition, but I definitely plan to study the entire canon of Tang poetry greats. You never know which more obscure poets or works could come up that I'll need to be prepared for.Preparation is definitely key for a competition like this. I'm already starting to re-read my favorite Tang poetry collections and take careful notes on themes, symbolism, structure, and historical context. Understanding the full meaning and artistry behind each poem is essential.I'm also planning to spend a lot of time reading expert analysis and critique of these works from scholars and historians. Seeing the different perspectives and interpretations will really deepen my own appreciation for the layers of meaning within the poems.Of course, memorizing passages and even full poems will likely be required for parts of the competition too. So I'll set aside time each day to drill lines and stanzas until I have them committed to memory. There's nothing like being able to recite a great Tang poem by heart.I'm honestly not too worried about the competitive aspect and any pressures there. For me, this whole experience is first and foremost about celebrating the incredible art of poetry from that era. Just being able to immerse myself in studying those masterworks is already incredibly rewarding.If I manage to demonstrate my knowledge and passion enough to place highly or even win the competition, that wouldbe amazing! But at the end of the day, win or lose, I know I'll walk away having gained a deeper appreciation for Tang poetry that will last a lifetime.My main suggestion for making this Tang poetry competition a great experience for everyone involved is to put the emphasis on sharing our love and understanding of the art form above anything else. Sure, there's a competitive element that adds motivation and excitement. But the real prize is connecting with this profound creative expression from so long ago.The judges and organizers should structure the competition in a way that rewards genuine comprehension, insight, and passion above just rote memorization or showing off. Having components that test both a broad understanding of Tang poetry as well as focused deep-dives into analyzing specific meaningful works would be ideal.It would be really cool if part of the competition involved some kind of creative, open-ended analysis or modern interpretation of a Tang poem too. Like writing our own poetic response piece or creating some kind of visual or performance art piece inspired by the work. That would push us as students totruly internalize the spirit and meaning of the original rather than just study it at face value.Along those lines, having opportunites to discuss and engage with the poems beyond just recitation would be awesome too. Like roundtable discussions or seminars where we can share our perspectives and hear other interpretations. That open dialog and exchange of ideas could elevate everyone's appreciation.Another fun competition component could be some kind of Quiz Bowl style Tang poetry tournament. Imagine teams going head-to-head, buzzing in to analyze lines or identify quotes and poets? That could get intense but in such an entertaining, engaging way!One of my biggest hopes is that this poetry competition becomes an annual tradition at our school. Just a one-off event would be amazing, sure. But making it a yearly celebration would be even better. It would allow those of us who catch the Tang poetry bug to dive deeper and broader into studying the classics each year.Holding this kind of event for elementary students while we're still young has such great value too. Getting exposed to and learning to appreciate poetry and art from a very differentculture and era at this age can spark a lifelong passion. It stretches our minds and appreciation for creative expression beyond our modern contexts. What an incredible opportunity!I really hope the adults and teachers organizing this competition emphasize how special and unique of an event this is. Not every school gets the chance to celebrate and connect with the poetic brilliance of the Tang Dynasty in this way. We are so fortunate to have this experience available to us at such a formative age.Overall, I'm just overflowing with excitement about our school's upcoming Tang poetry competition. My heart is filled with gratitude that we get this introduction to such a profound body of creative work. Studying and engaging with these timeless masterpieces is going to be such an intellectually and emotionally rewarding journey, competition or not.Whether I end up as the champion tang poet or not, I know this experience will shape my appreciation for art, language, culture, and creative expression for years to come. That is the true victory - developing a lifelong love for incredibly beauty and human expression across centuries. I can't wait for the competition to begin! Tang poetry, here I come!