2013年12月大学英语四级阅读理解冲刺试卷（五）
2013年12月英语四级阅读理解题
（一）As she walked round the huge department store,Edith reflected how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.She wish that he was as easy to please as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume Besides,shoppong at this time of the year was a most disgreeableexperience :people trod on your toes,poked you with their elbows and almost knocked you overin their haste to get to a bargain ahead of you.Partly to have a rest, Edith paused in front of a counter where some attracive ties were on display. "They are real silk," the assistant assured her, trying to tempt her. "Worth double the price." But edit knew from past experience that her choice of ties hardly ever pleased her father.She moved on reluctantly and then quite by chance, stopped where a small crowd of man had gathered round a counter. She found some good quality pipes on sale-----and the prices were very reasonable. Edith did not hesitate for long : although her father only smoked a pipe occasionally, she knew that this was a present which was bund to please him.When she got home,with her small well-chosen present concealed in her handbag, her parents were already at the supper table. Her mother was in an especially cheerful mood, "Your father has at last to decided to stop smoking." She informed her daughter.1.Edith's father _______.a.did not like presentb.never got presentc.preferred tiesd.was difficult to choose a present for2.The assistant spoke to Edith because she seemed_______.a.attractiveb.interested in tiesc.tiredd.in need of comfort3.Edith stopped at the next counter_________.a.puroselyb.suddenlyc.unwillinglyd.accidentally4.Edith's father smoked a pipe_______.a.when he was obligedb.on social occasionsc.from time to timed.when he was delighted5.Shopping was very disagreeable at that time of the year because_______.a.coustomers trod on each other's toesb.coustomers poked each other with their elbowsc.customers knocked each otherd.customers were doing their shopping in a great hurry（二）There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey.A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. ‘Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.’① They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. ‘But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position.’② Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with ______。
2013年12月四级考试试题、原文翻译及答案解析
第一张Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks。
You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage。
Read the passage through carefully before making your choices。
Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter， Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once。
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage。
What does it take to be a well—trained nurse? The answer used to be two—year associate's or four—year bachelor’s degree programs。
But as the nursing shortage 36 , a growing number of schools and hospitals are establishing ”fast—track programs" that enable college graduates with no nursing 37 to become registered nurses with only a year or so of 38 training。
2013年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案详解(全套)
2013年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案（全套）幸福就好我亦安2013年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题(一)【阅读】Sectio n CDirectio ns : There are 2 passages in this sect ion. Each passage is followed by some questi ons or unfini shed stateme nts. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresp onding letter on An swer Sheet 2 with a sin gle line through the cen tre.Passage OneQuesti ons 56 to 60 are based on the follow ing passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food in take are in flue need by a large nu mber of factors besides our biological n eed forenergy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have show n, for in sta nee, that eati ng in front of the TV (or a similardistract ion) can in crease both hun ger and the amount of food con sumed. Even simplevisual cues, like plate size and light ing, have bee n show n to affect portion size and con sumpti on.A new study suggested that our short-term memoryalso mayplay a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they ' d eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them —in other words, how much they remembered eati ng.This disparity (盖弃) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger in flue nee on our appetite tha n the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brun strom, a professor of experime ntal psychology at the Uni versity of Bristol."Hun ger isn't con trolled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. Wehave identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says."This shows that the relati on ship betwee n hun ger and food in take is more complex than we thought."These findings echo earlier research that suggests our percepti on of food can sometimes trick our body' s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instanee, people who drank the same3S0-calorie (卡路里)milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙),depending on whetherthe shake' s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eat ing habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eati ng less, the new findings do highlight the ben efits offocus ing on our food and avoidi ng TV and multitask ing while eat ing.The so-called min dful-eat ing strategies can fight distract ions and help us con trol our appetite, Brun strom says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年12月英语四级阅读真题及答案kj140331103107
Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is College a Worthy Investment?A）Why are we spending so much money on college? And why are we so unhappy about it? We all seem to agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in this supposedly essential good. Maybe it’s time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious （大不敬的）：is all this investment in college education really worth it?B）The answer, I fear, is no. For an increasing number of kids, the extra time and money spent pursuing a college diploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot on campus.C）For my entire adult life, a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households. My parents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their house, and they’re not the only ones…and, of course, for an increasing number of families, most of the cost of their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district. Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness, or fun.D）The average price of all goods and services has risen about 50 percent. But the price of a college education has nearly doubled in that time. Is the education that today’s students are getting twice as good? Are new workers twice as smart? Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate?E）Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economics professor, says, “I look at the data, and I see college costs rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by 1 percent a year. Now I see them rising 3 to 4 percent a year over inflation. What has happened? The federal government has started dropping money out of airplanes.”Aid has increased, subsidized （补贴的）loans have become available, and “the universities have gotten the money.”Economist Bryan Caplan, who is writing a book about educa tion, agrees: “It’s a giant waste of resources that will continue as long as the subsidies continue.”F）Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an “investment in yourself.”But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. These graduates were told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed, but it won’t even get them out of the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad’s. For many, the most visible result of their four years is the loan payments, which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.G）It’s true about the money—sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people who have only a high-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, the wage premium （高出的部分）for an outstanding school seems to be even higher. But th at’s nottrue of every student. It’s very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than you were before you went in. Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four times the wages of an entry-level high-school graduate.H）James Heckman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, has examined how the returns on education break down for individuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability. “Even with these high prices, you’re still finding a high return for individuals wh o are bright and motivated,” he says. On the other hand, “if you’re not college ready, then the answer is no, it’s not worth it.” Experts tend to agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today, but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return. For borderline students, tuition （学费）rise can push those returns into negative territory.I）Everyone seems to agree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest in higher education—and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don’t really require college skills. “Employers seeing a surplus of college graduates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement,”says Vedder. “In fact, a college degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bar-tender.”J）We have started to see some change on the finance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many students to cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives any balance after 25 years. But of course, that doesn’t control the cost of education; it just shifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages graduates to choose lower-paying careers, which reduces the financial return to education sti ll further. “You’re subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth,” says Heckman. “You may think that’s a good thing, or you may not.” Either way it will be expensive for the government.K）What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work. Caplan notes that work also builds valuable skills—probably more valuable for kids who don’t naturally love sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly:“People are different, and those abilities can be shaped. That’s what we’ve learned, and public policy should recognize that.”L）Heckman would like to see more apprenticeship-style （学徒式）programs, where kids can learn in the workplace—learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of “soft skills,”like getting to work on time and getting along with a team, that are crucial for career success. “It’s about having mentors （指导者）and having workplace-based education,”he says. “Time and again I’ve seen examples of this kind of program working.”M）Ah, but how do we get there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by making better individual decisions. “Historically markets have been able to handle these things,”says Vedder, “and I think eventually markets will handle this one. If it doesn’t improve soon, people are going to wake up and ask, ‘Why am I going to college?’”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
大学英语英语四级练习卷(最后含答案) (5)
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解阅读理解（一）Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut diseaed or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease,but itis a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die,so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been prunedsmooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleeD.If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.1.Pruning should be done to______.A.make the tree grow tallerB.improve the shape of the treeC.get rid of the small branchesD.make the small branches thicker2.Trees become unhealthy if the gardener______.A.allows too many branches to grow in the middleB.does not protect them from windC.forces them to grow too quicklyD.damages some of the small side branches3.Why is a special substance painted on the tree?A.To make a wound smoothB.To prevent disease entering a woundC.To cover a rough surfaceD.To help a wound to dry4.A good gardener prunes a tree______.A.at intervals throughout the yearB.as quickly as possibleC.occasionally when necessaryD.regular every winter5.What was the author's purpose when writing this?A.To give pratical instruction for pruning a tree.B.To give a general description of pruningC.To explain how trees develop diseasesD.To discuss different methods of pruning.阅读理解（二）Liberia,the oldest independent Negro state in West A frica,has been struggling for survial ever since its foundation in1822.Progress has been hampered by constant hostility between the American Negroes whose families returned there in the early19th century,and the West Africans whose ancestors never left the continent.Though the two groups are of the same race,they are divided by language and outlook and regard each other with deep suspicion creating a conflict which was not foreseen by Liberia's founders.In addition,neighboring states,nativetribel,disease,and poverty have made life dangerous and difficult.The government has tried desperately,through loans and a trickle of trade,to make ends meet.Anxiety about financial matters lessened somewhat when,in1910,the United States accepted responsibility for Liberia's sruvival.However,not until Harvey Firestone,the American rubber king,decided that the United States must produce itsown rubber----with Liberia as the site of the rubber plantations----did liberia have much hope of paying its debts and balancing its budget.The rubber industry,founded in the1920's,and theactivity that followed it brought both progerss and profit to Liberi A.Before that time Liberia had no roads,no mechanical transport and no good port;its people had little education and few tools.Liberians feel that the country is being ruled by rubber.For this reason,the recent discovery of iron ore is important.Liberian leaders are trying to moderate the power of the ruvver industry and to estaglish the country's political and economic independence.1.Liberia has been in idffculty since its independence mainly because______.A.the american negroes do not want to help the country.B.there have been constant hostillity and suspicion between different tribes in the country.C.there haven been constant hostility and suspicion between two groups of the same tride.D.the goverment has adoped a wrong policy 2."The government has tried desperately,through loans and a trickle of trade,to make ends meet."to make ends meet"means_______.A.the goverment has to borrow money from othersB.the goverment has to lend money to othersC.the goverment doesn't have to borrow or lend moneyD.the goverment has either to borrow or to lend money3.The country's finance began to improve a bit in________.A.1822B.1910C.1920D.1920's4.The Liberians's attitude on to improve a bit in_______.A.a total agreementB.a total disagreementC.a hostilityD.not a totalagreement5.The best title for this is_______.A.American Negroes in West AfricaB.liberia-----a poor countryC.liberia and its developmentD.liberia----a country with rich rubber and iron阅读理解（三）Personality is,to large extent,inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is improtant to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school,which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the"win at all costs"moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive A types seem in some way better than thier B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathonrunner,dropped dead seconds after saying:"Rejoice,we conquer!".By far the worst form of competition in school is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrateon those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into'B's.The would needs types,and schools have an important dutyto try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.1.Acoording to the author,waht factors contribute to the building of personality?A.inheritanceB.inheritance,competition and environmentpetitionD.environment2.Which of the following statements is not ture according to the author of the?A.Schools usually adopt severe competitive policies.B.Students are often divided by competition results.C.School is place where children cultivate their characteristics.D.The stronger desire for winning,the better.3.The phrase"soak up"is closest in meaning to____.A.pull upB.take upC.take inD.pull in4.What attitude does the author hold toward examinations in schools?A.positiveB.negativeC.doubtfulD.neutral5.what suggestion does the author make concerning the management ofschools?A.All students be made into competitive A types.B.A child's personality be considered in regard to his possible future job.C.All students be changed into B characteristics.D.Schools abolish all forms of examinations.二、完型填空More and more students want to study in“hot”majors.1a result,many students want to2their interests and study in these3such as foreign languages,international business and law,et C.Fewer and fewer students choose scientific majors,4maths,physics and biology,and art majors, 5history,Chinese and philosophy.6students can study in these“hot”majors,because the number of these“hot”majors7limite D.If one8 interest in his work or study,9can he do well?I10this from one of my classmates.He is11the countryside.His parents are farmers.Though he12biology,he chose“international business”.He13to live a life which is different14of his parents.In the end,he found he15in doing business.He found all the subjects to be16.17this wouldn't have happened if he had chosen his major according to his own interests. Choosing a major in university18decide one's whole life.Majors19are not“hot”today may become the“hot”major of tomorrow.Choosing your major according to your own20is the bestway to succee D.1.A.Being B.For C.Having D.As2.A.give up B.appear C.give D.master3.A.place B.room C.areas D.space4.A.for example B.much as C.and so on D.as a result5.A.even B.like C.just D.or6.A.Only a few B.Quite a few C.Perhaps D.Many7.A.is B.are C.would be D.have been8.A.had no B.had C.has no D.has9.A.why B.and what C.how D.and how10.A.suggested B.guessed C.searched D.learned11.A.out of B.off C.in D.from12.A.studied B.likes C.learns D.succeeds to study13.A.wants B.doesn’t want C.enjoys D.doesn’t like14.A.from which B.from that C.for which D.for that15.A.was interested B.was clever C.was not interested D.was not clever16.A.lovely B.rare C.obvious D.tiresome17.A.So B.Then C.Just then D.Maybe18.A.can B.does not C.probably D.perhaps not to19.A.on which B.in which C.which D.——20.A.interests B.experience C.mind D.heart Cloze三、单词拼写1.Mr.Li moved to the seashore in his f______(四十来岁).2.H______(听到)the good news,we all jumped with joy.3.I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more c_______(舒服).4.W_______(星期三)is the fourth day of a week.5.Walking every day keep me f_____(健康)than before.参考答案：一、阅读理解：阅读理解（一）答案：BABCA阅读理解（二）答案：CCBDC阅读理解（三）答案：BDCCB二、完型填空1.【答案】D as a result表示“结果(是)……”。
