全国职称英语等级考试(理工类A级)章节题库(概括大意和完成句子)【圣才出品】

全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）章节题库
第3章概括大意和完成句子
◆科普科研类
Passage1
Smoke Gets in Your Mind
1.Lung cancer,hypertension,heart disease,and birth defects we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking.But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness.According to some controversial new findings,if smoking does not kilt you,it may,quite liter ally,drive you to despair.
2.The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety.But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders,panic attacks and depression,perhaps even schizophrenia.
3.Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together.An estimated1.25billion people smoke worldwide.Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke,and up to88per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are smokers.A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes bum in the fingers of those with mental illness.
4.But the big question is why?The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking,or smoke more,to alleviate some of their
distress.Even when smoking seems to start before the illness,most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up.But perhaps something more sinister is going on.
5.A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause,not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety.“We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health,and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness“Says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.
6.Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical possibility.The hint came from studies,published in1998,which followed a group of just over1,000 young adults for a five-year period.The13percent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study,though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking.But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period.Smoking,it seems,could predate illness.
7.At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed.But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link,she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking,perhaps the nicotine itself,could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.
8.One of these larger studies was led by Goodman,a paediatrician.She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year.The first group of8,704 adolescents was not depressed,and might or might not have been smokers,while the second group of6,947were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month.After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers,previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour,not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers.Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens.“Current cigarette use is, however,a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms.”
9.Breslau,too,finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non smokers.It’s a hard message to get across,because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit,not when they smoke.But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that,in general,smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.
1.Paragraph3______.
2.Paragraph4______.
3.Paragraph6______.
4.Paragraph8______.
5.Nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazard
to people______.
6.The cigarette ads which claim that smoking can help soothe anxiety______.
7.Breslau’s study______than Goodman’s but lasted longer.
8.To contradict Breslau’s conclusion,many smokers say that they are less anxious
when they smoke______.
【答案与解析】
1.D本段的第一句话就说到，Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go
together.香烟和精神疾病常常联系在一起的。

接着就举香烟和抑郁症之间的关系的例子来证明这一点。

D选项“香烟和抑郁症之间的密切联系”可以准确地概括本段的内容。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2.A本段的前两句话表明，一般人通常会认为病在吸烟前就得了。

但该段的最后一句以But
转折，表明了对这一通常观点的怀疑。

A选项“对通常观点的怀疑”可以准确地概括本段内容。

因此，本题的正确答案为A。

3.F本段主要介绍的是Breslu所进行的一个跟踪调查，研究结果证明了抽烟对精神健康确
有影响，但这个结论只能还只是初步的。

F选项“初步证明抽烟对精神健康的影响”
可以准确地概括本段的内容。

因此，本题的正确答案为F。

4.E本段主要介绍的是一个大规模的调查，调查结果与前面提到的Breslau的调查结果是
一致的，为其提供了进一步的证据支持。

E选项可以准确地概括本段内容。

因此，本题的正确答案为E。

5.B not only...but(also)…为固定结构，意为“不仅…而且…”。

根据题干中的not only
推知可能选择B选项，符合该语法结构，将其代入之后可发现，句意也符合原文意思。

因此，本题的正确答案为B。

6.A本句的主语为The cigarette ads，后面跟了一个定语从句，句子结构不完整，缺少谓
语。

A选项符合该语法要求。

将其代入题中，意思为“那些说香烟能平缓烦躁的广告被证明有误导作用”，与本文的内容也相符。

因此，本题的正确答案为A。

7.D根据题干可知，此处是在将Breslau的研究与Goodman的研究进行对比。

根据原文
第六段可知，Breslau的研究对象有1000人，持续五年的时间；而根据第八段可知，Goodman的研究对象为两组，一组为8704人，一组为6947人，持续时间为一年。

由此可知，和Goodman的调查相比，Breslau的调查对象人数少，但延续的时间长。

D选项符合原文意思。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

8.F原文最后一段的倒数第二句话明确说到，...many smokers say they become
anxious when they quit,not when they smoke.许多瘾君子都说自己抽烟时不那么烦躁，不抽了反而感到烦躁。

F选项填入本题后就是对该句话的另一种说法，但是意
思没变。

因此，本题的正确答案为F。

Passage2
Meet Your Memory
1.Memory is something that cannot be seen,touched or weighed.It is thought to he abstract.It is a set of skills rather than an object.Neither is there a single standard for judging a good or poor memory.There are a number of different ways in which a person may have a‘good’memory.
2.Memory is generally viewed as consisting of three stages:(1)acquisition refers to learn the material;(2)storage refers to keep the material in the brain until it is needed;and(3)retrieval(提取)refers to get the material back out when it is needed.
3.Memory consists of at least two different processes:short-term memory and long-term memory.Short-term memory has a limited capacity and a rapid forgetting rate.Its capacity can be increased by chunking(组成大块),or grouping separate bits of information into larger chunks.Long-term memory has an almost unlimited capacity.
4.One measure of memory is recalled,which requires you to produce information by searching the memory for it.In aided recall,you are given cues(提示)to help you produce the information.In free-recall learning you recall the material in any order;in serial learning you recall it in the order it was presented; and in paired-associate learning you learn pairs of words so that when the first。