篇2My School's Tang Poetry CompetitionEvery year, my elementary school has a special competition all about Tang dynasty poetry. The Tang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907 AD in ancient China, and it was a golden age for arts and culture. The poets from that era wrote some of the most beautiful verses in the Chinese language. Our Tang poetry competition celebrates those masterpieces and challenges us students to appreciate and understand the poems.I always look forward to the Tang poetry competition. Even though the poems are from over 1,000 years ago, the words still have a magic about them that speaks to me today. The poets describe nature with such vivid imagery, making me feel like I'm walking alongside a willow-lined stream or gazing up at misty mountains. Their verses also express deep emotions about things like friendship, homesickness, and the fleetingness of life.Leading up to the competition, we spend weeks in class studying and memorizing different Tang poems. My favorite poet is Li Bai, who was known for his romantic descriptions of nature's beauty. One of his most famous works is "Quiet Night Thought," which begins:"Bedtime has come, but no sleep yet descends;I gaze into the candlelight's lingering brilliance.Before the censer's idle smoke has fully cleared,Outside the screen, faintly, a far-off night rain starts falling."Just reading those lines transports me to a peaceful night long ago, making me imagine the flickering candlelight and listening closely for the patter of rain. Li Bai had an incredible talent for capturing moments like that.Another great Tang poet was Du Fu, who is revered as much for his expressive language as his ability to convey humanistic moral principles. Many of his poems grappled with the pain and suffering he witnessed during years of political turmoil. Yet his words also offered warmth and compassion, as illustrated in this excerpt from "A Visitor Arrives at Night":"Fields were abandoned, weedy and fallow;Homes broken into, all deserted now......Don't speak too earnestly of our time's chaos—Tonight just bask in your family's grace."Studying verses like those make me appreciate the depth and beauty contained within Tang poetry's deceptively simple language.When the competition day arrives each year, there is a buzz of excitement around school. All the students have been diligently practicing their recitations and calligraphy of their chosen poems. We take turns performing the poems in front of teachers and parents, who serve as judges. It takes a lot of courage to stand up there alone and bring those ancient words to life! Those of us who advance get to compete again at the district and regional levels.While recitation is the main event, the competition also includes categories like essay writing, poetry comprehension tests, and artistic performances based on Tang poems. My favorite is the category where we use calligraphy brushes to transcribe poems in beautiful Chinese script. I love the feeling of controlling the brush to create bold or delicate ink strokes that express the rhythm and spirit of each poem.Getting to know Tang poetry has enriched my life in so many ways. As I memorize and ponder these verses, I feel more connected to my cultural heritage as a Chinese person. The poems also teach me lessons about finding beauty and meaningamid life's difficulties. I'm truly grateful that my school puts such an emphasis on keeping this poetic tradition alive through our annual Tang poetry competition.Of course, the competition isn't perfect, and I do have a few suggestions for improving it. First, I wish we could spend even more time in class working one-on-one with teachers to perfect our understanding and recitation of the poems. It takes so much practice and coaching to fully grasp the meaning, rhythm, and artistic expression within each verse. I also wish the poetry test portion focused a bit more on analysis rather than mere memorization and comprehension. Finally, I'd love it if the artistic performance category included more modern art forms like dance, music, and multimedia presentations to appeal to a wider range of students.Despite those small critiques, I continue to cherish being part of my school's Tang poetry competition each year. It kindles my passion for this timeless art form while challenging me to keep improving as a student and artist. Poetry may be ancient, but it will forever connect us to our heritage and shared experiences as human beings across all eras. I hope this competition tradition continues to inspire generation after generation of students just like it inspires me.篇3My Take on Tang Poetry Contests and How to Make Them BetterPoetry is awesome! I love reading poems and trying to figure out the deeper meanings behind the words. That's why I was so excited when my teacher told our class about an upcoming Tang poetry competition. For those who don't know, Tang poetry comes from the Tang Dynasty in ancient China, which lasted from 618 to 907 AD. The poems from that time are considered some of the greatest literary works ever written in the Chinese language.At first, I thought a Tang poetry contest would be the coolest thing ever. I could spend weeks reading all sorts of Tang poems, analyzing the metaphors and imagery, and then show off my knowledge in the competition. However, after my teacher explained more details, I started having some doubts about how fun and educational this event would actually be.The main issue is that the competition seems way too focused on memorization rather than true understanding and appreciation of the poems. From what I gathered, we'll basically just have to memorize a bunch of Tang poems word-for-wordand then recite them from memory during the contest. While memorizing poetry can help ingrain