Pronouns代词的分类和应用
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Pronouns 代词的分类和应用
Pronouns
1. Pronoun Reference （代词照应）
A. Personal Reference 人称照应
Demonstrative Reference 指示照应
-Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime. They are still selling very well today, over thirty years after her death.
- Caswell pulled me to the hotel bar room and yelled for a waiter. We ordered drinks. While we drank, he talked continuously about himself, his family, his wife and her family.
4. Personal Pronoun I you he she it // we you they me you him her it // us you them
a. Objective Pron. & Subjective Pron. b. first person, second person, third person
She's set herself a difficult task Dick was so crazy about Jane that he threw
himself at her feet. They quarrelled themselves red in the face.
b. Behave yourself while I am away. We availed ourselves of every chance to speak English. We are determined to devote ourselves to the cause of education. He applied himself to American history.
the president of the company some day. (1. who, 2. who/whom, 3. who/whom, 4. whom, 5. who)
4.2 Generic reference of Personal Pron. a. If you want to see the ruins, you must go on
Cataphoric Reference 前照应 When he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine.
Situational Reference 语境照应 He married one of his students, and this / that was known to us all.
❖ If one (we seem) seems different from the other students, they (we) are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It (They) really doesn’t matter. Yet right from the start, you (we) think that as long as you (we) are different, there is something wrong with you (us).
- He married one of his students, and this / that was known to us all.
B. Anaphoric Reference 后照应 Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime.
4.1. subj. case or obj. case? A. It was she who had been wrong.
It is her we are talking about. It was them who saved the drowning girl. a. subjective case for subject in formal speech b. objective case for object c. obj. case for subject in informal speech
him.
B. Pronoun concord in gender
C. Pronoun concord in person
a. Pron. concord in person with Antecedent
- Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children.
2. Pronoun concord with the antecedent A. Pronoun concord in number eg. The women in the committee expressed their
opinions forcefully. Tom spoke to his mother, but she didn’t hear
5. Self pronouns myself yourself himself/herself/itself/oneself
ourselves yourselves themselves
5.1 Non-emphatic use / usu. as Object a. He taught himself the alphabet of biology.
B. Open the door please. It’s me. What would you do if you were him? Obj. case for complement, esp. at the end
C. --Someone will have to answer for it. --Not you or me. --Does anyone know where Tom lives? --Me. What! Me (to) play him at chess? No! Objective. case for subject in a sentence without finite-verb predicate
D. I’m taller than him. （prep. obj.）
I’m taller than he (is). (conj.+clause) I’m not so musical as him / he (is). You sing better than me / I (do).
E. Who or whom? 1. ____ has offered some help? 2. ____ did you meet at the theatre? 3. ____ did you borrow the book from? 4. To ____ did you send the parcel? 5. She is a woman ____ people believe may be
d. They say a storm is coming up. (they=people, excluding speaker or listener)
e. He who/that works hard will succeed. (he = any person)
4.3 Personal Pronoun “It” （罗国梁，83-94 ）
foot. (you=people, including the speaker& listener)
b. You / We eat to live, not live to eat. (you/we= people, including the speaker & listener)
c. If one wants to see the ruins, he / one must find his / one’s own guide. (one=a person, including speaker& listener)
b. Pron. concord in person in a text
❖ We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you reach the age of five, for that is when you will enter elementary school. In school, the child is no longer “Mommy’s darling.” you now have to proБайду номын сангаасe yourself to the other children and also to your teacher. If one seems different from the other students, they are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It really doesn’t matter. Yet right from the start, you think that as long as you are different, there is something wrong with you.
3. Classification of Pronouns ❖ Personal Pronoun ❖ Possessive pronoun ❖ Self / Reflexive pronoun ❖ Reciprocal Pronoun (one another, each other) ❖ Demonstrative Pronoun ❖ Interrogative Pronoun (who, what, which…) ❖ Conjunctive Pronoun (who, whose, what) ❖ Relative Pronoun (that, who, whose, which…) ❖ Indefinite Pronoun
❖ We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people (all of us) are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you (we) reach the age of five, for that is when you (we) will enter elementary school. In school, the child (we are) is no longer “Mommy’s darling.” You (We) now have to prove yourself (oursleves) to the other children and also to your (our) teacher.