2013年12月四级阅读三套带答案
卷一Section CPassage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (盖弃）suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol."Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says. "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3S0-calorie (卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?A) How we perceive the food we eat. C) When we eat our meals.B) What ingredients the food contains. D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?A) You would probably be more picky about food.B) You would not feel like eating the same food.C) You would have a good appetite.D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.C) Hunger levels depend on one's consumption of calories.D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?A) Trick ourselves into eating less. C) Concentrate on food while eating.B) Choose food with fewer calories. D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德）and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard's 2011 "Pathways to Prosperity" report for more attention to the "forgotten half" (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all-solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills ihat will serve for a lifetime.Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (惡化）by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干预）will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?A) It benefits the great majority of the general population.B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.D) It ensures that students' expectations are successfully fulfilled.62. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?A) Ignoring the needs of those who don't go to college.B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.63. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society.C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.65. What suggestion docs the author offer to parents?A) Rethinking the value of higher education.B) Investing wisely in their children's education.C) Helping their children lo bring their talent into full play.D) Avoiding too much intervention in their children’s education.Section CPassage One参考译文(56) (60)近年来,越来越多的研究表明:除了对能量的生理需要外,人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响,包括人们的饮食环境和对面前食物的认知。
2013年英语专业四级阅读理解真题及答案
2013年英语专业四级阅读理解真题及答案PART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 XXX]In this section there are four passages XXX, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.XXX XXX.TEXT AThe art of public XXX 2,000 yearsago. Now, twitter, instant messaging, e-mail, blogs and XXX—but none can replace the role of agreat speech.The spoken word XXX: persuading orinspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or XXX.Over the past year, the human voice has helped guide us over the upsand downs of what was XXX.XXX 2009,XXX.XXX are close to people''XXX wars, XXX.A XXX us. The information must be clear, accurate, XXX interesting way. When the H1N1 pandemic(流行病)wasannounced,the idea of “swine flu”(猪流感)XXX to keep their panic under control so they could take XXX.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a XXX''s speech about Michael Jackson, after his death,XXX to live on through his music.It''s not only in world XXX role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our ownlives.If you‟re taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners ofthe soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importanceof a pep talk(鼓舞士气的讲话)before a match to XXX may be asked to do a XXX.On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and needcomforting. Or you might be asked to XXX wedding, where your language will be XXX.Great XXX is not something we''re born with. EvenBarack Obama works hard to perfect every XXX,there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you XXX.81. The author thinks the spoken word is still irreplaceable becauseA. it has always been used to XXX.B. it has a big role to play in the XXX.C. it plays XXX.D. it is of great use in everyday-XXX.82. Which of the following XXX public speaking?A. XXX.B. XXX.C. XXX'' speeches.D. Speeches paying tribute to the dead can comfort the mourners.83. Public speaking can play all the following XXXA. XXX.XXX.XXX at work.D. XXX XXX.84. According to the passage, which of the following best XXX''s view on “great speaking ability”?A. It XXX.B. It XXX.C. It XXX.D. It comes from learning and practice.85. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Public XXX.B. The many uses of public speaking.C. Public XXX.D. The rules of public speaking.TEXT BEvery business needs two XXX, XXX CEO 2001, XXX''d sold twosnowboarding businesses, and he was XXX: He wanted to make a new kind of headphone.“I kept seeing people missing their cell phone XXX,” XXX I''m in a chairlift(索道), I''vegot my headphones on, and I realize my phone is ringing. As 1 take mygloves off and reach for my phone, I think, “It can''XXX plugs, one for music and one for your cell phone.”Alden described what he wanted to a designer, perfected a prototype, andoutsourced(外包)manufacturing overseas.XXX, backpacks -anywhere that would make it easy to listen to music while XXX''t a big research effort,” heexplains. “Those were the only guys I knew!”Alden didn‟t want to be a manufacturer. And by outsourcing, he''dhoped he could get the business off the ground without debt. But he waswrong. So he asked his wife, “Can I put a mortgage(典质存款) on thehouse? She said, …What is the XXX can happen? XXX, we sell our cars, and we start all over again.‟ I XXX!”For the next two years, XXX get paid,” he says. “But it takes four or five months toget amortgage company so upset that they knock on your door. So we XXX.”Gradually, non-XXXXXX. In 2006, the company XXX 1,400 FYE (ForYour Entertainment) stores. “XXX that store would be learning about Skullcandy for the first time. Whywould they look at brands they knew and take home a new brand instead?We had agreed to buy back anything we didn‟t sell, but we were dealingwith huge numbers. It‟d kill us to take back all the products.”Ald en‟s XXX XXX to $120 million in one year.His key XXX“In the beginning,” he says, “that little white wire that said youhad an iPod—that was cool. But now wearing the white bud meansyou‟re just like everyone else. Headphones occupy this critical piece ofcran ial real XXX.”Today, XXX America''s second-XXX,after Sony. With 79 employees, the company is bigger than XXX everimagined.86. Alden came up with the idea of a new kind of headphonebecause heA. XXX.B. had no other business opportunities.C. was very fond of modern music.D. XXX.87. XXXA. snowboarders.B. motorcyclists.C. mountain hikers.D. XXX.88. Did Alden solve the money problem?A. He sold his house and his cars.B. Factories could ship products before being paid.XXX.D. XXX his wife''s family.89. What did Alden do to promote sales in FYE stores?A. XXX advertising.B. He promised to buy back products not sold.XXX.D. XXX design of the product.90. Alden XXXA. a sign of self-confidence.XXX.C. part of fashion.D. a kind of device.TEXT CI was XXX.“Sit down,” she said.I XXX she was going to tell me she had just gotten the haircutfrom hell. I laughed and said, “It can''t be that bad.”But it was. Before the phone call, I had 30 years of retirement savingin a “safe” XXX(金融大亨).When I putdown the phone, my savings were gone. I felt as if I had died and, forsome unknown reason, was still breathing.XXX running a $65 millionPonzi scheme, I‟ve read many articles about how we XXX known what was going on. I wish Icould say I had reservationsabout Mad off before “the Call”, but I did not.On New Year‟s Eve, three weeks after we lost our savings, six of XXX''s house for dinner. As we were sittingaround the table, someone asked, “If you could have your money backright now, but it would mean giving up what you have learned by losingit, would you take the money or would you take what losing the moneyhas given you?”XXX was still in financial shock. He said, “I just want XXX.”I wasn''t XXX me wide open. I‟d been walking around like what theBuddhists call a hungry ghost: always focused on the bite that was yet tocome, not the one in my mouth. No matter how much I ate or had orexperienced, it didn‟t satisfy me, because I wasn‟t really taking it in,wasn''t absorbing it. Now I was forced to pay attention. Still, I couldn''thonestly say that if someone had offered me the money back, I wouldturn it down.But the other four all said that what they were XXX incalculable, and they didn‟t think it would have becomeapparent without the ground of financial XXX.My friend Michael said, “I‟d XXX(萎缩). Now they‟re awake,alive—and I don‟t want to go back.”These weren‟t just empty words. Michael and his wife XXX''t sure where or how they were XXX.91. What did the author learn from Taj‟s call?A. had got an awful haircut.B. They had lost their retirement savings.C. Taj had just retired from work.D. They were going to meet for XXX.92. How did the author feel in the following weeks?A. Angry.B. Disappointed.C. Indifferent.D. XXX.93. According to the passage, to which was she “XXX”?A. Her friends.B. Her husband.C. Her lost savings.D. Her experience.94. Which of the following XXX herfriends?A. XXX.B. Her friends XXX the same as she did.C. XXX.D Her friends XXX.95. What is the message of the passage?A. XXX for money is human nature.B. One has to be decisive during crises.C. Understanding gained is XXX.D. It is natural to XXX financial crises.TEXT DIn the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a goodperson. There are all these XXX, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions incheck. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, XXX.These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can‟t XXX to do something. Knowing what to dois not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a damthat can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It''s more like a muscle,XXX, you''re a social being. If everybody aroundyou is overeating, you‟ll probably do so, too.The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding offree will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can changetheir lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, XXX, are beyond our direct control.Much of our behaviour, for example, is XXX more than 40percent of XXX, XXX have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue,routine, reward.You can change your own personal habits. If you leave runningshorts on the floor at night, that''ll be a cue to go running in the morning.Don‟t try XXX a snack, insert another routi ne. Take a walk.Their research thus implies a different character model, which XXX(神经体系的)networks inside.To be an effective person, under this model, you are XXX unconscious habits, and the XXX, XXX''re XXX.This is a bit disturbing, XXX, nor can they be XXX, XXX.If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way anadvertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you‟re XXX, if you want to change your life, don‟t just XXX.96. Which of the following is a key element in the 19th-centurycharacter model?A. Passion.B. Action.XXX.D. XXX.97. The 19th-century model supposedly does not work becauseA. there were many other XXX''s control.B. it has XXX most of the time.C. the comparison of free will to a dam is groundless.D. what one wishes to do should be XXX.98. What is the main XXX of the research at Duke University?A. XXX is key to one''XXX.B. One‟s XXX.C. Both habit and will power are important.D. XXX.99. According to the new character model, personal XXXA. cues to stop all the former unconscious habits.B. XXX.XXX.D. XXX.100. We learn from the passage that the new character modelA. stresses the XXX.B. XXX''s life like what advertisers do.C. has been used to change XXX.D. deals better with emotional aspects of behaviour.2013年专四阅读理解答案XXX81—85 CACDB 86—90 DACBC 91—95 BDDAC。
2013年12月英语四级真题答案及解析完整版
作文部分：范文一： The modern technology has greatly altered the mode of communication among people. With the help of the Internet, people can easily contact each other anytime anywhere. However, the side effect is that many people have become over-dependent on the Internet and neglected face-to-face communication.As far as I'm concerned, electronic communication cannot fully replace the direct contact among people. Although it seems to bring everyone together, it actually estranges people and decreases the effectiveness of communication. A typical example is that, traditionally, people working in the same office simply walk to others and talk. Today, however, co-workers tend to send e-mails or instant messages through the Internet even when they are sitting next to each other. As words can never convey the full message, it usually takes much more time and rounds of conversation than face-to-face communication, in which people can discuss more directly with less loss of information.To conclude, the Internet enables more effective communication in some situations, but over-dependence on it actually pulls people apart.范文二：It is frequently observed that many people keep looking down at their mobile phones whatever they are doing. It is true that mobile phones have brought great convenience to us as we can send short messages, check e-mails, surf the Internet, or watch videos almost anywhere. However, the overuse of mobile phones also leads to some serious problems.The over-dependence on mobile phones can harm the relationship among friends and family. With mobile phones, people do not talk as much as before. For example, sometimes at dinner tables, instead of chatting and laughing with each other, many people choose to chat with other friends online. In other words, mobile phones help people contacting friends far away more easily at the expense of reducing the communication with those who are sitting right next to them.In conclusion, mobile phone can be a useful tool in modern life, but overusing it damages interpersonal relationship. There is no point to lose our intimacy with friends and family to modern technology.范文三：The impact of the Internet on learningExplain why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain informationIn the age of knowledge explosion, the Internet opens a magical portal for leaners to get access to seemingly incessant information. But is information equal to knowledge? “Once I learn how to use google, isn't that all the education I really need?” This question fully embodies the prejudiced opinion that as long as people acquire abundant information, they will get proper education.The rea son why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information is that education is not limited to the hard facts or theories students can learn from their textbooks or the Internet. It relates to a wider scope ranging from the obtainment of practical skills to the development of characters, which are hard for students to learn simply by googling. Consequently, comprehensive learning in schools that includes learning knowledge, conducting experiments and communicating with peers is what true education is.In a word, the Internet does provide valuable information for learners, but people should be fully conscious of the essence of education and learn to tell the right from the wrong.听力部分：1. C. Consult a travel agent.2. A. They are on a long trip by car.3. C. He is unwilling to speak in public.4. B. Purse further education.5. A. He would not be available to start the job in time.6. B. Mechanic.7. D. Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week.8. A. A problem caused by the construction.9. C. To place an order for some products.10. A. The person in charge is not in the office.11. B. 0734, 21653 extension 51.12. B. Since he took to heavy smoking.13. A. He is getting too fat.14. D. They dislike doing physical exercise.15. C. To find a girlfriend.16-19音频无。
2013年12月大学英语四级阅读理解(附答案解析)
2014年6月大学英语四级阅读理解新题型匹配练习题练习1Part ⅢReading Comprehension （40 minutes)Section B（原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落.)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it。
Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs。
Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter。
Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How to Make Peace with Your Workload[A] Swamped (忙碌的）,under the gun， just struggling to stay above water...; whatever office cliche you employ to depict it，we”ve all been in that situation where we feel like we might be swallowed up by our workload. Nonetheless many a way may be used to manage your to—do list to prevent feeling overwhelmed。
2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案解析【5】