the beautiful language in your mind, simply reciting the words doesn't really prove that you comprehend the poem's deeper significance.I think analyzing the meaning, interpreting the poet's intentions, and making connections to the cultural context of the Tang Dynasty is so much more important than just spitting out the words mechanically. That's the stuff that really brings the poems to life and makes you appreciate the incredible mastery of language the ancient poets had.Unfortunately, it doesn't seem like those higher-level analytical skills will be tested much, if at all, during this particular competition. From my understanding, the judges will just be listening for flawless recitation of the poems with no appreciation for if we actually understand the poems' essences. That seems kind of dry and soulless to me, like we're just being treated as human recorders rather than critical thinkers.Now don't get me wrong, I have tremendous respect for people who can commit lengthy poems to memory. It's an incredible feat of discipline and brain power. But I think a Tang poetry competition should evaluate much more than just rote memorization abilities.So in my humble opinion as a 4th grader, here are some suggestions for how to improve future Tang poetry competitions to make them more educational, fulfilling, and true to the actual purpose of studying these ancient masterpieces:Incorporate written analysis components where students explain the major themes, use of literary devices, historical context, and personal interpretation of assigned poems. This could be in the form of essays or short response questions. Simply reciting words doesn't demonstrate actual mastery of the poems.Have students analyze differences in writing styles across multiple Tang poets and pieces. Comparing and contrasting the various techniques, archetypes, and philosophies would really reinforce comprehension.Connect the Tang poems to other major works from that era in areas like art, philosophy, music, etc. Poetry doesn't exist in a vacuum - it reflects and influences the greater cultural currents of its time period.Encourage creative components like having students write their own Tang-style poems modeling the structures and themes they've studied. This would push them to truly internalize the essence of the poetry.Incorporate multimedia and technology more, likeaudio/video recordings of poem recitations, digital artwork, animations that visually depict poem meanings, etc. boutopdk of their love for recitations and classics. This will help learners express themselves more dynamically.Invite Tang poetry experts, authors, and historians to participate as judges and speakers. Their real-world insights would greatly enrich the experience beyond textbook-level learning.Consider having multi-person teams who collaborate on analysis & presentations rather than just individual recitations. Teamwork and discussions often lead to deeper insight.For younger kids, make it more interactive with games, songs, and activities related to the poems rather than just intense memorization. That way they'll associate the poems with fun rather than anxiety.Encourage audience participation, Q&A sessions, and other involvement so it's not just a one-way performance toward judges. The more engagement, the better the learning.Most importantly, make sure there are opportunities for students to share their personal thoughts, feelings, andconnections to the poems rather than just objectively reciting facts. That's how we'll truly spark passion for this amazing literary tradition.So in summary, while I applaud any effort to teach the brilliant Tang poetry to young people, I have some concerns that the competition format my teacher described could turn it into an overly rigid, memory-focused exercise devoid of actual insight and passion. We shouldn't treat these timeless poems as mere robotic feats of memorization and recitation.Instead, the competition should holistically evaluate true mastery through activities that require analysis, creativity, context understanding, personal expression, and most importantly - developing a genuine love and appreciation for the beauty and wisdom contained in these immortal literary classics from ancient China. Testing comprehension and getting us passionate about Tang poetry should be the prime objectives, not just showing off who has the best memory skills.With some tweaks along those lines, I'm confident a Tang poetry competition could be an amazing experience that engages elementary students in incredibly enriching ways while honoring the incredible cultural legacy we've inherited from the poets of that era. Tang poetry has so much to offer us even today,but only if we approach it with开放的热爱,而不是狭隘的死记硬背。
我们传统的文具作文英语