Pronouns
1. Pronoun Reference （代词照应）
A. Personal Reference 人称照应
Demonstrative Reference 指示照应
-Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime. They are still selling very well today, over thirty years after her death.
- Caswell pulled me to the hotel bar room and yelled for a waiter. We ordered drinks. While we drank, he talked continuously about himself, his family, his wife and her family.
4. Personal Pronoun I you he she it // we you they me you him her it // us you them
a. Objective Pron. & Subjective Pron. b. first person, second person, third person
She's set herself a difficult task Dick was so crazy about Jane that he threw
himself at her feet. They quarrelled themselves red in the face.
b. Behave yourself while I am away. We availed ourselves of every chance to speak English. We are determined to devote ourselves to the cause of education. He applied himself to American history.
the president of the company some day. (1. who, 2. who/whom, 3. who/whom, 4. whom, 5. who)
4.2 Generic reference of Personal Pron. a. If you want to see the ruins, you must go on
Cataphoric Reference 前照应 When he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine.
Situational Reference 语境照应 He married one of his students, and this / that was known to us all.
❖ If one (we seem) seems different from the other students, they (we) are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It (They) really doesn’t matter. Yet right from the start, you (we) think that as long as you (we) are different, there is something wrong with you (us).
- He married one of his students, and this / that was known to us all.
B. Anaphoric Reference 后照应 Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in her lifetime.
4.1. subj. case or obj. case? A. It was she who had been wrong.
It is her we are talking about. It was them who saved the drowning girl. a. subjective case for subject in formal speech b. objective case for object c. obj. case for subject in informal speech
him.
B. Pronoun concord in gender
C. Pronoun concord in person
a. Pron. concord in person with Antecedent
- Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children.
2. Pronoun concord with the antecedent A. Pronoun concord in number eg. The women in the committee expressed their
opinions forcefully. Tom spoke to his mother, but she didn’t hear
5. Self pronouns myself yourself himself/herself/itself/oneself
ourselves yourselves themselves
5.1 Non-emphatic use / usu. as Object a. He taught himself the alphabet of biology.
B. Open the door please. It’s me. What would you do if you were him? Obj. case for complement, esp. at the end
C. --Someone will have to answer for it. --Not you or me. --Does anyone know where Tom lives? --Me. What! Me (to) play him at chess? No! Objective. case for subject in a sentence without finite-verb predicate
D. I’m taller than him. （prep. obj.）
I’m taller than he (is). (conj.+clause) I’m not so musical as him / he (is). You sing better than me / I (do).
E. Who or whom? 1. ____ has offered some help? 2. ____ did you meet at the theatre? 3. ____ did you borrow the book from? 4. To ____ did you send the parcel? 5. She is a woman ____ people believe may be
d. They say a storm is coming up. (they=people, excluding speaker or listener)
e. He who/that works hard will succeed. (he = any person)
4.3 Personal Pronoun “It” （罗国梁，83-94 ）
foot. (you=people, including the speaker& listener)
b. You / We eat to live, not live to eat. (you/we= people, including the speaker & listener)
c. If one wants to see the ruins, he / one must find his / one’s own guide. (one=a person, including speaker& listener)
b. Pron. concord in person in a text
❖ We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you reach the age of five, for that is when you will enter elementary school. In school, the child is no longer “Mommy’s darling.” you now have to proБайду номын сангаасe yourself to the other children and also to your teacher. If one seems different from the other students, they are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. It really doesn’t matter. Yet right from the start, you think that as long as you are different, there is something wrong with you.
3. Classification of Pronouns ❖ Personal Pronoun ❖ Possessive pronoun ❖ Self / Reflexive pronoun ❖ Reciprocal Pronoun (one another, each other) ❖ Demonstrative Pronoun ❖ Interrogative Pronoun (who, what, which…) ❖ Conjunctive Pronoun (who, whose, what) ❖ Relative Pronoun (that, who, whose, which…) ❖ Indefinite Pronoun
❖ We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people (all of us) are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you (we) reach the age of five, for that is when you (we) will enter elementary school. In school, the child (we are) is no longer “Mommy’s darling.” You (We) now have to prove yourself (oursleves) to the other children and also to your (our) teacher.