Unit 1 Wise men in history(3)

Unit 1 Wise men in history(3)
Date:_______ name:_______
【阅读技巧】
★“主旨大意法”解阅读理解题
常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：
The text is mainly about ____.
The main idea/The general idea/The main purpose is ______.
What would be the best title /headline for the text?
This article mainly tells about the story of ____.
What is the topic of the text?
The subject discussed in this text is ____.
What does the second paragraph discuss?
The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.
What is mainly discussed in the text?
主旨大意题要求我们通读全文，把握中心思想，同时概括和归纳出主旨大意。

考查内容包括文章标题、中心话题、段落大意、作者观点、人物特点、写作目的等。

一般而言，文章或段落的开头或结尾有一个主题句，表达一个中心或主题，其他内容都是针对这一主题句的拓展或说明。

做主旨大意题的关键是找到主题句并进行高度的概括。

解题技巧：
1. 关注各段落的首句及末句，这样有可能直接找出主题句；
2. 在不能直接找出主题句时，通常文章中作者叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或观点可能是文章的中心；
3. 如果对选项仍有异议，就采用排除法，把有异议的选项逐个代入文章中，找出最能概括文章中心的那一项。

解题剖析：
一、文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出 每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。

主题呈现的方式：
1、开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that
competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.
题目：What does this passage mainly talk about？
A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.
B. Opinions about competition are different among people.
C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.
D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.
2、藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文章末尾
On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.
题目：What’s the main id ea of the passage？
A. Keep away from the Internet.
B. Surf the net.
C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.
3、首尾呼应式：在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。

值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。

Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is…
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
题目：The passage is mainly about .
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
4、抛砖引玉式：文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。

How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful？
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections”of interesting “things”rather than protective habitats (栖息地). …
Zoos claim (声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty….
…
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
题目：What does the author try to argue in the passage？
A. Zoos are not worth the public support.
B. Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
C. Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
D. Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.
5、藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。

具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。

Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.
题目：The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first practiced
B. how handshaking came about
C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则：像帽子一样，大小合适才行。

另外，标题
要简洁、突出、新颖。

标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。

He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …
The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning？”
Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)…
题目：What would be the best title for the passage？
A. Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas
B. Is Santa Claus Really Alive？
C. A Christmas Story
D. What Does Santa Claus Do for Children？
主旨题不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题，要注意：
1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。

要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。

2、答案是比出来的。

答案不选对的，只选最好的。

因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。

比答案的原则是：好的> 不知道的；不知道的> 不对的。

3、注意绝对化的词。

如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。

4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏概全。

尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。

5、“傻瓜”原则。

文章中没有提到的就当是不知道，不要妄自猜测，自作聪明。

一切以文章内容为准。

【话题写作】
假设你叫Li Ping，是美国中学生Steven的笔友，你收到了Steven的来信。

请给他写一封回信。

根据中国人的性格特点和风俗习惯，告诉他在中国家庭居住时应注
地球上有近二分之一的人口缺乏足够的饮用水。

发现并制止水的浪费是每个人的责任。

请你简述身边是否有浪费水的现象，是如何浪费的，并对此谈谈你的看法参考词汇：one half of the world's population, water wasting, shower, run, speed, tap (水龙头)。