In the modern era of digital technology, traditional stationery has taken a backseat to the convenience of electronic devices. However, the charm of traditional stationery remains undeniable, especially in the realm of writing. The tactile experience of holding a pen and feeling the paper beneath ones fingertips is a sensory delight that cannot be replicated by a screen. This essay delves into the nostalgic yet enduring appeal of traditional stationery, particularly in the context of English composition.The art of writing with traditional stationery is a skill that has been passed down through generations. It is not merely about the act of putting pen to paper but also about the thought process and the emotional connection that one forms with the words they write. When students engage in English composition using traditional pens and paper, they are not only honing their language skills but also developing a deeper appreciation for the art of writing.One of the most significant advantages of using traditional stationery for English composition is the focus it brings to the task. The absence of digital distractions allows students to concentrate more on their thoughts and the structure of their writing. This focus can lead to a more coherent and wellorganized essay. Moreover, the physical act of writing can aid in memory retention, as the muscle memory formed while writing can help in recalling the content more effectively.Another aspect of traditional stationery that enhances the writing experience is the variety of tools available. From fountain pens to gel pens, from lined paper to graph paper, the options are vast and cater todifferent preferences and styles. The choice of pen and paper can influence the writing experience, with some students finding that certain types of pens or paper inspire creativity or improve legibility.The sensory experience of writing with traditional stationery is another factor that contributes to its appeal. The smooth glide of a highquality pen across the paper, the subtle scent of ink, and the satisfying sound of pen on paper all add to the enjoyment of the writing process. These sensory elements can create a more immersive and engaging experience, making the task of English composition less of a chore and more of a pleasure.In addition to the personal benefits, traditional stationery also has a positive environmental impact. The use of paper and pens reduces the reliance on electronic devices, which require energy to charge and produce electronic waste. By choosing traditional stationery for English composition, students are making a small but significant contribution to environmental sustainability.However, it is essential to acknowledge that traditional stationery is not without its drawbacks. The cost of highquality pens and paper can be prohibitive for some students. Additionally, the process of writing with traditional stationery can be slower compared to typing on a computer, which may not be ideal for timesensitive tasks.Despite these challenges, the benefits of using traditional stationery for English composition cannot be overlooked. The focus, sensory experience, and environmental benefits offer a compelling case for incorporatingtraditional stationery into the writing process.In conclusion, while the digital age has brought about significant advancements in communication and convenience, the value of traditional stationery in English composition remains. The tactile experience, focus, and environmental benefits provide a unique and enriching experience that can enhance the writing process. As educators and students, it is essential to recognize and appreciate the role of traditional stationery in fostering a deeper connection with the art of writing.。
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doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7251.17132000;320;1713-1716BMJGunther EysenbachRecent advances: Consumer health informatics/cgi/content/full/320/7251/1713Updated information and services can be found at:These include:Data supplement/cgi/content/full/320/7251/1713/DC1"Additional information"References/cgi/content/full/320/7251/1713#otherarticles 19 online articles that cite this article can be accessed at:/cgi/content/full/320/7251/1713#BIBL This article cites 24 articles, 18 of which can be accessed free at: Rapid responses/cgi/eletter-submit/320/7251/1713You can respond to this article at:/cgi/content/full/320/7251/1713#responses free at:One rapid response has been posted to this article, which you can access forservice Email alertingthe top left of the articleReceive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at Topic collections(115 articles)Information in Practice (journal section) (551 articles)Patient - other (339 articles) Other Medical InformaticsArticles on similar topics can be found in the following collectionsNotesTo order reprints follow the "Request Permissions" link in the navigation box go to:BMJ To subscribe to on 7 January 2008 Downloaded fromClinical review Recent advancesConsumer health informatics Gunther EysenbachMedical informatics has expanded rapidly over the past couple of years.After decades of development of information systems designed primarily for physicians and other healthcare managers and professionals,there is an increasing interest in reaching consumers and patients directly through computers and telecommuni-cations systems.Consumer health informatics is the branch of medical informatics that analyses consumers’needs for information;studies and implements methods of making information accessible to consumers;and models and integrates consumers’preferences into medical information systems.Consumer informatics stands at the crossroads of other disciplines,such as nursing informatics,public health,health promotion, health education,library science,and communication science,and is perhaps the most challenging and rapidly expanding