地理信息系统 专业外语试卷1

一、英英释义∙Vertical line∙Contour∙Leveling 二、词汇汉译英地理信息系统地图学等高线大地水准面高程电子测绘仪经纬仪十字丝放样照准部水准测量全站仪方位角准确度卫星测距三、词汇英译汉Geomantic Geodesy Photogrammetry Aerial photograph Field work Horizontal survey LatitudePlumb line Mean sea level Tacheometry Level staff Vertical circle Counter clockwise Topography Level surface Stadia hair Prism Precision Random error GPS receiver四、句子英译汉1.It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art informationtechnology using computer software and hardware.2.It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data.3.Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities（实体）have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.nd surveys are the oldest type of survey and have beenperformed since earliest recoded history.5.Construction surveys are made for purposes of locating structuresand providing required elevation points during their construction.6.To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move tape up anddown along the plump line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape.7.If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can dividethe distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together.8.Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it isimportant to judge where the zero of the tape begins.9.Vertical Line is a line that follows the direction of gravity asindicated by a plumb line.10.A spirit level is used to fix the line of sight of the telescope.11.Random Errors are introduced into each measurement mainlybecause of human and instrument imperfections as well asuncertainties in determining the effects of the environment onmeasurements.12.If a quantity is measured several times and the values obtained arevery close to each other，the precision is said to be high.13.The GPS receiver on the ground is the unknown point，and mustcompute its position based on the information it receives from thesatellites.14.When the two spheres intersect，a circle is formed，so it must besomewhere on that circle.15.In addition，both the L1 and L2 GPS signals would be madeavailable to civil users and a new civil 10.23MHZ signal would beauthorized.五、段落英译汉1.The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing,managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referredinformation (geo-spatial data). This broad term applies both toscience and technology, and integrates the following more specificdisciplines and technologies including surveying and mapping,geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing,geographic information system(GIS), land management, computersystems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.2. A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by twointersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between twolines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto ahorizontal plane. For example, observations to different elevationpoints B and C from A will give the horizontal angle ÐBAC which isthe angle between the projections of two lines (AB and AC) ontothe horizontal plane. It follows that, although the points observedare at different elevations, it is always the horizontal angle and notthe space angle that is measured. The horizontal angle is usedprimarily to obtain relative direction to a survey control point, orto topographic detail points, or to points to be set out.3.The first step in measuring the distance between the GPS receiverand a satellite requires measuring the time it takes for the signalto travel from the satellite to the receiver. Once the receiver knowshow much time has elapsed, the travel time of the signal multipliesthe speed of light (because the satellite signals travel at the speedof light, approximately 186,000 miles per second) to compute thedistance. Distance measurements to four satellites are require tocompute a 3-dimensional (latitude, longitude and altitude)position.六、扩展试题Explain the process about this question that how does the GPSreceiver located itself with four satellite.答案一、1. A line that follows the direction of gravity as indicated by a plumbline;2.An imaginary line on the ground with all points at the sameelevation above or below a specified reference surface;3.The process of finding elevations of points or their difference inelevation.二、Geographic information system; Cartography;Contour;Geoid;Elevation;Electronic distance measurement instrument;Theodolite/transit;Cross-hair/reticle; Set out/lay off; Upper plate; Leveling;Total station; Azimuth; Accuracy; Satellite ranging.三、测绘学，地理信息学；大地测量学；摄影测量；航片；外业；平面测量；纬度；铅垂线；平均海水面；视距测量法；水准尺；垂直度盘；逆时针；地形，地势；水准面；视距丝；棱镜；精度；随机误差；GPS接收机。