2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案解析【5】A) Why are we spending so much money oncollege? And why are we so unhappy about it. We all seem to agree that acollege education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in this supposedlyessential good. Maybe it’s ti me to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious(大不敬的);is allthis investment in college education really worth it?B)The answer, I fear, is no. For anincreasing number of kids, the extra time and money spent pursuing a collegediploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot oncampus.C)For my entire adult life, a goodeducation has been the most important thing for middle-class households. Myparents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their bouse,and they’re not the only ones… and, ofcourse, for an increasing number of families , most of the cost oftheir house is actually the cost oftheir house is actually the cost of living in a good school district.Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning thevalue of happiness ,or fan.D)The average price of all goods andservices has risen about50 percent. Butthe price of a college education has nearly doubled in that time. Is theeducation that today’s students are getting twice as good? Are new workers twice assmart? Have they become somebodymassively more expensive to educate?E)Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder , an OhioUniversity economics professor , says, “I look at the data,and I see college costs rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by Ipercent a year. Now I see them rising 3 to 4 percent a year overinflation.What has happened ? The federal government has started dropping money out ofairplanes,”Aid has increased ,subsidized (补贴的)loans have becomeavailable, and “the universities have gotten the money,” EconomistBryan Caplan , who is writing a book about education, agrees. “ It is agiant waste of resources that will continue as long as the subsidies continue.”F) Promotional literature for colleges andstudent loans often speaks of debt as an “investment inyourself.” But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off theloans. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that donot require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by householdshas more than quintupled since 1999. These graduates were told that a diplomawas all they needed to succeed, but it won’t even get them outof the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad’s. For many, themost tangible result of their four years is the loan payments, which nowaverage hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.G)It’s true about themoney—sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people whohave only a high-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, thewage premium for an elite school seems to be even higher. But that’s not trueof every student. It’s very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature andbeer pong and come out no more employable than you were before you went in.Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make triple orquadruple the wages of an entry-level high-school graduate.H) James Heckman, the Nobel Prize–winningeconomist, has examined how the returns on education break down forindividualswith different backgrounds and levels of ability. “Even withthese high prices, you’re still finding a high return for individuals who are bright andmotivated,” he says. On the other hand, “if you’re notcollege ready, then the answer is no, it’s not worth it.” Expertsten d to agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today,but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and moreof the potential return. For borderline students, tuition hikes can push thosereturns into negative territory.I)Everyone seems toagree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest inhigher education—and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of collegedegrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don’t reallyrequire colle ge skills. “Employers seeing a surplus of college graduates and looking to filljobs are just tacking on that requirement,” says Vedder. “De facto, acollege degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bartender.”J) We have started tosee some change on the finance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many studentsto cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives anybalance after 25 years. But of course, that doesn’t control the costof education; it just shifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages graduates tochoose lower-paying careers, which diminishes the financial return to educationstill further. “You’re subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth,” saysHeckman. “You may think that’s a good thing, or you may not.” Either way it willbe expensive for the government.K)What might be a lotcheaper is putting more kids to work: not necessarily as burger flippers but aspart of an educational effort. Caplan notes that work also builds valuableskills—probably more valuable for kid s who don’t naturallylove sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly: “People aredifferent, and those abilities can be shaped. That’s what we’ve learned,and public policy should recognize that.”L) Heckman would liketo see more apprenticeship-style programs, where kids can learn in theworkplace—learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of “soft skills,” likegetting to work on time and getting along with a team, that are crucial forcareer success. “It’s about having mentors and having workplace-based education,” he says. “Time andagain I’ve seen examples of this kind of program working.”M)Ah, but how do weget there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by makingbetter individual decisions. “Historically markets have been able to handle these things,” saysVedder, “and I think eventually markets will handle this one. If it doesn’t improvesoon, people are going to wake up and ask, ‘Why am I going tocollege?’?”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
2013.12 英语四级考试真题试卷(共3套)阅读
2013.12 英语四级考试真题试卷（第一套）阅读Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they'd eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them-in other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity(差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol."Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal," Brunstrom says. "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought." These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body's response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie(卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones(荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake's label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full whenthey thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?A) How we perceive the food we eat.B) What ingredients the food contains.C) When we eat our meals.D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?A) You would probably be more picky about food.B) You would not feel like eating the same food.C) You would have a good appetite.D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.B) Food labels may influence our body's response to food.C) Hunger levels depend on one's consumption of calories.D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?A) Trick ourselves into eating less.B) Choose food with fewer calories.C) Concentrate on food while eating.D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not. or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world. We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德) and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. 1 recommend Harvard's 2011 "Pathways to Prosperity" report for more attention to the "forgotten half" (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledgeeconomy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills that will serve for a lifetime. Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated(恶化) by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene(干预) will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年12月英语四级考试阅读训练(五)
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌6月的四六级考试已经过去，正在准备四级考试的同学一定要把握好暑假的充裕时间，把四级的基础打好。
其中的听力和阅读是最基础的部分，阅读占了总分的35%。
下面来做一下阅读部分的训练吧~Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must design, reversible capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire.?The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated persons even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life be reversible that it is nearly impossible to get it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities. A suitable life also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.1. The passage is mainly about____.A) the uses of life preserversB) the design of life preserversC) the materials for life preserversD) the buoyancy of life preservers2. According to the passage, a life be first of all ____.A) adjustable B) comfortable C) self-evident D) self-righting3. United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made ____.A) with as few strings as possibleB) capable of being worn on both sidesC) according to each wearer's sizeD) comfortable and light to wear4. By “the uninitiated individual”(Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to the person ____.A) who has not been instructed how to use a life preserverB) who has a little experience in using a life preserverC) who uses a life preserver without permissionD) who becomes nervous before a disaster5. What would happen if a person were supported by the life preserver in a wrong position?A) The waves would move him backwards.B) The water would choke him.C) He would immediately sink to the bottom.D) He would be exhausted or unconscious.答案与解析：1. B文章主要讲述了救生衣的设计。
2013年12月大学英语四级真题答案及解析(详解)