field in medical informatics;it is paving the way for health care in the information age. MethodsThis non-exhaustive review focuses on topics from the field of consumer health informatics because there has been a markedly increased interest in this field (additional information is available on the BMJ’s website).Medline was searched using the terms “consumer”and“informatics.”The proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association’s symposi-ums(1998and1999)and the proceedings of the ninthW orld Congress on Medical Informatics(Medinfo1998) were hand searched.The AltaVista search engine was used to retrieve information from the internet,using the search string“+definition+consumer health infor-matics”to find unpublished reports.1–3Health care in the information age Medical informatics is“the field that concerns itself with the cognitive,information processing,and communication tasks of medical practice,education, and research.”4Until recently medical informatics focused on developing applications for health profes-sionals:medical informaticians looked at medical prac-tice mainly through the eyes of health professionals rather than through the eyes of patients.T en years ago Greenes and Shortliffe wrote:“After many years of development of information systems to support the infrastructure of medicine,greater focus on the needs of physicians and other health care managers and pro-fessionals is occurring—to support education,decisionmaking,communication,and many other aspects ofprofessional activity.”4This earlier orientation towardsproviders can also be found in classic medicalinformatics textbooks,which rarely contain chapterson the information needs of consumers.56This focus is changing.Driving factors in thischange are the emergence of evidence based medicineand the growing awareness of the need to equaliserelationships between health professionals and laypeople.7These trends can be seen in all developedcountries and are partly the result of an effort to cuthealthcare costs by improving patients’abilities to helpthemselves and make informed choices.The increas-ing availability of interactive information that is acces-sible to consumers,most notably through the internetand related technologies such as digital television andweb television,coincides with the desire of mostconsumers to assume more responsibility for theirhealth and the pressures of costs on health systems,theAdditionalinformation aboutthe emergence ofconsumerinformatics isavailable on theBMJ’s websiteUnit forCybermedicine,Department ofClinical SocialMedicine,University ofHeidelberg,69115Heidelberg,GermanyGunther Eysenbachresearcherey@BMJ2000;320:1713–6 on 7 January 2008Downloaded fromemphasis on the health of populations and on preven-tion,and the growing desire of health professionals to realise the potential of patients and their families.89Information technology and consumerism are syner-gistic forces that promote an “information age health-care system”in which consumers can,ideally,use information technology to gain access to information and control their own health care,thereby utilising healthcare resources more efficiently.10T oday’s “cyber-docs”on the internet may tomorrow turn into more trustworthy “cyberlicensed”professionals (who are specially trained and whose practice is monitored for quality)counselling patients online;this development is under way in the United Kingdom with the introduc-tion of services such as NHS Direct,which provides advice to patients both on the web and over the phone.11–13Additionally,intelligent informatics applica-tions can channel the floods of health information reaching consumers,can help patients attain a healthy balance between self reliance and seeking professional help,and can also help balance responsiveness to con-sumers and the management of demand,14and virtual and face to face interaction.15Information technology and consumer health informatics are becoming an integral part of modern concepts of public health and national healthcare policies in many developed countries (figure).16Bringing medical knowledge to consumersOne challenge is to develop or adapt existing computer based decision support systems (expert systems)for use by consumers.Most of these systems were originally developed to provide advice to clinicians about diagnoses or disease management.A recent multisite,randomised controlled trial studied the effect of two decision support systems —Iliad (Applied Medical Infor-matics,Salt Lake City,UT)and Quick Medical Reference (University of Pittsburgh and Camdat,San Bruno,CA)—on the decision making process of medical students,medical residents,and faculty.The study showed that the magnitude of effects was related to clini-cal experience:inexperienced users (students)benefited more from the advice than users who had more medical experience.18These results could be extrapolated to lay people (patients)by hypothesising that such systemswould provide the greatest benefit to those with the least previous knowledge (provided that the system could be adapted to their specific needs).This is a strong argument for adapting these systems for consumers.One decision support system that is being adapted and tested for consumers is HouseCall (Applied Medi-cal Informatics),an informatics system derived from the existing physician knowledge base Iliad.19House-Call generates a diagnosis based on the user’s symptoms and medical history,allows a personal medical history to be noted,and offers easy to read information on a variety of medical topics.Focus group evaluations of HouseCall have shown that the program is easy to use and that consumers like using technology at home to investigate health issues and like participating in solving their medical problems.Obviously,such systems “do not and cannot replace visits with physicians;they can,however,make such encounters more productive,for both doctor and patient.”3They may also help to triage patients.For consumers,the aim of such support systems would not be to make definitive diagnoses or to propose treatment but to answer simple questions such as “do I need to see a doctor?”or to alert patients to potential drug interactions or other health risks.The main challenge in developing comprehensive systems for consumers is that little is known about how patients interact with computer based informatics tools and how they digest and act on information.Electronic health records accessible to patientsConsumer health informatics is designed to empower consumers by putting health information into their hands,including information on their own health,such as diagnoses,lab results,personal risk factors,and pre-scribed drugs.The European Union’s data protection directive (in effect since October 1998)requires all member countries to enact legislation enabling patients to have access to their medical records.Putting records into patients’hands is not a new idea.20Baldry et al conducted an early experiment in giving patients in the waiting room their medical records to read,21and patient held records seem to have ethical and practical benefits.22One way of facilitating patients’access to their medical records may be through the internet or the adoption of smart cards,or both.The adoption of smart cards was recently announced by the European Union in an initiative which aims to ensure that “all European citizens should have the possibility to have a health smart card to enable secure and confidential access to networked patient information”by 2003.23Smart cards can be used as places to store health infor-mation directly,or the electronic medical record can be put onto the internet and smart cards can serve as keys by providing access.Just as consumers bank online today,they may in future be able to browse and anno-tate their health records online.T ailoring health information to patientsBecause an electronic record provides a natural base for individually tailored health messages,online records also open new avenues for health education.On the internet it is possible to link personalThe focus of traditional medical informatics is shifting from health professionals to consumersClinical reviewon 7 January 2008 Downloaded frominformation to external resources such as glossaries, websites,and databases such as Medline.For example, if the doctor’s list of diagnoses or suggested changes to the patient’s lifestyle contains the word“smoking,”links can automatically refer the patient to health promo-tion sites that advise people on how to quit.Future technological advances may bring this kind of information to mobile phones,hand held computers, personal digital assistants,and wearable computers.In a randomised controlled trial,Jones and colleagues compared the effect of tailored information for cancer patients that was based on the contents of their medical records with general information provided electronically or in leaflets;the patients preferred the tailored information.24T ailored infor-mation has also been effective in a number of other areas,including instigating changes in health behav-iour or in increasing knowledge.25In the United States,several projects are under way to evaluate the use of internet based health records that are accessible to patients.For example,a system called SeniorMed gives elderly patients access to their medi-cation lists through the internet.26Another company, MedicaLogic(/),is also testing internet based health records( and ).These records are embedded in an information system that lets users search for infor-mation on health conditions,order refills for prescrip-tions,and communicate with their physician’s office.Decision aids to support consumers’choicesComputer based applications are being developed to help clinicians integrate a patient’s preferences(values) with scientific evidence,the patient’s history,and local constraints.These systems also help patients make choices for treatment or screening on the basis of their preferences for different outcomes.Such decision aids, which can be used by patients with or without healthcare professionals,are especially desirable when the optimal management strategy depends on the strength of the patient’s preferences for the different health outcomes that may result from the decision.27 For example,a decision system for contraceptives choice would not only take into account personal risk factors(such as smoking)to determine the best choice but also determine the values the patient places on dif-ferent outcomes,such as unwanted pregnancy or venous thrombosis.Decision aids differ from information aids mainly in that they contain explicit components to help users clarify their values:the patient’s personal values