2013年英语四级完整版答案作文部分：范文一：The modern technology has greatly altered the mode of communication among p eople. With the help of the Internet, people can easily contact each other anytime any where. However, the side effect is that many people have become over-dependent on t he Internet and neglected face-to-face communication.As far as I'm concerned, electronic communication cannot fully replace the direct contact among people. Although it seems to bring everyone together, it actually estra nges people and decreases the effectiveness of communication. A typical example is t hat, traditionally, people working in the same office simply walk to others and talk. To day, however, co-workers tend to send e-mails or instant messages through the Interne t even when they are sitting next to each other. As words can never convey the full me ssage, it usually takes much more time and rounds of conversation than face-to-face c ommunication, in which people can discuss more directly with less loss of informatio n.To conclude, the Internet enables more effective communication in some situatio ns, but over-dependence on it actually pulls people apart.范文二：It is frequently observed that many people keep looking down at their mobile ph ones whatever they are doing. It is true that mobile phones have brought great conveni ence to us as we can send short messages, check e-mails, surf the Internet, or watch vi deos almost anywhere. However, the overuse of mobile phones also leads to some seri ous problems.The over-dependence on mobile phones can harm the relationship among friends and family. With mobile phones, people do not talk as much as before. For example, s ometimes at dinner tables, instead of chatting and laughing with each other, many peo ple choose to chat with other friends online. In other words, mobile phones help peopl e contacting friends far away more easily at theexpense of reducing the communicatio n with those who are sitting right next to them.In conclusion, mobile phone can be a useful tool in modern life, but overusing it damages interpersonal relationship. There is no point to lose our intimacy with friends and family to modern technology.范文三：The impact of the Internet on learningExplain why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information In the age of knowledge explosion, the Internet opens a magical portal for leaner s to get access to seemingly incessant information. But is information equal to knowle dge? “Once I learn how to use google, isn't that all the education I really need?” This question fully embodies the prejudiced opinion that as long as people acquire abundan t information, they will get proper education.The reason why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information is that education is not limited to the hard facts or theories students can learn from their t extbooks or the Internet. It relates to a wider scope ranging from the obtainment of pra ctical skills to the development of characters, which are hard for students to learn sim ply by googling. Consequently, comprehensive learning in schools that includes learni ng knowledge, conducting experiments and communicating with peers is what true ed ucation is.In a word, the Internet does provide valuable information for learners, but people should be fully conscious of the essence of education and learn to tell the right from t he wrong.听力部分：1. C. Consult a travel agent.2. A. They are on a long trip by car.3. C. He is unwilling to speak in public.4. B. Purse further education.5. A. He would not be available to start the job in time.6. B. Mechanic.7. D. Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week.8. A. A problem caused by the construction.9. C. To place an order for some products.10. A. The person in charge is not in the office.11. B. 0734, 21653 extension 51.12. B. Since he took to heavy smoking.13. A. He is getting too fat.14. D. They dislike doing physical exercise.15. C. To find a girlfriend.16-19音频无。
2013年12月 14日大学英语四级考试阅读第一套标准答案(镐京版) (5)
第一篇：关于退休的问题首句：A recent global surey of 2000 high-net-worth individuals found that 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement.原题：56. what do we learn about the so called“nevertirees”?A They are passionate about making a fortuneB They have no choice but to continue workingC They love what they do and choose not to retire.D They will not retire unless they are compelled to57 what do Irving Kahn and Ruth have in common?A Neither of them is subject to forced retirementB Neither of them desires reward for their workC Both cling to their positions despite oppositionD Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads58 what is the finding of Howard’s research?A. The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will beB The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.C Elderly people have to slow down to live longerD Working at an advanced age lengthens people's life.59. what is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?A It means a burden to the younger generationB It is a symbol of a mature and civilized societyC It is a compensation for one’s life-long hard workD It helps increase a nation’s economic productivity60 what do critics say about “nevertirees”?A They are an obstacle to a company’s developmentB They lack the creativity of the younger generationC They cannot work efficiently as they used toD They prevent young people from getting ahead.答案：56. They love what they do and choose not to retire.57. Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.58. Working at an advanced age lengthens people's life.59. It is a compensation for one's life-long hard work.60. They prevent young people from getting ahead.第二篇：关于学生贷款债务问题（student loan debt）首句：when we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unberable levels of debt, the conversation is always about student loan debt.原题：61 what is the main idea of the first paragraph?A many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debtsB credit cards play an increasingly important role in college lifeC credit cards are doing more harm than student loanD The American card system is under criticism62 why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?A They tend to forget about the deadlinesB They have not developed a credit historyC They are often unable to pay back in timeD They are inexperienced in managing money63 what is said to be the consequence of the young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?A It will place an unnecessary burden on societyB It will give them no motivation to work hardC It will exert psychological pressure on themD It will affect their future spending power64 what will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia?A They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rateB They may experience a financial crisis in their old ageC Their quality of life will be affectedD Their credit cards will be cancelled65 what does Lucia think might be the risk for the credit card issuing banks?A They go bankrupt as a result of over-lendingB They lose large numbers of their regular clientsC Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon deathD Their interests rates have to be reduced now and then.答案：61. Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.62.They haven't developed a credit history.63. It will affect their future spending power.64. They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.65. Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.。
2013年12月英语四级阅读理解真题及答案
2013年12月英语四级阅读理解真题及答案Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40minutes)Section AQuestions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.What does it take to be a well-trained nurse? The answer used to be two-year associate’s or four-year bachelor’s degree programs. But as the nursing shortage __36__ . a growing number of schools and hospitals are establishing “fast-track programs” that e nable college graduates with no nursing __37__ to become registered nurses with only a year or so of __38__ training.In 1991. there were only 40 fast-track curricula; now there are more than 200. Typical is Columbia University’s Entry to Practice progra m. Students earn their bachelor of science in nursing in a year. Those who stay on for an __39__ two years can earn a master’s degree that __40__ them as nurse practitioners(执业护士) or clinical nurse specialists.Many students arc recent __41__; others are career switchers. Rudy Guardron, 32, a 2004 graduate of Columbia’s program, was a premedical student in college and then worked for a pharmaceutical (药物的) research company. At Columbia, he was __42__ as a nurse practitioner. “I saw that nurses were in hig h __43__ and it looked like a really good opportunity,” he says. “Also. I didn’t want to be in school for that long. ”The fast-track trend fills a need, but it’s also creating some __44__ between newcomers and veterans. “Nurses that are still at the bedside __45__ these kids with suspicion,” says Linda Pellico, who has taught nursing at Yale University for 18 years. “They wonder, how can they do it quicker?” The answer is they don’t.SectionA选项【参考答案】36-45 OEKAJ GMCLNSection BThe rise of the sharing economyA) Last night 40 000 people rented accommodation from a service that offers 250 000 rooms in 30 000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain. Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in2008 more than 4 million people have used it 2.5 million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new “sharing economy”, in which people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, co-ordinated via the internet.B) You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast (家庭旅店), owning a timeshare (分时度假房) or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever-and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, Relay Rides and SnapGoods match up owners and renters; smartphones with GPS let people sec where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing.What’s mine is yours, for a feeC) Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc (临时的) taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel (精品酒店) as and when it suits them. Just go online or download an app. The model works for items that are expensive to buy and are widely owned by people who do not make full use of them. Bedrooms and cars are the most obvious examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in Sweden, fields in Australia and washing machines in France. As advocates of the sharing economy like to put it, access trumps (胜过) ownership.D) Rachel Botsman, the author of a book on the subject, says the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $26 billion. Broader definitions of the sharing economy include peer-to-peer lending or putting a solar panel on your roof and selling power back to the grid (电网). And it is not just individuals: the web makes it easier for companies to rent out spare offices and idle machines, too. But the core of the sharing economy is people renting things from each other.E) Such “collaborative (合作的) consumption” is a good thing for several reasons. Owners make money from underused assets. Airbnb says hosts in San Francisco who rent out their homes do so for an average of 58 nights a year, making $9300. Car owners who rent their vehicles to others using RelayRides make an average of $250 a month; some make more than $1000. Renters, meanwhile, pay less than they would if they bought the item themselves, or turned to a traditional provider such as a hotel or car-hire firm. And there are environmental benefits, too: renting a car when you need it, rather than owning one, means fewer cars are required and fewer resources must be devoted to making them.F) For sociable souls, meeting new people by staying in their homes is part of the charm. Curmudgeons (倔脾气的人) who imagine that every renter is a murderer can still stay at conventional hotels. For others, the web fosters trust. As well as the background checks carried out by platform owners, online reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties to each transaction, which makes it easy to spot bad drivers, bathrobe-thieves and surfboard-wreckers. By using Facebook and other social networks, participants can check each other out and identify friends (or friends of friends) in common. An Airbnb user had her apartment trashed in 2011. But the remarkable thing is how well the system usually works.Peering into the futureG) The sharing economy is a little like online shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At first, people were worried about security. But having made a successful purchase from, say, Amazon, they felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a car-hire service for the first time encourages people to try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started out as a peer-to-peer marketplace, it is now dominated by professional “power sellers” (many of whom started out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with the sharing economy, which also provides new opportunities for enterprise. Some people have bought cars solely to rent them out, for example.H) Existing rental businesses are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share in a sharing rival. So do GM and Daimler, two carmakers. In future, companies may develop hybrid (混合的) models, listing excess capacity (whether vehicles, equipment or office space) on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past, new ways of doing things online have not displaced the old ways entirely. But they have often changed them. Just as internet shopping forced Wal-mart and Tesco to adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism, equipment-hire and more.I) The main worry is regulatory uncertainty. Will room-renters be subject to hotel taxes, for example? In Amsterdam officials are using Airbnb listings to track down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities, peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that although some rules need to be updated to protect consumers from harm, existing rental businesses will try to destroy competition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax, of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate.J) The sharing economy is the latest example of the internet’s value to consumers. This emerging model is now big and disruptive (颠覆性的) enough for regulators andcompanies to have woken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It is time to start caring about sharing.注意：此部分请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年英语四级阅读真题及答案解析(12月)
2013年英语四级阅读真题及答案解析（12月）作文请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试作文一：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essaybased on the picture below.You should start your essay with a briefaccount of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and thenexplain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.Youshould write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.“Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine.We both miss youand hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest timeyour computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Momand Dad.”作文二：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essaybased on the picture below.You should start your essay with a briefaccount of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain whydoesn’t simply mean learning to obtaininformation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.“Once I learn how to use Google,isn’t thatall the education I really need?”作文三：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essaybased on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of theincreasin,use of the mobile phone in people’s life and explain theConsequence of overusing it. You should write at least 120 words butno more than 180 words.People are crossing the street looking at their cell phones andusing walking sticks in order to see.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear 8short conversations and 2 long conversations.At the end of eachconversation,one or more questionswill be asked about what was said.Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each questionthere will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices markedA),B),C)and D),and decide which is the best answer,Then mark the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
大学英语四级(2013年12月考试改革适用)模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语四级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on whether appearance is important. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.正确答案：Does Appearance Really Counts? In the picture, a discussion on the importance of appearance is going on between two frogs. And one frog tells the other: “Looks aren’t everything. It’s what’s inside you that really matters.” Namely, it is our qualities and abilities rather than appearance that speak louder in our way to success. Undoubtedly, the appearance leaves immediate impression on others and its effect cannot be ignored. Sometimes beautiful and handsome ones do have some advantages in communication and in getting helps from others. However, “it’s what’s inside you that really matters”. For most of us, it is the incessant diligence and efforts that bring us achievements in studies; it is the prominent working competence that determines the success of our careers; and it is the kindness and sincerity we have that unites friends and family around us. Personally speaking, I think we should “Never judge a person by appearance”. For beneath the appearance, the respectable qualities, the self-cultivation and the brilliant competences we have are what eventually decide who we are and how far we will go in life.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：M: Look, I hate bothering people about trivial thing, but could you turn that music down? W: Sorry, I didn’t realize you could hear it. Q: What will the woman probably do?2．A．Play the music more quietly.B．Stop talking so much.C．Turn the music a little louder.D．Pay more attention to the music.正确答案：A解析：对话中女士提到Sorry，I didn’t realize you could hear it．(对不起，我没想到你能听到)，通过Sorry可推断女士会将音乐声调小，故答案为A)。
大学英语专业四级阅读理解模拟试题(含答案)(05)
PART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.TEXT AA study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors—or of people very different from our own—can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offer us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political”artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picasso’s Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros—as well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martines—depicted these Mexican artists’deep anger and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are unholy.1.More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general history because art history__.A.show us the religious and emotions of a people in addition to political values.B.provide us with information about the daily activities of people in the past.C.give us an insight into the essential qualities of a time and a place.D.all of the above.2.Art is subjective in that__.A.a personal and emotional view of history is presented through it.B.it can easily rouse our anger or sadness about social problems.C.it will find a ready echo in our hearts.D.both B and C.3.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.Unlike Francisco Goya, Pablo and several Mexican artists expressed their political opinions in theirpaintings.B.History books often reveal the compilers’political views.C.Religious art remained in Europe for centuries the only type of art because most people regarded the Bibleas the Holy Book.D.All the above mentioned.4.The passage is mainly discussing__.A.the difference between general history and art history.B.The making of art history.C.What can we learn from art.D.The influence of artists on art history.5.In may be concluded from this passage that__.A.Islamic artists have had to create architectural decorations with images of flowers or geometric forms.B.History teachers are more objective than general history.C.It is more difficult to study art history than general history.D.People and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other buildings in order to popularize theBible.TEXT BAs we know, it is very important that a firm should pay attention to the training of its staff as there exist many weak parts in its various departments. Staff training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm considers its training needs, which are in turn based on job descriptions and job specifications.A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a particular job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in the training period.There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages of all of them. Successful training programmes depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place "off the job" in the classroom, but training in using these skills takes place "on the job", by means of such activities as practice in the workshop.It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training programme. The success of such a programme depends not only on the methods used but also on the quality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check oh savings in time and cost by examining the work performed by the workers and technicians who have completed a training programme. The evaluation of management training is much more complex than that.6.To be successful in our training programmes, we must understand the difference between______.A. a job description and a job specificationB. what is taught and how it is taughtC. learning about skills and training in using themD. the savings in time and the savings in cost7.The success of a training programme depends on_________.A. the places where the training takes placeB. the correct evaluation of the costs and savings of the programmeC. the performance of the workers and technicians trained in the programmeD. the training methods and the quality of the training staff8. A training specification specifies_______.A. the performance required for a certain jobB. the behavior, knowledge, and skills expected of an employeeC. the training contents and methodsD. the costs and savings of the programme9.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. As there exist weak parts in different departments of a firm, the training of its staff is highly necessary.B A training specification is based on the information collected from a job description and a job specification.C. Training in using skills and learning about skills usually do not happen at the same place.D. It is easier to evaluate management training than to evaluate the training of workers and technicians.10.The best title for this passage might be_______.A A Successful Training ProgrammeB. How to Describe and Specify a JobC. Staff TrainingD. The Importance of Training Workers and TechniciansTEXT CRecent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibres, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?A.They think they are insane.B.They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fussed.C.They become violently sick.D.They are too tired to do anything.2.In accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by___.ing home-made electrical goods.B.wearing clothes made of natural materials.C.walking on artificial floor coverings.D.copying TV programs on a computer.3.A high negative ion count is likely to be found___.A.near a pound with a water pump.B.close to a slow-flowing river.C.high in some barren mountains.D.by a rotating water sprinkler.4.What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?A.Ionisers.B.Air-conditioners.C.Exhaust-fansD.Vacuum pumps.5.Some scientists believe that___.A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismography.B.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trusted.C.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable.TEXT DPersonality is，to large extent, inherent --A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is improtant to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides ,the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying:"Rejoice, we conquer!".By far the worst form of competition in school is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations . It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into 'B's. The would needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.11.According to the author, what factors contribute to the building of personality?A. inheritanceb. inheritance, competition and environmentc. competitiond. environment12.Which of the following statements is not true according to the author of the passage?A.Schools usually adopt severe competitive policies.B. Students are often divided by competition results.C. School is place where children cultivate their characteristics.D. The stronger desire for winning, the better.13.The phrase "soak up" is closest in meaning to ____.A. pull upb. take upc. take ind. pull in14.What attitude does the author hold toward examinations in schools?A. positiveb. negativec. doubtfuld. neutral15.what suggestion does the author make concerning the management of schools?A. All students be made into competitive A types.B. A child's personality be considered in regard to his possible future job.C. All students be changed into B characteristics.D. Schools abolish all forms of examinations.参考答案：答案：1-5DDDCA6-10 CDCDC 11-15 BCDAA 16-20 BDCCB。
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Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must design, reversible capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.
Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire.?The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.
The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated persons even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life be reversible that it is nearly impossible to get it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities.
A suitable life also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.
1. The passage is mainly about____.
A) the uses of life preservers
B) the design of life preservers
C) the materials for life preservers
D) the buoyancy of life preservers
2. According to the passage, a life be first of all ____.
A) adjustable B) comfortable C) self-evident D) self-righting
3. United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made ____.
A) with as few strings as possible
B) capable of being worn on both sides
C) according to each wearer's size
D) comfortable and light to wear
4. By “the uninitiated individual” (Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to the person ____.
A) who has not been instructed how to use a life preserver
B) who has a little experience in using a life preserver
C) who uses a life preserver without permission
D) who becomes nervous before a disaster
5. What would happen if a person were supported by the life preserver in a wrong position?
A) The waves would move him backwards.
B) The water would choke him.
C) He would immediately sink to the bottom.
D) He would be exhausted or unconscious.
答案与解析：
1. B
文章主要讲述了救生衣的设计。
间接题型段首主旨题。
C项和D项都是对救生衣设计中设计材料的说明。
A项为陷阱，指救生衣的用途，尽管开头提到，但范围不着边际。
故只有B是正确选项。
2. D
根据文章，救生衣首先会自动扶正。
事实细节题。
本文第三段主要讨论救生衣落水位置，应设计的能“自动扶正”,或稍向后仰。
B项是对材料的描述，范围太窄，而A和C不合题意，因此D是正确答案。
3. C
美国海岸巡逻队不需要救生衣根据穿戴者的尺寸生产。
事实细节题。
A项和B项都涉及method，其相关部分见最后一段第三句，A，B，D三项都是文章中提及的，C项与本题无关的内容，因此应该选C。
4. A
“the uninitiated individual”作者指的是不知道怎么使用救生衣的人。
语义指代题。
根据文章最后一段第一句，我们可推出“the uninitiated individual”就是指的那些不知道怎么使用救生衣的人。
故A是正确选项。
5. D
如果一个人没有正确使用救生衣，就会发生什么？细节辨别题。
第三段第一句后半句中a face-down position和本题中的 in a wrong position相对应。
因此选项D“他可能太累了或者是已经失去知觉”是正确答案。