and the utility or importance of the risks and benefits of each alternative are elicited.Because of their interactive nature,computer based solutions have clear advantages over traditional media,and a number of applications already exist.1The medical informatics community is increasingly working towards integrating patients’preferences with electronic health records.28Quality control of health information on the internetThe internet is a vast resource,but to realise its full potential it is necessary to direct consumers to high quality information and to teach them how to assessthe quality of information.The quality control of health information on theinternet rests on four pillars:educating the consumer,encouraging the self regulation of providers of healthinformation,having third parties evaluate the infor-mation,and enforcing sanctions in cases of dissemina-tion of fraudulent or harmful information.Considerable progress has been made in all fourfields.An ongoing European Union project,theMedPICS Certification and Rating of TrustworthyHealth Information on the Net(medCERTAIN;/medcertain/),is based on the ideathat the quality of health information and interactiveapplications on the internet should not be controlledby a central body or authority but instead must beevaluated and labelled(associated with meta-information)by medical societies,professionals,orconsumer organisations.29–32The project is developinga technical infrastructure to allow individuals,organisa-tions,associations,societies,and other entities to ratethe published health information found online byusing a standardised vocabulary.The medCERTAINconsortium will also create different levels of certifica-tion for those who publish health information on theinternet;these will range from a simple rating of“goodstanding”to“gold seals”indicating that the site hasbeen externally peer reviewed.Several groups have developed interactive internettools to educate consumers;these tools help users tomanually filter information and to assess the qualitythemselves(,,/).33However,none of thesetools has been validated.Discern,a tool for assessingthe quality of written patient information,is beingadapted for use on the internet.34Clinical review on 7 January 2008Downloaded fromA professional code of ethics for stakeholders who have an interest in providing health resources online (such as health portals,academics,and public health experts)has been drafted.In January 2000,about 50experts in providing health information online attended the “e-health”summit on the ethics of providing information on the internet in Washington,DC;they drew up a code of ethics that addresses issues of quality;commercial behaviour;privacy,security,and confidentiality;and the use of the internet in practising health care.35ConclusionAlthough the information society offers tremendous potential for reducing the knowledge gap between professionals and patients,it also brings a risk of a widening of the gap between those who have access to new technology and those who have been excluded.36Bridging this digital divide and bringing consumer health informatics to groups that have the greatest need will be particularly challenging.In the industrial age,the inverse care law described the idea that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for medical care in the popu-lation served.37In the information age,we face an analogous “inverse information law”—that is,access to appropriate information is particularly difficult for those who need it most.The vicious circle of low education and low health literacy and low income,poor health,and the inaccessibility of information technology,can only be broken if the field is not left to market forces alone but if public health policy actively brings information technology to those who are underserved.In 1990,Shortliffe and Perrault wrote that for health professionals “it is increasingly difficult to practice modern medicine without information technologies”—a statement that is more true than ever today.5However,these days there is an additional trend:it is also increasingly unlikely that health professionals will encounter patients who have not used information technology to influence their health knowledge,health behaviour,perception of symptoms,and illness behaviour.Health professionals should,therefore,not only understand consumer health applications but also ensure that these applications are developed,applied,and evaluated properly.The greatest contribution of consumer health informatics research to the healthcare sector may eventually be found in its attempts to systematise and codify consumers’needs,values,and preferences;in its research into how information is digested and is best presented to consumers;and in its research into how these variables influence outcome measures.Thus,cur-rent health informatics research may have greater implications for the practice of medicine than medical informatics ever did before.The author benefited from discussions about the definition of “consumer health informatics”with members of the American Medical Informatics Association Working Group on Consumer Health Informatics at the their autumn symposium,in 1999in Washington,DC,most notably Alex Jadad and Betty L Chang.Competing interests:GE receives fees from 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